Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Somaclonal variation — a novel source of variability from cell cultures for plant improvement

  • Review
  • Published:
Theoretical and Applied Genetics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

It is concluded from a review of the literature that plant cell culture itself generates genetic variability (somaclonal variation). Extensive examples are discussed of such variation in culture subclones and in regenerated plants (somaclones). A number of possible mechanisms for the origin of this phenomenon are considered. It is argued that this variation already is proving to be of significance for plant improvement. In particular the phenomenon may be employed to enhance the exchange required in sexual hybrids for the introgression of desirable alien genes into a crop species. It may also be used to generate variants of a commercial cultivar in high frequency without hybridizing to other genotypes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Literature

  • Abo, El-Nil; Hildebrandt, A.C. (1972): Morphological changes in geranium plants differentiated from anther cultures. In vitro7, 258 (abstr.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahloowalia, B.S. (1976): Chromosomal changes in parasexually produced rye grass. In: Current Chromosome Research (eds.: Jones, K.; Brandham, P.E.), pp. 115–122. Amsterdam: Elsevier

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahloowalia, B.S. (1978): Novel ryegrass genotypes regenerated from embryo-callus culture. Fourth Intl. Congr. Plant Tissue Cell Culture, (abst.) pp. 162, Calgary, Canada, 1978

  • Arcia, M.A.; Wernsman, E.A.; Burk, L.G. (1978): Performance of anther-derived dihaploids and their conventionally inbred parent as lines, in F1 hybrids, and in F2 generations. Crop Sci.18, 413–418

    Google Scholar 

  • Barbier, M.; Dulieu, H.L. (1980): Effets génétiques observés sur des plantes de Tabac régénérées à partir de cotylédons par culture in vitro. Ann. Amélior. Plant.30, 321–344

    Google Scholar 

  • Bayliss, M.W. (1973): Origin of chromosome number variation in cultured plant cells. Nature246, 529–530

    Google Scholar 

  • Bayliss, M.W. (1980): Chromosomal variation in plant tissues in culture. Intern. Rev. Cytol. Suppl.11B, 113–144

    Google Scholar 

  • Beach, K.H.; Smith, R.R. (1979): Plant regeneration from callus of red clover and crimson clover. Plant Sci. Lett.16, 231–238

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Behnke, M. (1979): Selection of potato callus for resistance to culture filtrates ofPhytophthora infestans and regeneration of resistant plants. Theor. Appl. Genet.55, 69–71

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Behnke, M. (1980): General resistance to late blight ofSolanum tuberosum plants regenerated from callus resistant to culture filtrates ofPhytophthora infestans. Theor. Appl. Genet.56, 151–152

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Jaacov, J.; Langhans, R.W. (1972): Rapid multiplication ofChrysanthemum plants by stem-tip proliferation. Hort. Sci.7, 289–290

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennici, A. (1974): Cytological analysis of roots, shoots and plants regenerated from suspension and solid in vitro cultures of haploidPelargonium.Z. Pflanzenzücht.72, 199–205

    Google Scholar 

  • Bingham, E.T.; Hurley, L.V.; Kaatz, D.M.; Saunders, J.W. (1975): Breeding alfalfa which regenerates from callus tissue in culture. Crop Sci.15, 719–721

    Google Scholar 

  • Blakely, L.M.; Steward, F.C. (1964): Growth and organized development of cultured cells. 7 Cellular variation. Am. J. Bot.51, 809–820

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bourgin, J.P. (1978): Valine-resistant plants from in vitro selected tobacco cells. Molec. Gen. Genet.161, 225–230

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brack, C.; Hirama, M.; Lehnard-Schueller, R.; Tonegawa, S. (1978): A complete immunoglobin gene is created by somatic recombination. Cell15, 1–4

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brettell, R.I.S.; Ingram, D.S. (1979): Tissue culture in the production of novel disease-resistant crop plants. Biol. Rev.54, 329–345

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brettell, R.I.S.; Thomas, R.; Ingram, D.S. (1980): Reversion of Texas male-sterile cytoplasm maize in culture to give fertile, Ttoxin resistant plants. Theor. Appl. Genet.58, 55–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Bukhari, A.I.; Shapiro, J.A.; Adhya, S.L. (1977): Eds: DNA Insertion Elements, Plasmids and Episomes. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory

  • Burk, L.G.; Chaplin, J.F. (1980): Variation among anther-derived haploids from a multiple disease-resistant tobacco hybrid. Crop Sci.20, 334–338

    Google Scholar 

  • Burk, L.G.; Matzinger, D.F. (1976): Variation among anther-derived doubled haploids from an inbred line of tobacco. J. Hered.67, 381–384

