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Turbo-taxonomy to assemble a megadiverse lichen genus: seventy new species of Cora (Basidiomycota: Agaricales: Hygrophoraceae), honouring David Leslie Hawksworth’s seventieth birthday

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Abstract

Following a large-scale phylogenetic study of the lichenized genus Cora (Basidiomycota: Agaricales: Hygrophoraceae), we formally describe 70 new species, honouring the seventieth birthday of David Leslie Hawksworth, one of the preeminent figures in mycology and lichenology in the past 50 years. Based on an updated phylogeny using the ITS fungal barcoding locus, we now recognize 189 taxa in a genus that until recently was considered to represent a single species; including this contribution, 92 of these are formally recognized, including five taxa based on historical names or collections that have not been sequenced. Species of Cora can be recognized by a combination of morphological (size, colour, lobe configuration, surface hairs, hymenophore size and shape), anatomical (thallus thickness, cortex structure, photobiont type, hyphal papillae), and ecogeographical features (substrate, habitat, distribution), and a keytable allowing the identification of all accepted taxa is provided. The new species are: Cora accipiter Moncada, Madriñán & Lücking spec. nov., C. applanata Moncada, Soto-Medina & Lücking spec. nov., C. arachnodavidea Moncada, Dal Forno & Lücking spec. nov., C. arborescens Dal Forno, Chaves & Lücking spec. nov., C. arcabucana Moncada, C. Rodríguez & Lücking spec. nov., C. aturucoa Lücking, Moncada & C. Vargas spec. nov., C. auriculeslia Moncada, Yánez-Ayabaca & Lücking spec. nov., C. barbifera Moncada, Patiño & Lücking spec. nov., C. boleslia Lücking, E. Morales & Dal Forno spec. nov., C. caliginosa Holgado, Rivas Plata & Perlmutter spec. nov., C. campestris Dal Forno, Eliasaro & Spielmann spec. nov., C. canari Nugra, Dal Forno & Lücking spec. nov., C. caraana Lücking, Martins & Lucheta spec. nov., C. casasolana Moncada, R.-E. Pérez & Lücking spec. nov., C. caucensis Moncada, M. Gut. & Lücking spec. nov., C. celestinoa Moncada, Cabrera-Amaya & Lücking spec. nov., C. comaltepeca Moncada, R.-E. Pérez & Herrera-Camp. spec. nov., C. corani Lücking, E. Morales & Dal Forno spec. nov., C. corelleslia Moncada, A. Suárez-Corredor & Lücking spec. nov., C. crispoleslia Moncada, J. Molina & Lücking spec. nov., C. cuzcoensis Holgado, Rivas Plata & Perlmutter spec. nov., C. dalehana Moncada, Madriñán & Lücking spec. nov., C. davibogotana Lücking, Moncada & Coca spec. nov., C. davicrinita Moncada, Madriñán & Lücking spec. nov., C. davidia Moncada, L. Vargas & Lücking spec. nov., C. dewisanti Moncada, A. Suárez-Corredor & Lücking spec. nov., C. dulcis Moncada, R.-E. Pérez & Lücking spec. nov., C. elephas Lücking, Moncada & L. Vargas spec. nov., C. fuscodavidiana Lücking, Moncada & L. Vargas spec. nov., C. garagoa Simijaca, Moncada & Lücking spec. nov., C. gigantea Lücking, Moncada & Coca spec. nov., C. gomeziana Dal Forno, Chaves & Lücking spec. nov., C. guajalitensis Lücking, Robayo & Dal Forno spec. nov., C. hafecesweorthensis Moncada, Lücking & R. Peláez spec. nov., C. haledana Dal Forno, Chaves & Lücking spec. nov., C. hawksworthiana Dal Forno, P. Nelson & Lücking spec. nov., C. hochesuordensis Lücking, E. Morales & Dal Forno spec. nov., C. hymenocarpa Lücking, Chaves & Lawrey spec. nov., C. imi Lücking, Chaves & Lawrey spec. nov., C. itabaiana Dal Forno, Aptroot & M. Cáceres spec. nov., C. leslactuca Lücking, Moncada & R. Peláez spec. nov., C. maxima Wilk, Dal Forno & Lücking spec. nov., C. minutula Lücking, Moncada & Yánez-Ayabaca spec. nov., C. palaeotropica Weerakoon, Aptroot & Lücking spec. nov., C. palustris Dal Forno, Chaves & Lücking spec. nov., C. parabovei Dal Forno, Kukwa & Lücking spec. nov., C. paraciferrii Lücking, Moncada & J.E. Hern. spec. nov., C. paraminor Dal Forno, Chaves & Lücking spec. nov., C. pastorum Moncada, Patiño & Lücking spec. nov., C. pichinchensis Paredes, Jonitz & Dal Forno spec. nov., C. pikynasa J.-M. Torres, Moncada & Lücking spec. nov., C. pseudobovei Wilk, Dal Forno & Lücking spec. nov., C. pseudocorani Lücking, E. Morales & Dal Forno spec. nov., C. putumayensis L.J. Arias, Moncada & Lücking spec. nov., C. quillacinga Moncada, F. Ortega & Lücking spec. nov., C. rothesiorum Moncada, Madriñán & Lücking spec. nov., C. rubrosanguinea Nugra, Moncada & Lücking spec. nov., C. santacruzensis Dal Forno, Bungartz & Yánez-Ayabaca, spec. nov., C. schizophylloides Moncada, C. Rodríguez & Lücking spec. nov., C. smaragdina Lücking, Rivas Plata & Chaves spec. nov., C. soredavidia Dal Forno, Marcelli & Lücking spec. nov., C. subdavicrinita Moncada, J. Molina & Lücking spec. nov., C. suturifera Nugra, Besal & Lücking spec. nov., C. terrestris Dal Forno, Chaves & Lücking spec. nov., C. terricoleslia Wilk, Dal Forno & Lücking spec. nov., C. udebeceana Moncada, R. Peláez & Lücking spec. nov., C. urceolata Moncada, Coca & Lücking spec. nov., C. verjonensis Lücking, Moncada & Dal Forno spec. nov., C. viliewoa Lücking, Chaves & Soto-Medina spec. nov., and C. yukiboa Mercado-Díaz, Moncada & Lücking spec. nov. Furthermore, the taxonomic status of the recently described or recognized species C. arachnoidea, C. aspera, C. ciferrii, and C. reticulifera, is revised.

