Abstract
The concept of recovery has been expanding overseas with remarkable speed. The Recovery Assessment Scale (RAS) is one of the measures widely used to capture self-perceptions of a sense of recovery for people with psychiatric disabilities. The current study tested measurement invariance of RAS between the US and Japanese samples for people with psychiatric disabilities, which is a precursor of further cross-cultural comparisons without any contamination of systematic cultural bias. A multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis was applied to US (N = 446) and Japanese (N = 214) participants for testing configural, loading, and intercept invariance. The results revealed that RAS items equally captured their associated recovery domains between American and Japanese participants. For two domains, “personal confidence and hope” and “reliance on others,” the two groups systematically responded with different patterns. Different cultural environments may have additive influences toward people’s response patterns to their recovery across countries.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Averill, J. R., & Sundararajan, L. (2005). Hope as rhetoric: Cultural narratives of wishing and coping. In J. Eliott (Ed.), Interdisciplinary perspectives on hope (pp. 133–165). New York: Nova Science Publishers.
Birchwood, M., Cochrane, R., Macmillan, F., Copestake, F., Kucharska, J., & Cariss, M. (1992). The influence of ethnicity and family structure on relapse in first-episode schizophrenia. A comparison of Asian, Afro-Caribbean, and White patients. British Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 783–790.
Bleuler, M. (1978). The schizophrenic disorders. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. New York: Wiley.
Borsboom, D. (2006). When does measurement invariance matter? Medical Care, 44, 176–181.
Brislin, R. W., Lonner, W., & Thorndile, R. M. (1973). Cross-cultural research methods. New York: Wiley.
Brown, T. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York: The Gulford Press.
Byrne, B. M., Shavelson, R. J., & Muthen, B. (1989). Testing for the equivalence of factor covariance and mean structures: The issue of partial measurement invariance. Psychological Bulletin, 105, 456–466.
Chang, E. C., Asakawa, K., & Sanna, L. J. (2001). Cultural variations in optimistic and pessimistic bias: Do easterners really expect the worst and westerners really expect the best when predicting future life events? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 476–491.
Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (1999). Testing factorial invariance across groups: A reconceptualization and proposed new method. Journal of Management, 25(1), 1–27.
Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9, 233–255.
Chiba, R., Miyamoto, Y., & Kawakami, N. (2010). Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Recovery Assessment Scale (RAS) for people with chronic mental illness: Scale development. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 47, 314–322.
Ciompi, L., & Muller, C. (1976). The life-course and aging of schizophrenics: A long-term follow-up study into old age. Berlin, Germany: Springer.
Copeland, M. E. (2002). Wellness Recovery Action Plan: A system for monitoring, reducing and eliminating uncomfortable or dangerous physical symptoms and emotional feelings. Occupational Therapy in Mental Health, 17, 127–150.
Corrigan, P. W., Mueser, K. T., Bond, G. R., Drake, R. E., & Solomon, P. (2008). Principles and practice of psychiatric rehabilitation: An empirical approach. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
Corrigan, P., Salzer, W., Ralph, R., Sangster, Y., & Keck, L. (2004). Examining the factor structure of the recovery assessment scale. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 30, 1035–1041.
Davidson, L., Borg, M., Marin, I., Topor, A., Mezzina, R., & Sells, D. (2005). Process of recovery in serious mental illness: Findings from a multinational study. American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, 8, 177–201.
DeSisto, M. J., Harding, C. M., McCormick, R. V., Ashikaga, T., & Brooks, G. W. (1995a). The Maine and Vermont three-decade studies of serious mental illness: I. Matched comparison of cross-sectional outcome. British Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 331–338.
DeSisto, M. J., Harding, C. M., McCormick, R. V., Ashikaga, T., & Brooks, G. W. (1995b). The Maine and Vermont three-decade studies of serious mental illness: II. Longitudinal course comparisons. British Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 338–342.
Gregorich, S. E. (2006). Do self-report instruments allow meaningful comparisons across diverse population groups? Testing measurement invariance using the confirmatory factor analysis framework. Medical Care, 44, 78–94.
Harding, C. M., Brooks, G., Ashikage, T., Strauss, J. S., & Brier, A. (1987). The Vermont longitudinal study of persons with severe mental illness II: Long-term outcome of subjects who retrospectively met DSM-III criteria for schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 727–735.