    Google Scholar 

  • Burk, L.G.; Chaplin, J.F.; Gooding, G.V.; Powell, N.T. (1979): Quantity production of anther-derived haploids from a multiple disease resistant tobacco hybrid. 1. Frequency of plants with resistance or susceptibility to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), potato virus (PVY) and root knot (RK). Euphytica28, 201–208

    Google Scholar 

  • Calos, M.P.; Miller, J.H. (1980): Transposable elements. Cell20, 579–595

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cameron, J.R.; Loh, E.Y.; Davis, R.W. (1979): Evidence for transposition of dispersed repetitive DNA families in yeast. Cell16, 739–752

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, P. (1973): Methionine sulfoximine-resistant mutants of tobacco. Science180, 1366–1368

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Catcheside, D.G. (1947): The P-locus position effect in Oenothera J. Genet.48, 31–42

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chaleff, D.T.; Fink, G.R. (1980): Genetic events associated with an insertion mutation in yeast. Cell21, 227–237

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chaleff, R.S.; Parsons, M.F. (1978a): Direct selection in vitro for herbicide — resistant mutants ofNicotiana tabacum. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA)75, 5704–5707

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaleff, R.S.; Parsons, M.F. (1978b): Isolation of a glycerol-utilizing mutant ofNicotiana tabacum. Genetics89, 723–728

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chaturvedi, H.C.; Mitra, G.C. (1975): A shift in morphogenetic pattern inCitrus callus tissue during prolonged culture. Ann. Bot.39, 683–687

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins, G.B.; Legg, P.D. (1980): Recent advances in the genetic applications of haploidy inNicotiana. In: The Plant Genome (eds.: Davies, D.R.; Hopwood, D.A.), pp. 197–213. Norwich: The John Innes Charity

    Google Scholar 

  • Crisp, P.; Walkey, D.G.A. (1974): The use of aseptic meristem culture in cauliflower breeding. Euphytica23, 305–313

    Google Scholar 

  • Cullis, C.A. (1973): DNA differences between flax genotrophs. Nature243, 515–516

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cullis, C.A. (1975): Environmentally induced DNA changes in flax. In: Modification of the Information Content of Plant Cells (eds. Markham R. et al.), pp. 27–36. North-Holland: Elsevier

    Google Scholar 

  • Cullis, C.A.; Goldsborough, P.B. (1980): Variation in the ribosomal RNA gene number — a model system for DNA changes in flax genotrophs. In: The Plant Genome (eds. Davies, D.R.; Hopwood, D.A.), pp. 91–97. Norwich: The John Innes Charity

    Google Scholar 

  • Cummings, D.P.; Green, C.E.; Stuthman, D.D. (1976): Callus induction and plant regeneration in oats. Crop Sci.16, 465–470

    Google Scholar 

  • Davey, M.R.; Fowler, M.W.; Street, H.E. (1971): Cell clones contrasted in growth, morphology and pigmentation isolated from a callus culture ofAtropa belladonna var ‘lutea’. Phytochemistry10, 2559–2575

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D'Amato, F. (1978): Chromosome number variation in cultured cells and regenerated plants. In: Frontiers of Plant Tissue Culture 1978 (ed. Thorpe, T.A.), pp. 287–295. Calgary: Intern. Ass. Plant Tissue Culture

    Google Scholar 

  • Deambrogio, E.; Dale, P.J. (1980): Effect of 2,4-D on the frequency of regenerated plants in barley and on genetic variability between them. Cereal Res. Comm.8, 417–423

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Marsac, N.T.; Jouanneau, J.P. (1972): Variation de l'exigence en cytokinine de lignées clonales de cellules de tabac. Physiol. Vég.10, 369–380

    Google Scholar 

  • De Paepe, R. (1980): Genetic variation amongst haploid doubled plants obtained by androgenesis inNicotiana sylvestris. In: The Plant Genome (eds. Davies, D.R.; Hopwood, D.A.), p. 245. Norwich: The John Innes Charity

    Google Scholar 

  • Devreux, M.; Laneri, V. (1974): Anther culture, haploid plants, isogenic line and breeding research inNicotiana tabacum L. In: Polyploidy and Induced Mutations in Plant Breeding, pp. 101–107, Vienna: IAEA

    Google Scholar 

  • Dickinson, D.G.; Baker, R.F. (1978): Evidence for translocation of DNA sequences during sea urchin embryogenesis. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA)75, 5627–7630

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doolittle, W.F.; Sapienza, C. (1980): Selfish genes, the phenotype paradigm and genome evolution. Nature284, 601–603

