Skip to main content
Log in

A new life in a bacterium through synthetic genome: a successful venture by craig venter

  • Review
  • Published:
Indian Journal of Microbiology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

The first synthetic genome, a stripped down version of a natural organism, is only the beginning. I now want to go further. My company Synthetic Genomics Inc., is already trying to develop cassettes-modules of genes-to turn an organism into a biofactory that could make clean hydrogen fuel from sunlight and water or soak up more carbon dioxide. From there I want to take us far from shore into unknown waters, to a new phase of evolution, to the day when one DNA-based species can sit down at a computer to design another. I plan to show that we understand the software of life by creating true artificial life. And in this way I want to discover whether a life decoded is truly a life understood [1].

— A Life Decoded By J. Craig Venter

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

References

  1. Venter JC. A Life Decoded, Viking Penguin, USA. 390 pp. 2007

    Google Scholar 

  2. Crea R, Kraszewski A, Hirose T and Itakura K (1978) Chemical synthesis of genes for insulin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 75:5765–5769

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Goeddel DV, Kleid DG, Bolivar F, Heyneker HL, Yansura DG, Crea R, Hirosef T, Kraszewski A, Itakura K and Riggstt A (1978) Expression in E. coli of chemically synthsized genes for human insulin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 76: 106–110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA 3rd, Slocombe PM and Smith M (1977) Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA. Nature 265:687–695

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Fleischmann RD, Adams MD, White O, Clayton RA, Kirk-ness EF, Kerlavage AR, Bult CJ, Tomb JF, Dougherty BA, Merrick JM, McKenny K, Sutton G, Fitzhugh W, Fields C, Gocyne JT, Scott J, Shirley R, Liu LI, Glodek A, Kelley JM, Weidman JF, Phillips CA, Spriggs T, Hedblom E, Cotton MD et al. (1995) Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd. Science 269:496–512

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Fraser CM, Gocayne JD, White O, Adams MD, Clayton RA, Fleischmann RD, Bult CJ, Kerlavage AR, Sutton G, Kelley JM, Fritchman JL, Weidman JF, Small KV, Sandusky M, Fuhrmann J, Nguyen D, Utterback TR, Saudek DM, Phillips CA, Merrick JM, Tomb JF, Dougherty BA, Bott KF, Chuan Hu P, Lucier T, Peterson SN, Smith HO, Hutchinson CA 3rd and Venter JC (1995) The minimal gene complement of Mycoplasma genitalium. Science 270:397–404

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Reich KA (2000) The search for essential genes. Res Microbiol 151:319–324

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Glass JI, Garcia NA, Alperovich N, Yooseph S, Lewis MR, Maruf M, Hutchinson CA 3rd, Smith HO and Venter JC (2006) Essential genes of a minimal bacterium. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:425–430

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Kitamura N, Semler BL, Rothberg PG, Larsen GR, adler CJ, Dorner AJ, Emini EA, Hanecak R, Lee JJ, Werf SV, Anderson CW and Wimmer E (1981) Primary structure, gene organization and polypeptide expression of poliovirus RNA. Nature 291:547–553

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Racaniello VR and Baltimore D (1981) Molecular cloning of poliovirus cDNA and determination of the complete nucleotide sequence of the viral genome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78:4887–4891

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Cello J, Paul AV and Wimmer E (2002) Chemical Synthesis of Poliovirus cDNA: Generation of Infectious Virus in the Absence of Natural Template. Science 297:1016–1018

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Smith HO, Hutchinson CA 3rd, Pfannkoch C and Venter JC (2003) Generating a synthetic genome by whole genome assembly: ϕX174 bacteriophage from synthetic oligonucleotides. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:15440–15445

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Stemmer WPC, Crameri A, Ha KD, Brennan TM and Heyneker HL (1995) Single-step assembly of a gene and entire plasmid from large numbers of oligodeoxyribonucleotides. Gene 164:49–53

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Gibson DG, Benders GA, Pfannkoch CA, Denisova WA, Tillson HB, Zaveri J, Stockwell TB, Brownley A, Thomas DW, Algire MA, Merryman C, Young L, Noskov VN, Glass JI, Venter JC, Hutchison CA 3rd and Smith HO (2008) Complete chemical synthesis, assembly and cloning of Mycoplasma genitalium genome. Science 319:1215–1220

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Terry L, Weaver O, Szostak JW and Rothstein RJ (1981) Yeast transformation: A model system for the study of recombination. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78:6354–6358

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Lartigue C, Glass JI, Alperovich N, Pieper R, Parmar PP, Hutchinson CA 3rd, Smith HO and Venter JC (2007) Genome transplantation in bacteria: changing one species to another. Science 317:632–638

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Gibson DG, Benders GA, Axelrod KC, Zaveri J, Algire MA, Moodie M, Montague MG, Venter JC, Smith HO and Hutchison CA 3rd (2008) One step assembly in yeast of 25 overlapping DNA fragments to form a complete synthetic Mycoplasma genitalium genome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:20404–20409

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Gibson D, Glass J, Lartigue C, Noskov V, Chuang R, Algire M, Benders G, Montague M, Ma L, Moodie M, Merryman C, Vashee S, Krishnakumar R, Garcia N, Pfannkoch C, Denisova E, Young L, Qi Z, Shapiro T, Calvey C, Parmar PP, Hutchinson CA 3rd, Smith HO and Venter JC (2010) Creation of a bacterial cell controlled by a chemically synthesized genome. Science 10:1–5

    Google Scholar 

  19. Lartigue C, Vashee S, Algire MA, Chuang RY, Benders GA, Ma L, Noskov VN, Denisova EA, Gibson DG, Garcia NA, Alperovich N, Thomas DW, Merryman C, Hutchinson CA 3rd, Smith HO, Venter JC and Glass JI (2009) Creating bacterial strains from genomes that have been cloned and engineered in yeast. Science 325:1693–1696

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Benders GA, Noskov VN, Denisova EA, Lartigue C, Gibson DG, Garcia NA, Chuang RY, Carrera W, Moodie M, Algire MA, Phan Q, Alperovich N, Vashee S, Merryman C, Venter JC, Smith HO, Glass JI and Hutchinson CA 3rd (2010) Cloning whole bacterial genomes in yeast. Nucleic Acids Research 38:2558–2569

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rup Lal.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Anand, S., Malhotra, J., Dua, A. et al. A new life in a bacterium through synthetic genome: a successful venture by craig venter. Indian J Microbiol 50, 125–131 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-010-0036-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-010-0036-7

Keywords

Navigation