Skip to main content
Log in

Pleuramesotheliom

Zytologie und molekulare Diagnostik

Pleural mesothelioma

Cytology and molecular diagnostics

  • Schwerpunkt
  • Published:
Der Pathologe Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Zusammenfassung

Die definitive Diagnose eines malignen Mesothelioms (MM) in der Ergusszytologie wird oft nicht oder nur sehr zurückhaltend gestellt. Dieser Skeptizismus dürfte v. a. auf die mangelnde zytologische Expertise vieler Pathologen und Kliniker zurückzuführen sein. Bei eindeutigen Malignitätszeichen und immunzytochemisch gesichertem mesothelialem Immunphänotyp ist die Diagnose eines MM in der Ergusszytologie durchaus möglich. Im Falle unklarer, atypischer mesothelialer Zellen kann eine definitive morphologische Diagnose allerdings schwierig und eine weitere Abklärung mit Zusatzmethoden nötig sein. MM weisen im Gegensatz zu reaktiven Mesothelien häufig chromosomale Aberrationen auf, am häufigsten eine Kombination aus Polysomie und 9p21-Deletion. Diese lassen sich gleichzeitig mittels Mehrfach-Fluoreszenz-in-situ-Hybridisierung (FISH) nachweisen. Bei der Abgrenzung eines MM von einem Adenokarzinom hat sich ein immunzytochemisches Panel aus mesothelialen und epithelialen Markern bewährt. In den meisten Fällen mit unklaren atypischen Mesothelien ist somit unter Berücksichtigung der Morphologie, Immunzytochemie und FISH eine zuverlässige Unterscheidung zwischen reaktiven Mesothelien und MM an der Ergusszytologie möglich.

Abstract

The definitive diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma (MM) in effusion cytology is often avoided or reluctantly made by cytology alone. The most probable reason for this skepticism is the lack of expertise in cytology among many pathologists and clinicians. When an effusion specimen is composed of cells with unequivocal cytological features of malignancy that have the morphology and immunophenotype of mesothelial cells, the cytological diagnosis of MM is straightforward. However, in the daily routine difficult cases of atypical mesothelial cells are often encountered and additional methods are required to establish an accurate diagnosis. In contrast to reactive mesothelial cells cells of MMs often harbor chromosomal aberrations, most frequently a polysomy in combination with a 9p21 deletion. These chromosomal aberrations can easily be detected by multitarget fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH); therefore, FISH allows a reliable distinction between reactive mesothelial cells and MM cells. In order to be able to discriminate between MM and adenocarcinoma, an immunocytochemical panel consisting of different mesothelial and epithelial markers is very helpful. In most inconclusive cases of atypical mesothelial cells the combination of morphology, immunocytochemistry and FISH allows a better distinction between reactive mesothelial cells and MM in effusion cytology.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Abb. 1
Abb. 2

Literatur

  1. Flores-Staino C, Darai-Ramqvist E, Dobra K, Hjerpe A (2010) Adaptation of a commercial fluorescent in situ hybridization test to the diagnosis of malignant cells in effusions. Lung Cancer 68:39–43

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Herman JG, Baylin SB (2003) Gene silencing in cancer in association with promoter hypermethylation. N Engl J Med 349:2042–2054

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Husain AN, Colby T, Ordonez N et al (2013) Guidelines for pathologic diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma: 2012 update of the consensus statement from the International Mesothelioma Interest Group. Arch Pathol Lab Med 137:647–667

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Hwang H, Tse C, Rodriguez S et al (2014) p16 FISH deletion in surface epithelial mesothelial proliferations is predictive of underlying invasive mesothelioma. Am J Surg Pathol 38:681–688

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Illei PB, Rusch VW, Zakowski MF, Ladanyi M (2003) Homozygous deletion of CDKN2A and codeletion of the methylthioadenosine phosphorylase gene in the majority of pleural mesotheliomas. Clin Cancer Res 9:2108–2113

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Marchevsky AM (2008) Application of immunohistochemistry to the diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma. Arch Pathol Lab Med 132:397–401

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Motherby H, Pomjanski N, Kube M et al (2002) Diagnostic DNA-flow- vs. -image-cytometry in effusion cytology. Anal Cell Pathol 24:5–15

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Musti M, Kettunen E, Dragonieri S et al (2006) Cytogenetic and molecular genetic changes in malignant mesothelioma. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 170:9–15

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Onofre FB, Onofre AS, Pomjanski N et al (2008) 9p21 Deletion in the diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma in serous effusions additional to immunocytochemistry, DNA-ICM, and AgNOR analysis. Cancer 114:204–215

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Ordonez NG (2007) What are the current best immunohistochemical markers for the diagnosis of epithelioid mesothelioma? A review and update. Hum Pathol 38:1–16

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Paintal A, Raparia K, Zakowski MF, Nayar R (2013) The diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma in effusion cytology: a reappraisal and results of a multi-institution survey. Cancer Cytopathol 121:703–707

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Patel NP, Taylor CA, Levine EA et al (2007) Cytomorphologic features of primary peritoneal mesothelioma in effusion, washing, and fine-needle aspiration biopsy specimens: examination of 49 cases at one institution, including post-intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemotherapy findings. Am J Clin Pathol 128:414–422

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Robinson BW, Lake RA (2005) Advances in malignant mesothelioma. N Engl J Med 353:1591–1603

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Savic S, Bubendorf L (2007) Fluorescence in situ hybridization. A new diagnostic dimension in cytology. Pathologe 28:384–392

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Savic S, Franco N, Grilli B et al (2010) Fluorescence in situ hybridization in the definitive diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma in effusion cytology. Chest 138:137–144

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Sheaff M (2011) Should cytology be an acceptable means of diagnosing malignant mesothelioma? Cytopathology 22:3–4

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Shin HJ, Shin DM, Tarco E, Sneige N (2003) Detection of numerical aberrations of chromosomes 7 and 9 in cytologic specimens of pleural malignant mesothelioma. Cancer 99:233–239

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Suster S, Moran CA (2006) Applications and limitations of immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma. Adv Anat Pathol 13:316–329

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Tiainen M, Tammilehto L, Mattson K, Knuutila S (1988) Nonrandom chromosomal abnormalities in malignant pleural mesothelioma. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 33:251–274

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Travis WD, Brambilla E, Müller-Hermlink HK, Harris CC (Hrsg) (2004) World Health Organization classification of tumours: pathology and genetics of tumours of the lung, pleura, thymus and heart, 3. Aufl. IARC Press, Lyon

  21. Weihmann J, Weichert C, Petersen I, Gajda M (2012) Evaluation of a cell block method in cytological diagnostics. Pathologe 33:553–559

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Whitaker D (2000) The cytology of malignant mesothelioma. Cytopathology 11:139–151

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Einhaltung ethischer Richtlinien

Interessenkonflikt. T. Vlajnic gibt an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht. L. Bubendorf und S. Savic weisen auf folgende Beziehung hin: sie erhielten Vortragshonorare von Abbott. Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to T. Vlajnic.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Vlajnic, T., Savic, S. & Bubendorf, L. Pleuramesotheliom. Pathologe 35, 591–596 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00292-014-1922-2

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00292-014-1922-2

Schlüsselwörter

Keywords

Navigation