Skip to main content
Log in

Krein-space formulation of \(\mathcal{P}\mathcal{T}\) symmetry, \(\mathcal{C}\mathcal{P}\mathcal{T}\)-inner products, and pseudo-Hermiticity

  • Published:
Czechoslovak Journal of Physics Aims and scope

Abstract

Emphasizing the physical constraints on the formulation of the quantum theory, based on the standard measurement axiom and the Schrödinger equation, we comment on some conceptual issues arising in the formulation of the \(\mathcal{P}\mathcal{T}\)-symmetric quantum mechanics. In particular, we elaborate on the requirements of the boundedness of the metric operator and the diagonalizability of the Hamiltonian. We also provide an accessible account of a Krein-space derivation of the \(\mathcal{C}\mathcal{P}\mathcal{T}\)-inner product, that was widely known to mathematicians since 1950’s. We show how this derivation is linked with the pseudo-Hermitian formulation of the \(\mathcal{P}\mathcal{T}\)-symmetric quantum mechanics.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. A. Mostafazadeh: Czech. J. Phys. 53 (2003) 1079; quant-ph/0308028.

    Article  MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  2. P.A.M. Dirac: Proc. Roy. Soc. London A 180 (1942) 1. W. Pauli: Rev. Mod. Phys. 15 (1943) 175. S.N. Gupta: Proc. Phys. Soc. London 63 (1950) 681. K. Bleuler: Helv. Phys. Acta 23 (1950) 567. E.C.G. Sudarshan: Phys. Rev. 123 (1961) 2183. T.D. Lee and G.C. Wick: Nucl. Phys. B 9 (1969) 209.

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  3. K.L. Nagy: State Vector Spaces with Indefinite Metric Quantum Field Theory, Noordhoff, Groningen, Netherlands, 1966.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  4. N. Nakanishi: Suppl. Prog. Theor. Phys. 51 (1972) 1.

    MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. L.S. Pontrjagin: Izv. Akad. Nauk. SSSR Ser. Mat. 8 (1944) 243. M.G. Krein and M.A. Rutman: Amer. Math. Soc. Transl. 26 (1950) 199. I.S. Iokhvidov and M.G. Krein: Amer. Math. Soc. Transl. Series 2, 13 (1960) 105; 34 (1963) 283.

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  6. J. Bognár: Indefinite Inner Product Spaces, Springer, Berlin, 1974.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  7. T.Ya. Azizov and I.S. Iokhvidov: Linear Operators in Spaces with Indefinite Metric, Wiley, Chichester, 1989.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  8. A. Mostafazadeh: J. Math. Phys. 43 (2002) 205; math-ph/0107001.

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. A. Mostafazadeh: J. Math. Phys. 43 (2002) 2814, math-ph/0110016; 3944, math-ph/0203005.

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  10. C.M. Bender and S. Boettcher: Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 (1998) 5243; physics/9712001. C.M. Bender, S. Boettcher, and P. Meisinger: J. Math. Phys. 40 (1999) 2201; quant-ph/9809072.

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  11. A. Mostafazadeh: Class. Quantum Grav. 20 (2003) 155, math-ph/0209014; Ann. Phys. (N.Y.) 309, 1 (2004), gr-qc/0306003; Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 21 (2006) 2553, quant-ph/0307059. A. Mostafazadeh and F. Zamani: Ann. Phys. (N.Y.) 321 (2006) 2183, quant-ph/0602151, quant-ph/0602161.

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  12. A. Mostafazadeh and A. Batal: J. Phys. A 37 (2004) 11645; quant-ph/0408132.

  13. A. Mostafazadeh: J. Phys. A 38 (2005) 3213; quant-ph/0410012.

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  14. A. Mostafazadeh: J. Phys. A 38 (2005) 6557; 8185, quant-ph/0410012; J. Math. Phys. 46 (2005) 102108, quant-ph/0506094.

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  15. A. Mostafazadeh: J. Phys. A 39 (2006) 10171, quant-ph/0508214.

  16. C.M. Bender, D.C. Brody, and H.F. Jones: Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 (2002) 270401; quant-ph/0208076.

    Google Scholar 

  17. A. Mostafazadeh: J. Math. Phys. 44 (2003) 974; math-ph/0209018.

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  18. A. Mostafazadeh: Nucl. Phys. B 640 (2002) 419; math-ph/0203041.

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  19. R. Nevanlinna: Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn. A, articles No. 108, 113, and 115 (1952); article No. 163 (1954) and 222 (1956).

