Abstract
Fragmentation in mental health and social care delivery should be addressed at the system level. A Social Network Analysis was carried out on relations between services in order to assess Leutz’s levels of care integration: linkage, coordination, and full integration. Findings for deprived areas in Brussels and London show that linkage across clusters of services is weak in both networks. However, the integration of care relies on the level of linkage in London, while in Brussels it is more dependent on central services playing brokerage roles. The method offers a useful and complementary basis for evaluating the integration of care.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alegria, M., Bijl, R. V., Lin, E., Walters, E. E., & Kessler, R. C. (2000). Income differences in persons seeking outpatient treatment for mental disorders: A comparison of the United States with Ontario and The Netherlands. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 383–391.
Bickman, L. (1996). The fort Bragg experiment. Journal of Mental Health Administration, 23, 6.
Boyle, S. (2011). United Kingdom (England): Health system review. Health Systems in Transition, 13, 1–483.
Cohen, C. I., & Thompson, K. S. (1992). Homeless mentally ill or mentally ill homeless? American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 816–823.
de Nooy, W., Mrvar, A., & Batagelj, V. (2005). Exploratory social network analysis with Pajek. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Fiscella, K., Franks, P., Gold, M. R., & Clancy, C. M. (2000). Inequality in quality: Addressing socioeconomic, racial, and ethnic disparities in health care. Journal of the American Medical Association, 283, 2579–2584.
Fleury, M. J., & Mercier, C. (2002). Integrated local networks as a model for organizing mental health services. Administration and Policy In Mental Health, 30, 55–73.
Freeman, L. C. (1979). Centrality in social networks conceptual clarification. Social Networks, 1, 215–239.
Freeman, T., & Peck, E. (2006). Evaluating partnerships: A case study of integrated specialist mental health services. Health and Social Care in the Community, 14, 408–417.
Gerkens, S., & Merkur, S. (2010). Belgium: Health system review. Health Systems in Transition, 12, 1–266.
Glasby, J., & Dickinson, H. (2008). International perspectives on health and social care: partnership working in action. Oxford: Blackwell.
Goldman, H. H., Morrissey, J. P., Ridgely, M. S., Frank, R. G., Newman, S. J., & Kennedy, C. (1992). Lessons from the program on chronic mental-illness. Health Affairs, 11, 51–68.
Gould, R. V., & Fernández, R. M. (1989). Structures of mediation: A formal approach to brokerage in transaction networks. Sociological Methodology, 19, 89–126.
Huang, K., & Provan, K. G. (2007). Structural embeddedness and organizational social outcomes in a centrally governed mental health services network. Public Management Review, 9, 169–189.
Johnson, S., Kuhlmann, R., & Epcat, G. (2000). The European service mapping schedule (ESMS): Development of an instrument for the description and classification of mental health services. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 102, 14–23.
Lehman, A. F., Postrado, L. T., Roth, D., McNary, S. W., & Goldman, H. H. (1994). Continuity of care and client outcomes in the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Program on chronic mental illness. Milbank Quarterly, 72, 105–122.
Leutz, W. N. (1999). Five laws for integrating medical and social services: Lessons from the United States and the United Kingdom. Milbank Quarterly, 77, 77–110.
López, S. R., & Guarnaccia, P. J. (2000). Cultural psychopathology: uncovering the social world of mental illness. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 571–598.
Lorant, V., Deliege, D., Eaton, W., Robert, A., Philippot, P., & Ansseau, M. (2003). Socioeconomic inequalities in depression: a meta-analysis. American Journal of Epidemiology, 157, 98–112.
Mcgrew, J. H., Pescosolido, B., & Wright, E. (2003). Case managers’ perspectives on critical ingredients of assertive community treatment and on its implementation. Psychiatric Services, 54, 370–376.
Milward, H. B., & Provan, K. G. (1998). Measuring network structure. Public Administration, 76, 387–407.
Milward, H. B., Provan, K. G., Fish, A., Isett, K. R., & Huang, K. (2010). Governance and collaboration: An evolutionary study of two mental health networks. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 20, I125–I141.
