Skip to main content
Log in

Own Group Oppression, Other Group Oppression, and Perspective Taking

  • ORIGINAL ARTICLE
  • Published:
International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This survey research examined the relationship of awareness of own versus awareness of other group oppression across sexism, racism, and homonegativity, by including perspective taking (PT) as a moderator. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that awareness of sexism (own group oppression) predicted awareness of racism (other group oppression) in a sample of 116 European American females (Study 1), whereas awareness of racism (own group oppression) did not predict awareness of homonegativity (other group oppression) in a sample of 113 U.S. racial minorities (Study 2). High PT, compared to low PT, did not predict a stronger relationship between awareness of own and awareness of other group oppression. Post-hoc speculation on the role of PT in intergroup relations and implications for research and counseling are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Babcock, L., & Loewenstein, G. (1997). Explaining bargaining impasse: the role of self-serving biases. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 11, 109–126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bettendorf, S. K., & Fischer, A. R. (2009). Cultural strengths as moderators of the relationship between acculturation to the mainstream U.S. Society and eating- and body- related concerns among Mexican American women. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56, 430–440.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borgman, A. L. (2009). LGB allies and Christian identity: a qualitative exploration of resolving conflicts and integrating identities. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56, 508–520.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caruso, E. M., Epley, N., & Bazerman, M. H. (2006). The costs and benefits of undoing egocentric responsibility assessments in groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 857–871.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, M., Thomas, F., & Morran, K. (1997). Deconstructing dispositional bias in clinical inference: Two interventions. Journal of Counseling and Development, 76, 74–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Corcoran, K. O., & Mallinckrodt, B. (2000). Adult attachment, self-efficacy, perspective taking, and conflict resolution. Journal of Counseling and Development, 78, 473–483.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Croteau, J. M., Talbot, D. M., Lance, T. S., & Evans, N. J. (2002). A qualitative study of the interplay between privilege and oppression. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 30, 239–258.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, M. H. (1980). A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 10, 85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 113–126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, M. H., Conklin, L., Smith, A., & Luce, C. (1996). Effect of perspective-taking on the cognitive representation of persons: a merging of self and other. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 713–726.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dovidio, J. F., Gaertner, S. L., & Validzic, A. (1998). Intergroup bias: status, differentiation, and a common ingroup identity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 103–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dovidio, J. F., Vergert, M., Stewart, T. L., Gaertner, S. L., Johnson, J. D., Esses, V. M., Riek, B. M., & Pearson, A. R. (2004). Perspective and prejudice: antecedents and mediating mechanisms. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 1537–1549.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Epley, N., Caruso, E. M., & Bazerman, M. H. (2006). When perspective taking increases taking: reactive egoism in social interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 872–889.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Franzoi, S. L., Davis, M. H., & Young, R. D. (1985). The effects of private self-consciousness and perspective taking on satisfaction in close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 1584–1594.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frazier, P. A., Tix, A. P., & Barron, K. E. (2004). Testing moderator and mediator effects in counseling psychology. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51, 115–134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freire, P. (1970). Pedagogy of the oppressed. New York: Continuum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaertner, S. L., & Dovidio, J. F. (2000). Reducing intergroup bias: the common ingroup identity model. Philadelphia: Psychology Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaertner, S. L., Mann, J., Dovidio, J. F., Murrell, A., & Pomare, M. (1990). How does cooperation reduce intergroup bias? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 692–704.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galinsky, A. D., & Ku, G. (2004). The effects of perspective-taking on prejudice: the moderating role of self-evaluation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 594–604.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Galinsky, A. D., & Moskowits, G. B. (2000). Perspective-taking: decreasing stereotype expression, stereotype accessibility, and in-group favoritism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 708–724.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Galinsky, A. D., Ku, G., & Wang, C. S. (2005). Perspective-taking and self-other overlap: fostering social bonds and facilitating social coordination. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 8, 109–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galinsky, A. D., Magee, J. C., Inesi, M. E., & Gruenfeld, D. H. (2006). Power and perspectives not taken. Psychological Science, 17, 1068–1074.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Galinsky, A. D., Wang, C. S., & Ku, G. (2008). Perspective-takers behave more stereotypically. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 404–419.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herek, G. M. (1988). Heterosexuals’ attitudes toward lesbians and gay men: correlates and gender differences. Journal of Sex Research, 25, 451–477.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hewstone, M., Rubin, M., & Willis, H. (2002). Intergroup bias. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 575–604.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hunsley, J., & Meyer, G. J. (2003). The incremental validity of psychological testing and assessment: conceptual, methodological, and statistical issues. Psychological Assessment, 15, 446–455.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ledgerwood, A., & Chaiken, S. (2007). Priming us and them: automatic assimilation and contrast in group attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 940–956.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, D. C., & Quintana, S. M. (2005). Benefits of cultural exposure and development of Korean perspective-taking ability for transracially adopted Korean children. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 2, 130–143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levine, R. A., & Campbell, D. T. (1972). Ethnocentrism: Theories of conflict, ethnic attitudes, and group behaviour. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Long, E. C. J., & Andrews, D. W. (1990). Perspective taking as a predictor of marital adjustment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 126–131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mayfield, W. (2001). The development of an internalized homonegativity inventory for gay men. Journal of Homosexuality, 41, 53–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McClelland, G. H., & Judd, C. M. (1993). Statistical difficulties of detecting interactions and moderator effects. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 376–390.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, I. H. (2010). Identity, stress, and resilience in lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals of color. The Counseling Psychologist, 38, 442–454.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moradi, B., & Subich, L. M. (2003). A concomitant examination of the relations of perceived racist and the sexist events to psychological distress for African American women. The Counseling Psychologist, 31, 451–469.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neale, M. A., & Bazerman, M. H. (1983). The effects of perspective taking ability under alternte forms of arbitration on the negotiation process. Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 36, 378–388.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neville, H. A., Lilly, R. L., Duran, G., Lee, R. M., & Browne, L. (2000). Construction and initial validation of the Color-Blind Racial Attitudes Scale (CoBRAS). Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47, 59–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paese, P. W., & Yonker, R. D. (2001). Toward a better understanding of egocentric fairness judgments in negotiation. International Journal of Conflict Management, 12, 114–131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Quintana, S. M., Castaneda-English, P., & Ybarra, V. C. (1999). Role of perspective-taking abilities and ethnic socialization in development of adolescent ethnic identity. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 9, 161–184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Quintana, S. M., Ybarra, V. C., Gonzalez-Doupe, P., & Baessa, Y. (2000). Cross-cultural evaluation of ethnic perspective-taking ability: an exploratory investigation with U.S. Latino and Guatemalan ladino children. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 4, 334–351.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruttenberg, J., Zea, M. C., & Sigelman, C. K. (1996). Collective identity and intergroup prejudice among Jewish and Arab students in the United States. The Journal of Social Psychology, 136, 209–220.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Savitsky, K., Van Boven, L., Epley, N., & Wright, W. (2005). The unpacking effect in responsibility allocations for group tasks. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 41, 447–457.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Selman, R. L. (1980). The growth of interpersonal understanding: Developmental and clinical analyses. New York: Academic.