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • dos Santos, A.V.P.; Outka, D.E.; Cocking, E.C.; Davey, M.R. (1980): Organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis in tissues derived from leaf protoplasts and leaf explants ofMedicago sativa. Z. Pflanzenphysiol.99, 261–270

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, D.A.; Paddock, E.F. (1976): Comparisons of somatic crossing over frequency inNicotiana tabacum and three other crop species. Can. J. Genet. Cytol.18, 57–65

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, D.A.; Paddock, E.F. (1980): Characterization of X-ray induced increase of mitotic cross-overs inGlycine max. Theor. Appl. Genet.56, 245–251

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fincham, J.R.S.; Sastry, G.R.K. (1974): Controlling elements in maize. Ann. Rev. Genet.8, 15–50

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Finnegan, D.J.; Rubin, G.M.; Young, M.W.; Hogness, D.S. (1978): Repeated gene families inDrosophila melanogaster. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol.42, 1053–1063

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Flavell, R.B. (1975): Quantitative Variation in nucleolar ribosomal RNA gene multiplicity in wheat and rye. In: Modification of the Information Content of Plant Cells (eds. Markham, R. et al.), pp. 53–62. Amsterdam: Elsevier

    Google Scholar 

  • Foroughi-Wehr, B.; Mix, G.; Friedt, W. (1979): Fertility of microspore derived plants over three successive generations. Barley Genet. Newslett.9, 20–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Gamborg, O.L.; Shyluk, J.P.; Brar, D.S.; Constabel, F. (1977): Morphogenesis and plant regeneration from callus of immature embryos of sorghum. Plant Sci. Lett.10, 67–74

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gautheret, R.J. (1955): The nutrition of plant tissue cultures. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol.6, 433–484

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gengenbach, B.G.; Green, C.E. (1975): Selection of T-cytoplasm maize callus cultures resistant toHelminthosporium maydis Race T pathotoxin. Crop Sci.15, 645–649

    Google Scholar 

  • Gengenbach, B.G.; Green C.E.; Donovan, C.M. (1977): Inheritance of selected pathotoxin resistance in maize plants regenerated from cell cultures. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA)74, 5113–5117

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerstel, D.U.; Burns, J.A.; Burk, L.G. (1974): Meiosis in F1 hybrids between haploid-derived diploids and their parents. Tob. Sci.18, 122–124

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, G.E. (1977): Prospects for crop improvement in the field of cell culture. Hortsci.12, 7–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, C.E. (1978): In vitro plant regeneration in cereals and grasses. In: Frontiers of Plant Tissue Culture 1978 (ed.: Thorpe, T.A.), pp. 411–418. Calgary: Int. Ass. Plant Tissue Culture

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, C.E.; Phillips, R.L.; Wang, A.S. (1977): Cytological analysis of plants regenerated from maize tissue cultures. Maize Genet. Newslett.51, 53–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, M.M. (1977): The case for DNA insertion mutations in Drosophila. In: DNA Insertion Elements, Plasmids and Episomes (eds.: Bukhari, A.I.; Shapiro, J.A.; Adhya, S.L.), pp. 437–455. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory

    Google Scholar 

  • Grout, B.W.W.; Crisp, P. (1980): The origin and nature of shoots propagated from cauliflower roots. J. Hortic. Sci.55, 65–70

    Google Scholar 

  • Hacket, W.P.; Anderson, J.M. (1967): Asceptic multiplication and maintenance of differentiated carnation shoot tissue derived from shoot apices. Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci.90, 365–369

    Google Scholar 

  • Hagemann, R. (1958): Somatische konversion beiLycopersicon esculentum Mill. Z. Vererbungsl.89, 587–613

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heinz, D.J. (1973): Sugar-cane improvement through induced mutations using vegetative propagules and cell culture techniques. In: Induced Mutations in Vegetatively Propagated Plants (Proc. of a Panel, 11–15 September 1972, pp. 53–59. Vienna: Intern. Atomic Energy Agency

    Google Scholar 

  • Heinz, D.J. (1976): Tissue culture in breeding. Annl. Rep. Hawaiian Sugar Planters Assoc. Expt. Stations, pp. 9–11

  • Heinz, D.J.; Mee, G.W.P. (1969): Plant differentiation from callus tissue ofSaccharum species. Crop. Sci.9, 346–348

    Google Scholar 

  • Heinz, D.J.; Mee, G.W.P.; Nickell, L.G. (1969): Chromosome numbers of someSaccharum species hybrids and their cell suspension cultures. Am. J. Bot.56, 450–456

    Google Scholar 

  • Heinz, D.J.; Mee, G.W.P. (1971): Morphologic, cytogenetic, and enzymatic variation inSaccharum species hybrid clones derived from callus tissue. Am. J. Bot.58, 257–262

