Abstract
Rights over trees are often distinct from rights over land. Tree tenure consists of a bundle of rights over trees and their produce which may be held by different people at different times. These rights include the right to own or inherit trees, the right to plant trees, the right to use trees and tree products, the right to dispose of trees and the right to exclude others from the use of trees and tree products. Factors affecting who had rights include the nature of the tree, the nature of the use and the nature of the person or group. Landowners and tree plants tend to be relatively advantaged in terms of their rights to trees. Those with temporary claims to the land and, in some case, women, tend to be disadvantaged. The implications of tree tenure issues for the design of agroforestry projects are discussed.
Resumen
Los derechos sobre los arboles muchas veces son distintos a los derechos sobre la tierra. La propiedad del arbol consiste en un lote o derechos sobre arboles y sus productos que pueden ser mantenidos por distintas personas en distintos tiempos. Estos derechos incluyen el derecho a poseer o heredar arboles, el derecho a plantar arboles, el derecho a usar arboles y los productos arboreos, el derecho a disponer de los arboles y el derecho a excluir a otros del uso de los arboles y los productos arboreos. Se incluyen en los factores que afectan quienes tienen determinados derechos la naturaleza de los arboles, la naturaleza de su uso y la naturaleza dela persona o grupo. Terratenientes y plantadores de arboles tienden a tener ventajas en terminos de sus derechos sobre los arboles. Aquellos con derechos temporales y en algunos casos las mujeres tienden a estar en desventaja. Aqui se discute la problematica de las implicancias de la tenencia de los arboles para el diseno de proyectos silvo-agropecuarios.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abrahams RG (1967) The peoples of the Great Unyamwezi, Tanzania (Nyamwezi, Sukuma, Sumbwa, Kimbu, Konongo). London: International African Institute.
Adegboye RO (1969) Produring Loan through pleding of cocoa trees. Journal of the Geographical Association of Nigeria 12(1&2):68–73.
Adegboye RO (1979) Impact of land tenure on Nigerian forest ecosystems. Paper presented at the Man and Biosphere Workshop on State of Knowledge on Nigerian Rainforest Ecosystem University of Ibadan, Nigeria, 24–26 January.
Agricultural Information Development Bulletin 4(3):2–9, 38 (1982) Community forestry project in Nepal.
Ahn BW (1978) Village forestry in Korea. Eight World Forestry Congress, Jakarta, 16–28 October. FRG/1–5.
Bailey AP (1965) Land tenure: its sociological implications with specific reference to the Swahili speaking peoples of the East African (Unpublished Masters Thesis: University of London).
Baker EC 1934 Report on social and economic conditions in Tanga province. Dar es Salaam: Tanganyika territory.
Bennett L (1981) The Parbatiya women of Bakundala. The status of women in Nepal. Volume II Part 7. Kathmandu: Center for Economic Development and Administration.
Bompard J, Ducatillion C, Hecketsweiler P (1980) A traditional agricultural system: village-forest- gardens in West Java. Montepellier: Academic de Montepellier, Universite des Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc.
Brian J (1980) The Uluguru land usage scheme: success and failure. J of Develop Areas, pp 175–190.
Briscoe J (1979) The political economy of energy use in rural Bangladesh. Mimeo.
Brokensha D, Glazier J (1973) Land reform among the Mbere of Central Kenya. Afr 43(3):182–206.
Brokensha D, Njeru EHN (1977) Some consequences of land adjudication in Mbere Division. Nairobi: IDS Working Paper 320.
Brokensha D, Riley B (1977) Vegetation changes in Mbere Division, Embu. Nairobi: IDS Working Paper No. 319.
Cernea M (1981) Land tenure systems and social implications of forestry development programs. Washington DC: World Bank Staff Working Paper No. 452.
Conklin HC (1975) Hanunoo agriculture. FAO Forestry Development Paper No. 12. Northford Connecticut: Elliots Books.
Cory H (1970) Sukuma law and custom. Westport: Negro Universities Press.
Cory H, Hartnoll MM (1971) Customary law of the Haya tribe. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.
Crocombe RG (1964) Land tenure in the Cook Islands. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
Dobson EB (1940) Land tenure of the Wasambaa. Tanganyika Notes and Records 10:1–27.
