Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Der Verdauungstrakt des Menschen ist von einer komplexen Lebensgemeinschaft aus überwiegend anaeroben Mikroorganismen besiedelt, welche als intestinale Mikrobiota bzw. in Kombination mit ihrem Gesamtgenom als Mikrobiom bezeichnet wird. Erst die Entwicklung von Methoden zur Anzucht strikt anaerober Bakterien und die kultivierungsunabhängige Erfassung von Darmbakterien und ihrer Genome offenbarten die große Bedeutung des Mikrobioms für den Wirtsorganismus.
Darmbesiedelung und Funktionen des Mikrobioms
Die mikrobielle Besiedelung des Verdauungstraktes erfolgt auf oralem Weg während und nach der Geburt. Darmbakterien gewinnen ihre Energie durch Fermentation nichtverdaulicher Nahrungskomponenten und körpereigener Substanzen. Das Mikrobiom stattet den Wirt mit einem breiten Spektrum von Enzymen aus, die dem Abbau nichtverdaulicher Nahrungsinhaltsstoffe dienen. Die Ernährung beeinflusst die Zusammensetzung und Aktivität des intestinalen Mikrobioms maßgeblich. Im Zuge der bakteriellen Fermentation im Kolon entstehen kurzkettige Fettsäuren, die für den Wirt einerseits als Energielieferanten dienen, andererseits aber vielfältige regulatorische Funktionen ausüben.
Abstract
Background
The human digestive tract is populated with a complex community of mostly anaerobic microorganisms referred to as the intestinal microbiome. The importance of the intestinal microbiome for the host only became apparent after methods for the growth of strict anaerobes and the culture-independent retrieval of metagenomic information had been established.
Colonization of the intestinal tract and functions of the microbiome
Microbial colonization of the intestinal tract occurs via the oral route during and after birth. Intestinal bacteria gain energy by fermenting undigested food components and endogenous substances. The microbiome endows the host with a wide spectrum of enzymes that enable the degradation of nondigestible food components. Nutrition is a major factor influencing the composition and activity of the intestinal microbiome. Bacterial fermentation in the colon gives rise to short-chain fatty acids which—in addition to delivering energy to the host—possess regulatory functions.
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Blaut, M. Intestinales Mikrobiom. Diabetologe 12, 386–393 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11428-016-0129-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11428-016-0129-y