  20. G.S. Japaridze: J. Phys. A 35 (2002) 1709; quant-ph/0104077.

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  21. S. Albeverio and S. Kuzhel: Lett. Math. Phys. 67 (2004) 223.

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  22. A. Gonzalez-Lopez and T. Tanaka: J. Phys. A 39 (2006) 3715; quant-ph/0602177. T. Tanaka: hep-th/0605035.

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  23. T. Tanaka: hep-th/0603096.

  24. R. Schulmann and A.J. Kox, eds.: The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1995, Vol. 8, p. 522.

    Google Scholar 

  25. P. Halpern: The Great Beyond, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey, 2004, p. 110.

    Google Scholar 

  26. J. von Neumann: Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1996.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  27. E. Hille: Lectures on Ordinary Differential Equations, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1969.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  28. Y. Sibuya: Global Theory ofa Second Order Linear Ordinary Differential Equation with a Ploynomial Coefficient, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  29. K.C. Shin: Commun. Math. Phys. 229 (2002) 543; math-ph/0201013.

    Article  MATH  ADS  Google Scholar 

  30. P. Dorey, C. Dunning, and R. Tateo: J. Phys. A 34 (2001) 5679; hep-th/0103051.

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  31. Y. Choquet-Bruhat, C. DeWitt-Morette, and M. Dillard-Bleik: Analysis, Manifolds, and Phsyics, Vol. I, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  32. K. Yosida: Functional Analysis, Springer, Berlin, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  33. C.M. Bender, D.C. Brody, and H.F. Jones: Am. J. Phys. 71 (2003) 1095; hep-th/0303005.

    Article  MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  34. C.M. Bender, D.C. Brody, and H.F. Jones: Phys. Rev. D 70 (2004) 025001; hep-th/0402183.

  35. H.F. Jones: J. Phys. A 38 (2005) 1741; quant-ph/0411171.

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  36. F.G. Scholtz and H.B. Geyer: Phys. Lett. B 634 (2006) 84; quant-ph/0512055.

    Article  MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  37. D. Krejcirik, H. Bila, and M. Znojil: math-ph/0604055, to appear in J. Phys. A.

  38. A. Mostafazadeh: J. Math. Phys. 47 (2006) 072103, quant-ph/0603023.

  39. C. Figueira de Morisson and A. Fring: quant-ph/0604014.

  40. F.G. Scholtz, H.B. Geyer, and F.J.W. Hahne: Ann. Phys. (NY) 213 (1992) 74.

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  41. T. Kato: Perturbation Theory for Linear Operators, Springer, Berlin, 1995.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  42. H. Langer: Encyclopaedia of Mathematics, (Ed. M. Hazewinkel); http://eom.springer.de/k/k055840.htm.

  43. A. Mostafazadeh: quant-ph/0605110, to appear in J. Math. Phys.

  44. A. Mostafazadeh: J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 36 (2003) 7081; quant-ph/0304080.

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  45. I.C. Gohberg and M.G. Krein: Introduction to the Theory of Linear Nonselfadjoint Operators, Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, 1969.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  46. M. Reed and B. Simon: Functional Analysis, Vol. I, Academic Press, San Diego, 1980.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  47. B. Samsonov: J. Phys. A 38 (2005) L571.

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  48. T. Curtright and L. Mezincescu: quant-ph/0507015.

  49. R. Kretschmer and L. Szymanowski: Phys. Lett. A 325 112 (2004) 112; quant-ph/0305123.

    Article  MathSciNet  ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  50. A. Mostafazadeh: Czech J. Phys. 54 (2004) 1125; quant-ph/0407213.

    Article  MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  51. I. Antoniou, Y. Melnikov, and E. Yarevsky: Chaos, Solitons, Fractals 12 (2001) 2683.

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  52. H.L. Cycon, R.G. Froese, W. Kirsch, and B. Simon: Schrodinger Operators, Springer, Berlin, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  53. B. Bagchi, C. Quesne, and R. Roychoudhury: J. Phys. A 39 (2006) L127; quant-ph/0511182.

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  54. A. Mostafazadeh: quant-ph/0310164.

  55. H.F. Jones and J. Mateo: Phys. Rev. D 73 (2006) 085002; quant-ph/0601188.

  56. A. Matzkin: J. Phys. A 39 (2006) 10859, quant-ph/0603238.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Mostafazadeh, A. Krein-space formulation of \(\mathcal{P}\mathcal{T}\) symmetry, \(\mathcal{C}\mathcal{P}\mathcal{T}\)-inner products, and pseudo-Hermiticity. Czech J Phys 56, 919–933 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10582-006-0388-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10582-006-0388-8

Key words

Navigation