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Acknowledgments

This study was partially supported by three grants from the National Science Foundation: TICOLICHEN—The Costa Rican Lichen Biodiversity Inventory (DEB 0206125 to The Field Museum; PI Robert Lücking), Neotropical Epiphytic Microlichens—An Innovative Inventory of a Highly Diverse yet Little Known Group of Symbiotic Organisms (DEB 0715660 to The Field Museum; PI R. Lücking), and Phylogenetic Diversity of Mycobionts and Photobionts in the Cyanolichen Genus Dictyonema, with Emphasis on the Neotropics and the Galapagos Islands (DEB 0841405 to George Mason University; PI J. Lawrey; Co-PIs: R. Lücking, P. Gillevet). The Verein der Freunde des Botanischen Gartens und Botanischen Museums Berlin-Dahlem e.V. (https://www.bgbm.org/de/BGBM/freunde/index.html) supported molecular sequencing work for specimens collected as part of the Pilotprojekt Kooperation mit dem Botanischen Garten Bogotá (BMBF, see below). The Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Bogotá, is thanked for the support to the lichen herbarium and the curatorial work of the UDBC collections. The Jardín Botánico de Bogotá José Celestino Mutis organized field trips to Sumapaz, Peña Blanca, and Pasquilla (Bogotá), by agreement with the Botanical Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin, partially financed through the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF; Pilotprojekt Kooperation mit dem Botanischen Garten Bogotá; Förderkennzeichen: 01DN13030). The Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, provided logistic support for field work in Chingaza. Félix Fernandez, owner of El Secreto Private Reserve in Garagoa, Colombia, is thanked for providing access to the area. The Galapagos Lichen Inventory acknowledges support by successive science directors of the Charles Darwin Foundation (Alan Tye, Mark Gardener, Rodolfo Martinez, Ulf Härdter, and Noëmi d’Ozouville), and executive director Arturo Izurieta. Frank Bungartz and collaborators are further indebted to the Directorate of the Galapagos National Park (particular Galo Quezada and Victor Carrión, granting specimen export permits). This publication is contribution no. 2145 of the Charles Darwin Foundation for the Galapagos Islands. The Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) is thanked for research grants and field trip fundings (Processos 311706/2012-6, 401186/2014-8, and CNPq-Sisbiota 563342/2010-2) to M. Cáceres and a PVE grant (Processo 314570/2014-4) to M. Cáceres and R. Lücking. Research by G. Weerakoon was funded by the National Geographic Society and Dilmah Conservation, and G. Weerakoon would like to thank Thorsten Lumbsch, Pat Wolseley, Omal Arachchige, Dushantha Wasala and Dulan Vidanapathirana for further support. Research by K. Wilk was funded by the W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, through a statutory fund. We are indebted to the Galápagos National Park, especially its technical director, Washington Tapia, for support and specimen export permits. Material from Costa Rica was also collected during two lichen courses of the Organization for Tropical Studies (OTS). Paul M. Kirk assisted with batch registration of the new species on Index Fungorum and Subashini C. Jayasiri with batch registration on Faces of Fungi.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Santiago Madriñán

