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Multipele sclerose in de huisartsenpraktijk

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Huisarts en wetenschap Aims and scope

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Alleman TWH, Van Oosten BW. Multipele sclerose in de huisartsenpraktijk. Huisarts Wet 2015;58(5):258-63.

Multipele sclerose (MS) is de meestvoorkomende chronische neurologische aandoening onder jongvolwassenen. De gemiddelde huisartsenpraktijk bevat hoogstens enkele patiënten, maar er is vaak wel intensief contact met hen. Het is een ziekte met zowel een inflammatoire als een neurodegeneratieve component, die zowel de witte als de grijze stof betreft. De exacte etiologie is niet bekend. MS kent bij 85% van de gevallen aanvankelijk een relapsing-remitting beloop (RRMS) en bij de overige gevallen van het begin af aan een geleidelijke verslechtering: primair progressieve MS (PPMS). Bij elke patiënt onder de veertig jaar met in uren tot dagen ontstane neurologische uitvalsverschijnselen die langer dan een etmaal aanhouden, moet men aan de diagnose MS denken. Meestvoorkomende presentaties zijn een neuritis optica, ruggenmergsyndroom of hersenstamsyndroom. Om de diagnose te stellen, moeten er minimaal twee verschillende episodes van uitval zijn geweest, vanuit verschillende lokalisaties in het centrale zenuwstelsel: ‘disseminatie in tijd en plaats’. Met MRI-onderzoek is het tegenwoordig soms mogelijk de diagnose na één klinische episode te stellen, indien de MRI zowel verse als oude laesies laat zien. De diagnose kan dus sneller worden gesteld dan vroeger. De behandeling kan daardoor eventueel ook eerder beginnen. De ziekte is echter nog steeds niet te genezen. Er zijn de laatste jaren behandelingen op de markt gekomen die effectiever en/of gemakkelijker in het gebruik zijn. De krachtiger middelen hebben soms wel een gevaarlijker bijwerkingen- en interactieprofiel. Hier kan de huisarts mee te maken krijgen. Acute exacerbaties van MS kan men behandelen met intraveneus methylprednisolon, waardoor exacerbaties weliswaar sneller, maar niet vollediger herstellen. Depressies en angststoornissen komen vaak voor, maar worden niet altijd gesignaleerd. Het is belangrijk hier alert op te zijn, omdat ze een grote impact hebben op de kwaliteit van leven. Andere veelvoorkomende symptomen zijn pijn, spasticiteit, moeheid en cognitieve stoornissen. Deze symptomen zijn deels goed te behandelen.

Abstract

Alleman TWH, Van Oosten BW. Multiple sclerosis in general practice. Huisarts Wet 2015;58(5):258-63.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common chronic neurological disorder in young adults. Although the average general practice has only a few MS patients, contact with these patients is often intensive. MS has both inflammatory and neurodegenerative components and affects both white and grey matter. Its aetiology is still unknown. MS initially has a relapsing-remitting course (RRMS) in about 85% of patients, but is progressive from onset in the other 15% of patients (primarily progressive MS, PPMS). The diagnosis should be considered in all patients younger than 40 years with a neurological deficit evolving in hours to days and lasting for more than 24 hours. Typical presenting symptoms include optic neuritis, partial myelitis, or a brainstem syndrome. The diagnosis requires that there should have been two episodes of neurological deficit occurring in different parts of the central nervous system: ‘dissemination in time and place’. Nowadays, MS can be diagnosed after one episode if active and older, inactive lesions can be seen on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This enables an earlier diagnosis and creates the possibility of earlier treatment, although the disease currently cannot be cured. In recent years, more effective and/or more patient friendly treatments have become available; however, some of these more potent medications have more serious side effects and drug interactions, and general practitioners may encounter these problems in daily practice. Acute exacerbations can be treated with intravenous methylprednisolone, which leads to faster improvement of the acute exacerbation, but it does not lead to more complete recovery. Depression and anxiety disorders are common among patients with MS, but are not always detected. Doctors should be alert to symptoms, since they can have a substantial impact on patients’ quality of life. Other common symptoms, some of which are treatable, include pain, spasticity, fatigue, and cognitive decline.

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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bob van Oosten.

Additional information

MS-centrum Amsterdam, VUmv, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HZ Amsterdam: T.W.H. Alleman, aios neurologie; dr. B.W. van Oosten, neuroloog • Correspondentie: bw.vanoosten@vumc.nl • Mogelijke belangenverstrengeling: niets aangegeven.

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Alleman, T., van Oosten, B. Multipele sclerose in de huisartsenpraktijk. HUISARTS WETENSCHAP 58, 258–263 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12445-015-0137-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12445-015-0137-y

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