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Microporation and ‘Iron’tophoresis for Treating Iron Deficiency Anemia

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ABSTRACT

Purpose

Iontophoretic mediated transdermal delivery of ferric pyrophosphate (FPP) in combination with microneedle pretreatment was investigated as a potential treatment for iron deficiency anemia (IDA).

Methods

In vitro transdermal delivery studies were performed using hairless rat skin and pharmacodynamic studies were performed in hairless anemic rat model. The hematological and biochemical parameters like hemoglobin, hematocrit and % serum transferrin were monitored in rats at healthy, anemic condition and post treatment. Micropores created by the microneedles were visualized in histological skin sections after staining with hemotoxylin and eosin. The recovery of micropores was investigated in vivo by measuring Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) at different time points.

Results

The passive, microneedle and iontophoresis mediated delivery did not lead to significant improvement in hematological and biochemical parameters in anemic rats, when used individually. When iontophoresis (0.15 mA/cm2 for 4 hours) was combined with microneedle pretreatment (for 2 min), therapeutically adequate amount of FPP was delivered and there was significant recovery of rats from IDA.

Conclusions

Microneedle and iontophoresis mediated delivery of iron via transdermal route could be developed as a potential treatment for IDA. The transdermal controlled delivery of iron could become a potential, safe and effective alternative to parenteral iron therapy.

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Abbreviations

FPP:

ferric pyrophosphate

Hb:

hemoglobin

HCT:

hematocrit

HPMC:

hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose

ID:

iron deficiency

IDA:

iron deficiency anemia

MCH:

mean corpuscular hemoglobin

MCHC:

mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration

MCV:

mean corpuscular volume

MDA:

malondialdehyde

RDWc:

red blood cell distribution width

SI:

serum iron

TBARS:

thiobarbituric acid reactive substances

TEWL:

transepidermal water loss

TIBC:

total iron binding capacity

%TS:

% transferrin saturation

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Acknowledgments and Disclosures

This project was funded by Grant # HD061531A from Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human development (NICHD).

The authors would like to thank Dr. Mohammad Khalid Ashfaq (Senior Research Scientist, NCNPR, The University of Mississippi) for the VetScan HM2 Hematology instrument and Mr. Rajnish Sahu (NCNPR, The University of Mississippi) for his help with RBC morphology studies. The authors also would like to acknowledge the valuable input from Dr. Phaniraj Cegu, Pharmacist, Walgreens, Memphis, TN.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmaceutics, The University of Mississippi, 113 Faser Hall, University, Mississippi, 38677, USA

    Naresh Modepalli, Seongbong Jo, Michael A. Repka & S. Narasimha Murthy

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  1. Naresh Modepalli
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  2. Seongbong Jo
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Correspondence to S. Narasimha Murthy.

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Modepalli, N., Jo, S., Repka, M.A. et al. Microporation and ‘Iron’tophoresis for Treating Iron Deficiency Anemia. Pharm Res 30, 889–898 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-012-0930-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-012-0930-2

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