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The deltoid ligament: an in-depth review of anatomy, function, and treatment strategies

  • Ankle
  • Published:
Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy Aims and scope

Abstract

Purpose

A literature review of the deltoid ligament was conducted, examining the current literature on anatomy, function, and treatment strategies. In particular, anatomical inconsistencies within the literature were evaluated, and detailed anatomical dissections are presented.

Methods

A literature search was conducted on PubMed using keywords relevant to the deltoid ligament in the ankle and medial ankle instability. Primary research articles, as well as appropriate summary articles, were selected for review.

Results

While it is well defined that the deltoid is contiguous and divided into one superficial and one deep portion, the creation of the individual fibres may be artificial. Furthermore, while improvements in imaging techniques and arthroscopy have not led to a consensus on the anatomy of the ligament, they may help improve recognition of deltoid injuries. Once identified, the majority of deltoid injuries can be treated via conservative treatment. However, reparative and reconstructive treatment strategies can also be used for complex acute injuries or chronic medial ankle instability.

Conclusion

Given the continuing evolution of the anatomical understanding of the ligament, the current treatment protocol for deltoid injuries requires further standardization, with an emphasis on proper diagnosis.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA

    Ian Savage-Elliott, Christopher D. Murawski, Niall A. Smyth & John G. Kennedy

  2. Laboratory of Arthroscopic and Surgical Anatomy, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics (Human Anatomy Unit), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

    Pau Golanó

  3. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Pau Golanó

Authors
  1. Ian Savage-Elliott
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  2. Christopher D. Murawski
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  4. Pau Golanó
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  5. John G. Kennedy
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Correspondence to John G. Kennedy.

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Savage-Elliott, I., Murawski, C.D., Smyth, N.A. et al. The deltoid ligament: an in-depth review of anatomy, function, and treatment strategies. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 21, 1316–1327 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-012-2159-3

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