Heine, S. J., & Lehman, D. R. (1995). Cultural variation in unrealistic optimism: Does the west feel more invulnerable than the East? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 595–607.
Huber, G., Gross, G., & Schüttler, R. (1975). A long-term follow-up study of schizophrenia: Psychiatric course and prognosis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 52, 49–57.
Jablensky, A. (1989). Epidemiology and cross-cultural aspects of schizophrenia. Psychiatric Annals, 19, 516–524.
Lee, J., Preacher, K. J., & Little, T. D. (2010). Partial factorial invariance in cross-cultural comparisons. In E. Davidov, P. Schmidt, & J. Billiet (Eds.), Cross-cultural data analysis: Methods and applications (pp. 57–86). New York: Guilford Press.
Liberman, R. P., & Kopelowicz, A. (2005). Recovery from schizophrenia: A concept in search of research. Psychiatric Services, 56, 735–742.
Little, T. D. (1997). Mean and covariance structures (MACS) analyses of cross-cultural data: Practical and theoretical issues. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 32(1), 53–76.
Little, T. D., & Slegers, D.W. (2005). Factor analysis: Multiple groups with means. In B. Everitt, D. Howell & D. Rindskopf (Eds.), Encyclopedia of statistics in behavioral science (pp.617–623). Chichester, UK: Wiley.
MacCallum, R. C., Browne, M. W., & Cai, L. (2006). Testing differences between nested covariance structure models: Power analysis and null hypotheses. Psychological Methods, 11, 19–35.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224–253.
McNaught, M., Caputi, P., Oades, L. G., & Deane, F. P. (2007). Testing the validity of the recovery assessment scale using an Australian sample. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 41, 450–457.
Meredith, W., & Tresi, J. A. (2006). An essay on measurement and factorial invariance. Medical Care, 44(11), 69–77.
Muramoto, Y. (2003). An indirect self-enhancement in relationship among Japanese. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 34, 552–566.
Ogawa, K., Miya, M., Watarai, A., Nakazawa, M., Yuasa, S., & Utena, H. (1987). A long-term follow-up study of schizophrenia in Japan, with special reference to the course of social adjustment. British Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 758–765.
President’s New Freedom Commission on Mental Health. (2003). Achieving the promise: Transforming mental health care in America. Final Report. Washington, DC: Department of Health and Human Services.
Rapp, C. A., & Goscha, R. J. (2006). The strengths model: Case management with people with psychiatric disabilities (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
Roe, D., & Davidson, L. (2008). Recovery. In K. T. Mueser & D. V. Jeste (Eds.), Clinical handbook of schizophrenia (pp. 566–574). New York: Guilford.
Schmitt, N., & Kuljanin, G. (2008). Measurement invariance: Review of practice and implications. Human Resource Management Review, 18, 210–222.
Slade, M., Amering, M., & Oades, L. (2008). Recovery: An international perspective. Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale, 17, 128–137.
Steenkamp, J., & Baumgartner, H. (1998). Assessing measurement invariance in cross-national consumer research. Journal of Consumer Research, 25, 78–90.
Tanaka, H. (2010). History of the concept of recovery. Japanese Journal of Psychiatric Clinical Services, 10, 428–433. (in Japanese).
Tsuang, M. T., Woolson, R. F., & Fleming, J. A. (1979). Long-term outcome of major psychosis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 36, 1295–1301.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Center for Mental Health Services. (2005). National Consensus Statement on Mental Health Recovery 2005. Profile available at: http://mentalhealth.samhsa.gov/publications/allpubs/sma05-4129/.
Vandenberg, R. J., & Lance, C. E. (2000). A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: Suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 3(1), 4–70.
Warner, R. (1992). Commentary of Cohen, prognosis for schizophrenia in the third world. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 16, 41–48.
Wicherts, J. M., & Dolan, C. V. (2010). Measurement invariance in confirmatory factor analysis: An illustration using IQ test performance of minorities. Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 29, 39–47.
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C: 21530593) and developed by the University of Kansas School of Social Welfare Office of Mental Health Research and Training through a contract with the Kansas Department of Social and Rehabilitation Services.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Fukui, S., Shimizu, Y. & Rapp, C.A. A Cross-cultural Study of Recovery for People with Psychiatric Disabilities Between U.S. and Japan. Community Ment Health J 48, 804–812 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-012-9513-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-012-9513-2