    Google Scholar 

  • Heinz, D.J.; Krishnamurthi, M.; Nickell, L.G.; Maretzki, A. (1977): Cell, tissue and organ culture in sugarcane improvement. In: Applied and Fundamental Aspects of Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (eds.: Reinert, J.; Bajaj, Y.P.S.), pp. 3–17. Berlin: Springer

    Google Scholar 

  • Henke, R.R.; Mansur, M.A.; Constantin, M.J.(1978): Organogenesis and plantlet formation from organ- and seedling-derived calli of rice (Oryza sativa). Physiol. Plant.44, 11–14

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hibberd, K.A.; Walter, T.; Green, C.E.; Gengenbach, B.G. (1980): Selection and characterization of a feedback-insensitive tissue culture of maize. Planta148, 183–187

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmann, F. (1978): Mutation and selection of haploid cell culture systems of rape and rye. In: Production of Natural Compounds by Cell Culture Methods (eds.: Alfermann, A.W.; Reinhard, E.), pp. 319–329. München: Gesellschaft für Strahlen- und Umweltforschung

    Google Scholar 

  • Horãk, J.; Landa, Z.; Lustinec, J. (1971): Production of polyploid plants from tissue cultures ofBrassica oleracea L. Phyton28, 7–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Horák, J.; Lustinec, J.; Mesícek, J.; Kamínek, M.; Polácková, D. (1975): Regeneration of diploid and polyploid plants from the stem with expiants of diploid narrow stem kale (Brassica oleracea L). Ann. Bot.3, 571–577

    Google Scholar 

  • Ibrahim, R.K. (1969): Normal and abnormal plants from carrot root tissue cultures. Can. J. Bot.47, 825–826

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, P.J. (1980): Characterization of the ribosomal DNA of soybean cells. Fed. Proc.39, 1878

    Google Scholar 

  • Jelaska, S.; Papes, D.; Pevalek, B.; Devide, Z. (1978): Developmental and karyological studies ofVicia faba callus cultures,p. 101, (abst), Fourth Intl. Cong. Plant Tissue Cell Cult., Calgary, Canada

  • Kado, C.I.; Kleinhofs, A. (1980): Genetic modification of plant cells through uptake of foreign DNA. Intern. Rev. Cytol. Suppl.11B, 47–80

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kao, K.W.; Michayluk, M.R. (1980): Plant regeneration from mesophyll protoplasts of alfalfa. Z. Pflanzenphysiol.96, 135–141

    Google Scholar 

  • Kao, K.W.; Miller, R.N.; Gamborg, O.L.; Harvey, B.L. (1970): Variations in chromosome number and structure in plant cells grown in suspension cultures. Can. J. Genet. Cytol.12, 297–301

    Google Scholar 

  • Kasperbauer, M.J.; Buckner, R.C.; Bush, L.P. (1979): Tissue culture of annual ryegrass × tall fescue F1 hybrids: callus establishment and plant regeneration. Crop. Sci.19, 457–460

    Google Scholar 

  • Kassanis, B.; White, R.F.; Woods, R.D. (1977): Beet cryptic virus. Phytopathol. Z.90, 350–360

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleckner, N. (1977): Translocatable elements in procaryotes. Cell11, 11–23

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krishnamurthi, M. (1974): Notes on disease resistance of tissue culture sub-clones and fusion of sugar cane protoplasts. Sugarcane Breeder's Newslett.35, 24–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Krishnamurthi, M.; Tlaskal, J. (1974): Fiji disease resistantSaccharum officinarum var Pindar subclones from tissue cultures. Proc. Int. Soc. Sugar Cane. Technol.15, 130–137

    Google Scholar 

  • Lat, J.B.; Lantin, M.M. (1976): Agronomic performance of sugar cane clones derived from callus tissue. Philippine J. Crop Sci.1, 117–123

    Google Scholar 

  • Latch, G.C.M.; Potter, L.R. (1977): Interaction between crown rust (Puccinia coronata) and two viruses of ryegrass. Ann. appl. Biol.87, 139–145

    Google Scholar 

  • Larkin, P.J.; Scowcroft, W.R. (1981): Eyespot disease of sugar cane — host-specific toxin induction and its interaction with leaf cells. Plant Physiol.67, 408–414

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawyer, A.L.; Berlyn, M.B.; Zelitch, I. (1980): Isolation and characterization of glycine hydroxamate resistant cell lines ofNicotiana tabacum. Plant Physiol.66, 334–341