  • Spanierman, L. B., Poteat, V. P., Wang, Y. F., & Oh, E. (2008). Psychosocial costs of racism to white counselors: predicting various dimensions of multicultural counseling competence. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 55, 75–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swim, J. K., & Cohen, L. L. (1997). Overt, covert, and subtle sexism: a comparison between the attitudes toward women and modern sexism scales. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 103–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swim, J. K., Aikin, K. J., Hall, W. S., & Hunter, B. A. (1995). Sexism and racism: Old-fashioned and modern prejudices. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 199–214.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Syzmanski, D. M., & Sung, M. R. (2010). Minority stress and psychological distress among Asian American sexual minority persons. The Counseling Psychologist, 38, 848–872.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics (4th ed.). Needham Heights: Allyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vescio, T. K., Sechrist, G. B., & Paolucci, M. P. (2003). Perspective taking and prejudice reduction: the mediational role of empathy arousal and situational attributions. European Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 455–472.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wade-Benzoni, K. A., Tenbrunsel, A. E., & Bazerman, M. H. (1996). Egocentric interpretation of fairness in asymmetric, environmental social dilemmas: explaining harvesting behavior and the role of communications. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 67, 111–126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, S. T., Insko, C. A., Kirchner, J. L., & Wildschut, T. (2008). Interindividual-intergroup discontinuity in the domain of correspondent outcomes: the roles of relativistic concern, perceived categorization, and the doctrine of mutual assured destruction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94, 479–494.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Eunju Yoon.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Yoon, E., Moulton, J., Jeremie-Brink, G. et al. Own Group Oppression, Other Group Oppression, and Perspective Taking. Int J Adv Counselling 35, 203–215 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-012-9177-1

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-012-9177-1

Keywords

Navigation