Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract of healthy individuals is colonized by hundreds of saprophytes and mycetes, especially the Candida species, are habitual ones. Under certain conditions, the fungal flora may overgrow, resulting in lesions of the digestive mucosa which, rarely, can have a local diffusion and/or spread to the lympho-hematogenous system. Mycotic infections of the stomach can sometimes look like benign gastric ulcers. Here, we present the case report of a woman, aged 64, who presented with type II diabetes mellitus and psoriasis, on chronic treatment with cyclosporin A and with endoscopic evidence of an ulcerated, vegetating gastric lesion secondary to Candida albicans infection. Although strongly suggestive of malignancy, it completely healed after cyclosporin withdrawal and the administration of oral antifungal drugs.
References
Gottlieb K, Mobarhan S (1994) Review: microbiology of the gastrostomy tube. J Am Coll Nutr 13:311–313
Bernhardt H, Knoke M (1997) Mycological aspects of gastrointestinal microflora. Scand J Gastroenterol 222:102–106
Katzenstein AL, Maksem J (1979) Candidal infection of gastric ulcers. Histology, incidence and clinical significance. Am J Clin Pathol 71:137–141
Ramaswamy K, Correa M, Koshy A (2007) Non-healing gastric ulcer associated with Candida infection. Indian J Med Microbiol 25:57–58
Karczewska E, Wojtas I, Sito E, Trojanowska D, Budak A, Zwolinska-Wcislo M, Wilk A (2009) Assessment of co-existence of Helicobacter pylori and Candida fungi in diseases of the upper gastrointestinal tract. J Physiol Pharmacol 60(Suppl 6):33–39
Nishimura S, Nagata N, Kobayakawa M, Sako A, Nakashima R, Uemura N (2011) A case of candidal infection of gastric ulcers with characteristic endoscopic findings. Nihon Shokakibyo Gakkai Zasshi 108:1393–1398
Eras P, Goldstein MJ, Sherlock P (1972) Candida infection of the gastrointestinal tract. Medicine 51:367–379
Cohen R, Roth FJ, Delgado E, Ahearn DG, Kalser MH (1969) Fungal flora of the normal human small and large intestine. N Engl J Med 280:638–641
Bernhardt J (1999) Orointestinal candidiasis with special emphasis on esophageal candidiasis. Mycoses 42:68–72
Zwolinska-Wcisło M, Budak A, Bogdał J, Trojanowska D, Stachura J (2001) Fungal colonization of gastric mucosa and its clinical relevance. Med Sci Monit 7:982–988
Kodsi BE, Wickremesinghe C, Kozinn PJ, Iswara K, Goldberg PK (1976) Candida esophagitis: a prospective study of 27 cases. Gastroenterology 71:715–719
Vilotte J, Toutoungi M, Coquillard A (1981) Candida infection of gastric ulcers. 6 cases (author’s transl). Nouv Presse Med 10:1471–1474
Huppmann AR, Orenstein JM (2010) Opportunistic disorders of the gastrointestinal tract in the age of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Hum Pathol 41:1777–1787
Nicholls PE, Henry K (1978) Gastritis and cimetidine: a possible explanation. Lancet 1:1095–1096
Cat TB, Charash W, Hebert J, Marden BT, Corbett SM, Ahern J, Rebuck JA (2009) Potential influence of antisecretory therapy on the development of Candida-associated intraabdominal infection. Ann Pharmacother 42:185–191
Morishita T, Kamiya T, Munakata Y, Tsuchiya M (1993) Radiologic and endoscopic studies of gastric ulcers associated with Candida infection. Acta Gastroenterol Latinoam 23:223–229
Knoke M, Bernhardt H (1980) Endoscopic aspects of mycosis in the upper digestive tract. Endoscopy 12:295–298
Korać M, Brmbolić B, Salemović D, Ranin J, Stojsić Z, Jevtović D, Nikolić J (2009) Diagnostic esophago-gastro-duodenoscopy (EGD) in patients with AIDS-related upper gastrointestinal abnormalities. Hepatogastroenterology 56:1675–1678
Peters M, Weiner J, Whelan G (1980) Fungal infection associated with gastroduodenal ulceration: endoscopic and pathologic appearances. Gastroenterology 78:350–354
Reddy BS, Gatt M, Sowdi R, Mitchell CJ, MacFie J (2008) Gastric colonization predisposes to septic morbidity in surgical patients: a prospective study. Nutrition 24:632–637
Bollo J, Carrilo E, Lupu I, Caballero F, Trias M (2009) Gastric perforation associated with Candida infection. Gastroenterol Hepatol 32:499–501
Ishiguro T, Takayanagi N, Ikeya T, Yoshioka H, Yanagisawa T, Hoshi E, Hoshi T, Sugita Y, Kawabata Y (2010) Isolation of Candida species is an important clue for suspecting gastrointestinal tract perforation as a cause of empyema. Intern Med 49:1957–1964
Di Febo G, Miglioli M, Calò G, Biasco G, Luzza F, Gizzi G, Cipollini F, Rossi A, Barbara L (1985) Candida albicans infection of gastric ulcer frequency and correlation with medical treatment. Results of a multicenter study. Dig Dis Sci 30:178–181
Minoli G, Terruzzi V, Ferrara A, Casiraghi A, Rocca F, Rainer H, Porro A, Butti GC, Mandelli PG, Piffer R et al (1984) A prospective study of relationships between benign gastric ulcer, Candida, and medical treatment. Am J Gastroenterol 79:95–97
Saunus JM, Kazoullis A, Farah CS (2008) Cellular and molecular mechanisms of resistance to oral Candida albicans infections. Front Biosci 13:5345–5358
Ashman RB, Farah CS, Wanasaengsakul S, Hu Y, Pang G, Clancy RL (2004) Innate versus adaptive immunity in Candida albicans infection. Immunol Cell Biol 82:196–204
Conti HR, Shen F, Nayyar N, Stocum E, Sun JN, Lindemann MJ, Ho AW, Hai JH, Yu JJ, Jung JW, Filler SG, Masso-Welch P, Edgerton M, Gaffen SL (2009) Th17 cells and IL-17 receptor signaling are essential for mucosal host defense against oral candidiasis. J Exp Med 206:299–311
Geerlings SE, Hoepelman AI (1999) Immune dysfunction in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 26:259–265
Soysa NS, Samaranayake LP, Ellepola AN (2006) Diabetes mellitus as a contributory factor in oral candidosis. Diabet Med 23:455–459
Liu H, Wang Y, Li S (2007) Advanced delivery of ciclosporin A: present state and perspective. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 4:349–358
Italia JL, Bhardwaj V, Kumar MN (2006) Disease, destination, dose and delivery aspects of ciclosporin: the state of the art. Drug Discov Today 11:846–854
Conflict of interest
None.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mansueto, P., Pisciotta, G., Tomasello, G. et al. Malignant tumor-like gastric lesion due to candida albicans in a diabetic patient treated with cyclosporin: a case report and review of the literature. Clin Exp Med 12, 201–205 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10238-011-0158-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10238-011-0158-1