    Present address: Jardín Botánico de Cartagena “Guillermo Piñeres”, Sector Matute, Km 9 Autopista I-90 (Cartagena-Turbaco), Turbaco, Bolívar, Colombia

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Botanical Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 6–8, 14195, Berlin, Germany

    Robert Lücking, Grischa Brokamp & Thomas Borsch

  2. Science & Education, The Field Museum, 1400 South Lake Shore, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA

    Robert Lücking, Bibiana Moncada & Joel A. Mercado-Díaz

  3. Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, 10th St & Constitution Ave NW, Washington, DC, 20560, USA

    Manuela Dal Forno

  4. Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, 22030-4444, USA

    Manuela Dal Forno

  5. Licenciatura en Biología, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Cra. 4 No. 26D-54, Torre de Laboratorios, Herbario, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia

    Bibiana Moncada, Leidy Yasmín Vargas-Mendoza, Camilo Rodríguez & Alejandra Suárez-Corredor

  6. Herbario Universidad de Caldas (FAUC), Edificio Bicentenario, Calle 65, No. 26-10, Manizales, A.A. 275, Caldas, Colombia

    Luis Fernando Coca

  7. ABL Herbarium, G.v.d.Veenstraat 107, 3762 XK, Soest, The Netherlands

    André Aptroot

  8. Biología, Universidad del Quindío, Carrera 15 Calle 12 Norte, Armenia, Quindío, Colombia

    Laura Juliana Arias

  9. 120 Chavis Avenue, Lexington, VA, 24450, USA

    Betty Besal

  10. Charles Darwin Foundation, Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz Island, Galápagos, Ecuador

    Frank Bungartz & Harald Jonitz

  11. Schedestraße 8, 53113, Bonn, Germany

    Frank Bungartz

  12. Jardín Botánico de Bogotá José Celestino Mutis, Avenida Calle 63 No. 68-95, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia

    Diego Mauricio Cabrera-Amaya, Carlos Alberto Vargas & Marcela Celis Pacheco

  13. Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Avenida Vereador Olímpio Grande, s/n., Itabaiana, CEP: 49.500-000, Sergipe, Brazil

    Marcela E. S. Cáceres

  14. Laboratorio de Hongos, Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INBio), Apdo. 22-3100, Santo Domingo de Heredia, Costa Rica

    José Luis Chaves

  15. Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Campus Politécnico, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Av. Cel. Francisco H. dos Santos, s/n, Jardim das Américas, 81531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil

    Sionara Eliasaro

  16. Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Carrera 5 Este No. 15-82, Av. Circumvalar, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia

    Martha Cecilia Gutiérrez

  17. Instituto Experimental Jardín Botánico Dr. Tobías Lasser, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Ave. Salvador Allende, Jardín Botánico de Caracas, Apartado # 2156, Caracas, 1010-A, Venezuela

    Jesús E. Hernández Marin

  18. Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-367, 04510, Ciudad De México, Mexico