Morrissey, J. P. (1999). Integrating service delivery systems for persons with a severe mental illness. In A. V. Horwitz & T. L. Scheid (Eds.), A handbook for the study of mental health social contexts, theories, and systems (pp. 449–483). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Morrissey, J. P., Tausig, M., & Lindsey, M. L. (1985). Community mental-health delivery systems: A network perspective. American Behavioral Scientist, 28, 704–720.
Morrissey, J. P., Calloway, M., Bartko, W. T., Ridgely, M. S., Goldman, H. H., & Paulson, R. I. (1994). Local mental-health authorities and service system change: Evidence from the Robert-Wood-Johnson-program-on-chronic-mental-illness. Milbank Quarterly, 72, 49–80.
Padgett, D. K., Gulcur, L., & Tsemberis, S. (2006). Housing first services for people who are homeless with co-occurring serious mental illness and substance abuse. Research on Social Work Practice, 16, 74–83.
Pescosolido, B. A. (2006). Of pride and prejudice: The role of sociology and social networks in integrating the health sciences. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 47, 189–208.
Priebe, S., Matanov, A., Barros, H., Canavan, R., Gabor, E., Greacen, T., et al. (2012). Mental health-care provision for marginalized groups across Europe: Findings from the PROMO study. European Journal of Public Health. Retrieved February 7, 2012. doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckr214.
Provan, K. G. (1997). Services integration for vulnerable populations: Lessons from community mental health. Family & Community Health, 19, 19–30.
Provan, K. G., & Kenis, P. (2008). Modes of network governance: Structure, management, and effectiveness. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 18, 229–252.
Provan, K. G., & Milward, H. B. (1995). A preliminary theory of interorganizational network effectiveness—A comparative-study of 4 community mental-health systems. Administrative Science Quarterly, 40, 1–33.
Provan, K. G., & Sebastian, J. G. (1998). Networks within networks: Service link overlap, organizational cliques, and network effectiveness. Academy of Management Journal, 41, 453–463.
Provan, K. G., Milward, H. B., & Isett, K. R. (2002). Collaboration and integration of community-based health and human services in a nonprofit managed care system. Health Care Management Review, 27, 21–32.
Provan, K. G., Fish, A., & Sydow, J. (2007). Interorganizational networks at the network level: A review of the empirical literature on whole networks. Journal of Management, 33, 479–516.
Rosenheck, R. A., Lam, J., Morrissey, J. P., Calloway, M. O., Stolar, M., & Randolph, F. (2002). Service systems integration and outcomes for mentally ill homeless persons in the ACCESS program. Psychiatric Services, 53, 958–966.
Rössler, W., Koch, U., Lauber, C., Hass, A. K., Altwegg, M., Ajdacic-Gross, V., et al. (2010). The mental health of female sex workers. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 122, 143–152.
Scott, J. (2000). Social network analysis: a handbook (2nd ed.) London: SAGE Publications.
Strandberg-Larsen, M., & Krasnik, A. (2009). Measurement of integrated healthcare delivery: A systematic review of methods and future research directions. International Journal of Integrated Care, 9. Retrieved February 23, 2009 from http://www.ijic.org/index.php/ijic/article/view/305/608.
Strandh, M., Novo, M., & Hammarström, A. (2011). Mental health among the unemployed and the unemployment rate in the municipality. European Journal of Public Health, 21, 799–805.
Acknowledgments
The PROMO study was funded by the Directorate-General for Health and Consumers of the European Commission. The results of this study have been successfully presented orally at the 3rd European Public Health Conference (10–13 November 2010, Amsterdam), and at the 19th European Congress of Psychiatry (12–15 March 2011, Vienna).
Conflicts of interest
The authors state that there is no conflict of interest and certify that they take full responsibility for the conduct of the study and for the analysis and interpretation of the data.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Nicaise, P., Tulloch, S., Dubois, V. et al. Using Social Network Analysis for Assessing Mental Health and Social Services Inter-Organisational Collaboration: Findings in Deprived Areas in Brussels and London. Adm Policy Ment Health 40, 331–339 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-012-0423-y
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-012-0423-y