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levings, C.S. III; Kim, B.D.; Pring, D.R.; Conde, M.F.; Mans, R.J.; Laughnan, J.R.; Gabay-Laughran, S.J. (1980): Cytoplasmic reversion of cms-S in maize: association with a transpositional event. Science209, 1021–1023

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, E.B. (1950): The phenomenon of position effect. Adv. Genet.3, 73–116

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, M-C.; Chen, W-H. (1976): Tissue and cell culture as aids to sugarcane breeding. 1. Creation of genetic variation through callus culture. Euphytica25, 393–403

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, M-C.; Chen, W-H. (1978a): Tissue and cell culture as aids to sugar cane breeding. 2. Performance and yield potential of callus derived lines. Euphytica27, 273–282

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, M-C.; Chen, W-H. (1978b): Improvement in sugar cane by using tissue culture methods, p. 163. (abst) Fourth Intl. Congr. Plant Tissue Cell Culture, Calgary, Canada.

  • Liu, M-C.; Huang, Y-J.; Shih, S-C (1972): The in vitro production of plants from several tissues ofSaccharum species. J. Agric. Ass. China New Series77, 52–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, M-C.; Shang, K.C., Chen, W-H.; Shih, S.C. (1977): Tissue and cell culture as aids to sugarcane breeding. Aneuploid cells and plants induced by treatment of cell suspension cultures with colchicine. Proc. XVI Cong. Int. Soc. Sugar cane Technol. 1, 29–41

    Google Scholar 

  • McClintock, B. (1956): Controlling elements and the gene. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol.21, 197–216

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCoy, T. (1979): PhD thesis, University of Minnesota

  • Coy, T.J.; Phillips, R.L.; Cummings, D.P. (1978): Cytogenetic variability in plants regenerated from tissue cultures of oats (Avena sativa), p. 101, (abst), Fourth Intl. Congr. Plant Tissue Cell Culture, Calgary, Canada

  • Maliga, P. (1978): Resistance mutants and their use in genetic manipulation. In: Frontiers of Plant Tissue Culture 1978 (ed.: Thorpe, T.A.), pp. 381–392. Calgary: Int. Ass. Plant Tissue Culture

    Google Scholar 

  • Malnassy, P.; Ellison, J.H. (1970): Asparagus tetraploids from callus tissue. Hortsci.5, 444–445

    Google Scholar 

  • Márton, L.; Maliga, P. (1975): Control of resistance in tobacco cells to 5-bromodeoxyuridine by a simple mendelian factor. Plant. Sci. Lett.5, 77–82

    Google Scholar 

  • Matern, U.; Strobel, G.; Shepard, J. (1978): Reaction to phytotoxins in a potato population derived from mesophyll protoplasts. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA)75, 4935–4939

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meins, F.; Lutz, J. (1979): Tissue-specific variation in the cytokinin habituation of cultured tobacco cells. Differentiation15, 1–6

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meins, F.; Lutz, J.; Binns, A.N. (1980): Variation in the competence of tobacco pith cells for cytokinin-habituation in culture. Differentiation16, 71–75

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitzukami, H.; Konoshima, M.; Tabata, M. (1978): Variation in pigment production inLithospermum erythorrhizon callus cultures. Phytochemistry17, 95–97

    Google Scholar 

  • Molgaard, H.V. (1980): Assembly of immunoglobulin heavy chain genes. Nature286, 657–659

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morel, G. (1971): The impact of plant tissue culture on plant breeding. In: The Way Ahead in Plant Breeding. (eds.: Lupton, F.G.H.; Jenkins, G.; Johnson, R.), pp. 185–194. Cambridge: 6 Congr. Eucarpia

    Google Scholar 

  • Mousseau, J. (1970): Fluctuations induites par la néoformation de bourgeons in vitro. In: Cultures des Tissues de Plantes. Strasbourg Coll. Intern. CNRS293, 234–239

  • Müller, A.J.; Grafe, R. (1978): Isolation and characterization of cell lines ofNicotiana tabacum lacking nitrate reductase. Molec. Gen. Genet.161, 67–76

    Google Scholar 

  • Murashige, T. (1974): Plant propagation through tissue culture. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol.25, 135–166

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murashige, T. (1978): The impact of plant tissue culture on agriculture. In: Frontiers of Plant Tissue Culture 1978 (ed.: Thorpe, T.A.), pp. 15–26. Calgary: Int. Ass. Plant Tissue Culture

    Google Scholar 

  • Murashige, T.; Nakano, R. (1967): Chromosome complement as a determinant of the morphogenic potential of tobacco cells. Am. J. Bot.54, 963–970