    María de los Ángeles Herrera-Campos

  19. Facultad de Ciencias, Escuela Profesional de Biología, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Av. de la Cultura, Nro. 733, Cusco, Peru

    María E. Holgado-Rojas

  20. Gaspar de Villaroel y 6 de Diciembre, Quito, Ecuador

    Harald Jonitz

  21. Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland

    Martin Kukwa

  22. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Qualidade Ambiental, Universidade Feevale, ERS-239, 2755, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 93352-000, Brazil

    Fabiane Lucheta

  23. Laboratorio de Botánica y Sistemática, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, CL 18-2 68, Bogotá, D.C., 111711, Colombia

    Santiago Madriñán & Jorge Alberto Molina

  24. Instituto de Botânica, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Micologia, Caixa Postal 3005, São Paulo, 01031-970, Brazil

    Marcelo Pinto Marcelli

  25. Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul, Museu de Ciências Naturais, Av. Salvador França, 1427, bairro Jardim Botânico, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90690-000, Brazil

    Suzana Maria de Azevedo Martins

  26. Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, 1025 E. 57th Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA

    Joel A. Mercado-Díaz & Ayda Lucía Patiño

  27. Herbario Criptogámico, Universidad Católica Boliviana, Carrera de Ingeniería Ambiental, Casilla de Correos 5381, Cochabamba, Bolivia

    Eduardo A. Morales

  28. Arts and Sciences Division, University of Maine, Fort Kent, 23 University Dr., Fort Kent, ME, 04743, USA

    Peter R. Nelson

  29. Herbario Azuay (HA), Escuela de Biología, Ecología y Gestión, Universidad del Azuay, Av. 24 de Mayo 7-77 y Hernán Malo, Cuenca, Ecuador

    Freddy Nugra

  30. Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Nariño, Ciudadela Universitaria Torobajo, Calle 18 Carrera 50, Pasto, Nariño, Colombia

    Francisco Ortega

  31. Universidad Central del Ecuador, Ciudadela Universitaria, Jerónimo Leyton s/n, Quito, Ecuador

    Telma Paredes & Alba Yánez-Ayabaca

  32. Licenciada en Biología, Laboratorio de Biología, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, FAMARENA, Cra. 4 No. 26D-54, Torre de Laboratorios, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia

    Rouchi Nadine Peláez-Pulido

  33. Escuela de Biología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Bogotá, Mexico

    Rosa Emilia Pérez Pérez

  34. Herbarium, North Carolina Botanical Garden, University of North Carolina, CB#3280, Coker Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3280, USA

    Gary B. Perlmutter & Eimy Rivas-Plata

  35. Coordinador del Bosque Protector Río Guajalito, Mariana de Jesús E6-09 y Hungría, Quito, Ecuador

    Javier Robayo

  36. Maestría en Manejo, Uso y Conservación de bosques, FAMARENA, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Cra. 4 No. 26D-54, Torre de Laboratorios, Herbario, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia

    Diego Fernando Simijaca

  37. Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Valle, Calle 13 No. 100-00, Cali, Colombia

    Edier Soto-Medina

  38. Laboratório de Botânica, Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, Caixa Postal 549, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, CEP 79070-900, Brazil

    Adriano Afonso Spielmann & Jean-Marc Torres

  39. Investigadora Asociada, Herbario Nacional del Ecuador, Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, Quito, Ecuador

    Alba Yánez-Ayabaca

  40. Integrative Research Center, The Field Museum, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60605-2496, USA

    Gothamie Weerakoon

  41. Laboratory of Lichenology, W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, 31-512, Kraków, Poland

    Karina Wilk

  42. Natural Capital and Plant Health Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wellcome Trust Millennium Building, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex, RH17 6TN, UK

    Mauricio Diazgranados

  43. Department of Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, 22030-4444, USA

    Patrick M. Gillevet, Masoumeh Sikaroodi & James D. Lawrey

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Correspondence to Robert Lücking.

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Lücking, R., Forno, M.D., Moncada, B. et al. Turbo-taxonomy to assemble a megadiverse lichen genus: seventy new species of Cora (Basidiomycota: Agaricales: Hygrophoraceae), honouring David Leslie Hawksworth’s seventieth birthday. Fungal Diversity 84, 139–207 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-016-0374-9

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