    Google Scholar 

  • Nabors, M.W.; Gibbs, S.E.; Bernstein, C.S.; and Meis, M.E. (1980): NaCl-tolerant plants from cultured cells. Z. Pflanzenphysiol.97, 13–17

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagl, W. (1979): Differential DNA replication in plants: A critical review. Z. Pflanzenphysiol.95, 283–314

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nickell, L.G.; Heinz, D.J. (1973): Potential of cell and tissue culture techniques as aids in economic plant improvement. In: Genes, Enzymes, and Populations (ed.: Srb, A.M.), pp. 109–128. New York: Plenum

    Google Scholar 

  • Nitzsche, W.; Wenzel, G. (1977): Haploids in plant breeding. Berlin, Hamburg: Parey

    Google Scholar 

  • Nishi, T.; Yamada, Y.; Takahashi, E. (1968): Organ redifferentiation and plant restoration in rice callus. Nature219, 508–509

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Novák, F.J. (1980): Phenotype and cytological status of plants regenerated from callus cultures ofAllium sativum L. Z. Pflanzenzücht.84, 250–260

    Google Scholar 

  • Oinuma, T.; Yoshida, T. (1974): Genetic variation among doubled haploid lines of burley tobacco varieties. Jpn. J. Breed.24, 211–216

    Google Scholar 

  • Oono, K. (1975): Production of haploid plants of rice (Oryza sativa) by anther culture and their use for breeding. Bull. Nat. Inst. Agric. Sci.D26, 139–222

    Google Scholar 

  • Oono, K. (1978a): High frequency mutations in rice plants regenerated from seed callus. pp. 52, (abst). Fourth Int. Congr. Plant Tissue Cell Culture, Calgary, Canada

  • Oono, K. (1978b): Test tube breeding of rice by tissue culture. Trop. Agric. Res. Series11, 109–123

    Google Scholar 

  • Orgel, L.E.; Crick, F.H.C. (1980): Selfish DNA — the ultimate parasite. Nature284, 604–607

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Orton, T.J. (1980a): Chromosomal variability in tissue cultures and regenerated plants ofHordeum. Theor. Appl. Genet.56, 101–112

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Orton, T.J. (1980b): Haploid barley regenerated from callus cultures ofHordeum vulgare ×H. jubatum. J. Hered.71, 780–782

    Google Scholar 

  • Orton, T.J.; Steidl, R.P. (1980): Cytogenetic analysis of plants regenerated from colchicine-treated callus cultures of an inter specificHordeum hybrid. Theor. Appl. Genet.57, 89–95

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, P.A. (1970): Controlling elements and mutable loci in maize: their relationship to bacterial episomes. Genetica41, 33–56

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, P.A.; Weber, C.R. (1969): An unstable locus in soybeans. Theor. Appl. Genet.3, 156–162

    Google Scholar 

  • Petes, T.D. (1980): Unequal meiotic recombination within tandem arrays of yeast ribosomal DNA genes. Cell19, 765–774

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, G.C.; Collins, G.B. (1979): In vitro tissue culture of selected legumes and plant regeneration from callus cultures of red clover. Crop Sci.19, 59–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Popchristov, V.D.; Zaganska, N.A. (1977): Study of the seed progeny of regenerated plants obtained by the tissue culture of tobacco. In: Uses of Plant Tissue Cultures in Breeding, pp. 209–221. Prague: Ustav Experimentalni Botaniky CSAV

    Google Scholar 

  • Potrykus, I. (1970): Mutation und Rückmutation extrachromosomal vererbter Plastidenmerkmale vonPetunia. Z. Pflanzenzücht.63, 24–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Potter, L.R. (1980): The effects of barley yellow dwarf virus and powdery mildew in oats and barley with single and dual infections. Ann. Appl. Biol.94, 11–17

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Potter, S.; Truett, M.; Phillips, M.; Maher, A. (1980): Eucaryotic transposable genetic elements with inverted terminal repeats. Cell20, 639–47

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roeder, G.S.; Fink, G.R. (1980): DNA rearrangements associated with a transposable element in yeast. Cell21, 239–249

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roy, S.C. (1980): Chromosomal variations in the callus tissues ofAllium tuberosum andA. cepa. Protoplasma102, 171–176

    Google Scholar 

  • Reuther, G. (1977). Adventitious organ formation and somatic embryogenesis in callus ofAsparagus andIris and its possible application. Acta Hortic. Scan.78, 217–224

    Google Scholar 

  • Sacristan, M.D.; Melchers, G. (1969): The caryological analysis of plants regenerated from tumorous and other callus cultures of tobacco. Molec. Gen. Genet.105, 317–333

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saka, H.; Voqui-Dinh, T.N.; Chang, T.Y. (1980): Stimulation of multiple shoot formation on soybean stem nodes in culture. Plant Sci. Lett.19, 193–201

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sand, S. (1976): Genetic control of gene expression: independent location of Flt (3) and its interactions with the mutable V locus inNicotiana. Genetics83, 719–736

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schimke, R.T.; Alt, F.W.; Kellems, R.E.; Kaufman, N.; Bertino, J.R. (1977): Selective multiplication of dihydrofolate reductase gene in methotrexate-resistant variants of cultured murine cells. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol.42, 649–657

    Google Scholar 

  • Schubert, I.; Rieger, R. (1979): Asymmetric banding ofVicia faba chromosomes after BUdR incorporation. Chromosoma70, 385–391

    Google Scholar 

  • Schubert, I.; Künzel, G.; Bretschneider, H.; Rieger, R. (1980): Sister chromatid exchanges in barley. Theor. Appl. Genet.56, 1–4

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scowcroft, W.R. (1977): Somatic cell genetics and plant improvement. Adv. Agron.29, 39–81

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Selby, C.; Collin, H.A. (1976): Clonal variation in growth and flavour production in tissue cultures ofAllium cepa L. Ann. Bot.40, 911–918

    Google Scholar 

  • Shepard, J.F.; Bidney, D.; Shahin, E. (1980): Potato protoplasts in crop improvement. Science28, 17–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Shimada, T.; Yamada, Y. (1979): Wheat plants regenerated from embryo cell cultures. Jpn. J. Genet.54, 379–385

    Google Scholar 

  • Sibi, M. (1976): La notion de programme génétique chez les végétaux supérieurs. II. Aspect expérimental. Obtention de variants par culture de tissues in vitro surLactuca sativa L. apparition de vigueur chez les chroisements. Ann. Amélior. Plant.26, 523–547

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegel, A. (1975): Gene amplification in plants. In: Modification of the Information Content of Plant Cells (eds.: Markham, R. et al.), pp. 15–26. Amsterdam: Elsevier

    Google Scholar 

  • Sievert, R.C.; Hildebrandt, A.C. (1965): Variations within single cell clones of tobacco tissue cultures. Am. J. Bot.52, 742–750

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Siminovitch, L. (1976): On the nature of hereditable variation in cultured somatic cells. Cell7, 1–11

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simmonds, N.W. (1969): Prospects of potato improvement. Scottish Plant Breed. Stat. Ann. Report 1968–69, pp. 18–38

  • Skirvin, R.M. (1978): Natural and induced variation in tissue culture. Euphytica27, 241–266

    Google Scholar 

  • Skirvin, R.M., Janick, J. (1967a): Tissue culture-induced variation in scentedPelargonium spp. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.101, 281–290

    Google Scholar 

  • Skirvin, R.M.; Janick, J. (1976b): ‘Velvet Rose’Pelargonium, a scented geranium. HortSci.11, 61–62

    Google Scholar 

  • Snijman, D.A.; Noel, A.R.A.; Bornman, C.H.; Abbott, J.G. (1977):Nicotiana tabacum callus studies. 2. Variability in culture. Z. Pflanzenphysiol.82, 367–370

    Google Scholar 

  • Spiegel-Roy, P.; Kochba, J. (1975): Production of solid mutants in citrus, utilizing new approaches and techniques. In: Improvement of Vegetatively Propagated Plants Through Induced mutations, Tokai, 1974, pp. 113–117. Vienna: Intern. Atomic Energy Agency

    Google Scholar 

  • Spofford, J.B. (1976): Position-effect variegation inDrosophila. In: The Genetics and Biology ofDrosophila, Vol 1c (eds. Ashburner, M.; Novitski, E.), pp. 955–1018. London: Acad. Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Sree Ramulu, K.; Devreux, M.; Ancora, G.; Laneri, U. (1976): Chimerism inLycopersicon peruvianum plants regenerated from in vitro cultures of anthers and stem internodes. Z. Pflanzenzücht.76, 299–319

    Google Scholar 

  • Starlinger, P. (1980): A reexamination of McClintock's ‘Controlling Elements’ in maize in view of recent advances in molecular biology. In: Genome Organization and Expression in Plants. (ed. Leaver, C.J.), pp. 537–551. New York: Plenum

    Google Scholar 

  • Stimart, D.P.; Ascher, P.D.; Zagorski, J.S. (1980): Plants from callus of the interspecific hybridLilium ‘Black Beauty’. HortScience15, 313–315

    Google Scholar 

  • Strickland, R.G.; Sunderland, N. (1972): Production of anthocyanins, flavonols and chlorogenic acid production in cultured callus ofHaplopappus gracilis. Ann. Bot.36, 443–457

    Google Scholar 

  • Strobel, E.; Dunsmuir, P.; Rubin, G.M. (1979): Polymorphism in the chromosomal locations of elements of the 412,copia and 297 dispersed repeated gene families inDrosophila. Cell17, 429–439

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strom, C.M.; Moscona, M.; Dorfman, A. (1978): Amplification of DNA sequences during chicken cartilage and neural retina differentiation. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA)75, 4459–4462

    Google Scholar 

  • Sung, Z.R.; Jacques, S. (1980): 5-Fluorouracil resistance in carrot cell cultures. Its use in studying the interaction of the pyrimidine and arginine pathways. Planta148, 389–396

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tabata, M.; Hiraoka, N. (1976): Variation of alkaloid production inNicotiana rustica callus cultures. Physiol. Plant.38, 19–23

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tabata, M.; Ogino, T.; Yoshioka, K.; Yoshikawa, N.; Hiraoka, N. (1978): Selection of cell lines with higher yield of secondary products. In: Frontiers of Plant Tissue Culture 1978 (ed.: Thorpe, T.A.), pp. 213–222. Calgary: Ass. Plant Tissue Culture

    Google Scholar 

  • Tartof, K.D. (1973): Unequal sister chromatid exchange and disproportionate replication as mechanisms regulating ribosomal RNA gene redundancy. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol.38, 491–500

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, E.; King, P.J.; Potrykus, I. (1979): Improvement of crop plants via single cells in vitro — an assessment. Z.Pflanzenzücht.82, 1–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Tokumasu, S.; Kato, M. (1979): Variation of chromosome numbers and essential oil components of plants derived from anther culture of the diploid and tetraploid inPelargonium roseum. Euphytica28, 329–338

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Umiel, N.; Brand, E.; Goldner, R. (1978): Streptomycin resistance in tobacco: I. Variation among calliclones in the phenotypic expression of resistance. Z. Pflanzenzücht.88, 311–15

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vazquez, A.M.; Davey, M.R.; Short, K.C. (1977): Organogenesis in cultures ofSaintpaulia ionantha. Acta Horticult. 78, 249–258

    Google Scholar 

  • Wahl, G.M.; Padgett, R.A.; Stark, G.R. (1979): Gene amplification causes overproduction of the first three enzymes of UMP synthesis in N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate-resistant hamster cells. J. Biol. Chem.254, 8679–8689

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wakasa, K. (1979): Variation in the plants differentiated from the tissue culture of pineapple. Jpn. J. Breeding29, 13–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Weill, J.C.; Reynaud, C.A. (1980): Somatic Darwinism in vivo. Biosystems12, 23–25

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wenzel, G. (1980): Recent progress in microspore culture of crop plants. In: The Plant Genome (eds. Davies, D.R.; Hopwood, D.A.), pp. 185–196. Norwich: The John Innes Charity

    Google Scholar 

  • Wenzel, G.; Schieder, O.; Przewozny, T.; Sopory, S.K.; Melchers, G. (1979): Comparison of single cell culture derivedSolanum tuberosum L. plants and a model for their application in breeding programs. Theor. Appl. Genet.55, 49–55

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Widholm, J.M. (1977): Selection and characterization of aminoacid analog resistant plant cell cultures. Crop Sci.17, 597–600

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, L.; Collins, H.A. (1976): Growth and cytology of celery plants derived from tissue cultures. Ann. Bot.40, 333–338

    Google Scholar 

  • Zenk, M.H.; El-Shagi, H.; Arens, H.; Stöckigt, J.; Weiler, E.W.; Deus, B. (1977): Formation of the indole alkaloids sepentine and ajmalicine in cell suspension cultures ofCatharanthus roseus. In: Plant Tissue Culture and Its Bio-technological Application (eds.: Barz, W.; Reinhard, E.; Zenk, M.H.), pp. 27–43. Berlin: Springer

    Google Scholar 

  • Zenk, M.H. (1978): The impact of plant cell culture on industry. In: Frontiers of Plant Tissue Culture 1978 (ed.: Thorpe, T.A.), pp. 1–13. Calgary: Int. Ass. Plant Tissue Culture

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Plant Industry, CSIRO, Canberra, ACT, Australia

    P. J. Larkin & W. R. Scowcroft

Authors
  1. P. J. Larkin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. W. R. Scowcroft
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Additional information

Communicated by G. Wenzel

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Larkin, P.J., Scowcroft, W.R. Somaclonal variation — a novel source of variability from cell cultures for plant improvement. Theoret. Appl. Genetics 60, 197–214 (1981). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02342540

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02342540

Key words

Search

Navigation