Dove M (1976) Tree rights, tree-holding units and tree-using units among the Melaban Kantuq: the factors of scarce land, scarce labour and scarce knowledge in their evolution. Paper prepared for the 1976 Meetings of the Am Anthropol Association.
Duncan P (1960) Sotho laws and customs. Capetown: Oxford University Press.
Elias TO (1971) Nigerian land law 4th edition. London: Sweet & Maxwell.
Elliot C (1982) The political economy of sewage: a case study from the Himalayas. Mazingira 6(4):44–56.
Gluckman M (1965) Ideas in Barotse jurisprudence. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Griaule M (1965) Conversations with Ogotemmeli. London: Oxford University Press.
Gulliver PH (1958) Land tenure and social change among the Nyakyusa. Kampala: East African Institute of Social Research.
Gupta PN (1982) The effects of government policy in forest management in the Himalayan & Siwalik region of Uttar Pradesh, India. In Hallsworth EG, (ed), Socio-economic effects and constraints in tropical forest management, pp 65–72. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Hammer T (1977) Wood for fuel: energy crisis implying desertification the case of Bara, the Sudan. Unpublished Masters Thesis, University of Bergen.
Haydon ES (1960) Law and justice in Buganda. London: Butterworths.
Herskovitz MJ (1952) Economic anthropology. New York.
Holleman JF (1969) Shona customary law. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Hoskins M (1980) Community depends on women. Unasylva 32(130): 27–32.
Ibik JO (1971) Restatement of African law: 4 Malawi: II The law of land succession,movable property agreements & civil wrongs. London: Sweet & Maxwell.
James RW (1967) Judicial developments in customary law — some reflection. J of the Denning Law Soc 2(1): 41–58.
James RW (1971) Land tenure and policy in Tanzania. Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau.
James RW, Fimbo GM (1973) Customary land law of Tanzania. Dar es Salaam: East African Literature Bureau.
Kang BT, Wilson GF, Sipkens L (1981) Alley cropping maize (Zee Mays) and Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala Lam.) in southern Nigeria. Plant and Soil 63:165–170.
Karimu J (1981) Strategies for peasant farmer development: an evaluation of a rural development project in northern Sierra Leone. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of London.
Kludze AKP (1973) Ghana I ewe law of property restatement of AfrLaw: 6. London: Sweet & Maxwell.
Knowlton CS (1972) Culture conflict and natural resources. In Burch WR Jr., Cheek NH Jr., Taylor L, eds, Social behavior, natural resources and the environment, pp 109–145. New York: Harper & Row.
Kunstadter P (1980) Implications of socio-economic, demographic, and cultural changes for regional development in northern Thailand. In Ives JD, Sabhasri S, Vorauri P, eds, Conservation and development in northern Thailand, pp 13–17. Tokyo: UNU.
Lawrence JCD (1970) The Iteso. In Cotran E, Rubin N, eds, Readings in Afr Law vol. 1, pp 348–351. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.
Leach TA (1919) Date trees in Haifa Province. Sudan Notes and Records 2:98–104.
Leakey LSB (1977) The southern Kikuyu before 1903 vol I. London: Academic Press.
Liversage V (1945) Land tenure in the colonies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lloyd PC (1962) Yoruba land law. London: Oxford University Press.
Lumpungu K (1977) Land tenure system and the agricultural crisis in Zaire. Afr Environment II(4), III(4): 57–71.
Meek CK (1968) Land law and custom in the colonies 2nd edition. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd. 1949.
Mi L and Shao-song C (1980) A brief account of forestry development in the people's communes in Shao-Qing prefecture Guadong province, China. In Report of the FA/SIDA seminar onforestry in rural community development, pp 121–126. Rome: FAO.
Michon G, Lombion R, Mary F, Bompard JM (1983) Shall peasant agroforests survive? Paper presented at the BAPI-Suan symposium on research on the impact of development on human activity systems in Southeast Asia. Institute of Ecology, Bandung 8–11 August.
Middleton J, Kershaw G (1965) The central tribes of the northeastern Bantu. (The Kikuyu, including Embu, Meru, Mbere, Chuka, Mwimbi, Tharaka, & the Kamba of Kenya.) London: International African Institute.
Millon RF (1955) Trade, tree cultivation and the development of private property in land. Am Anthropol 57: 698–712.
Mishra A, Tripathi,S (1978) Chipko movement. New Delhi: Gandhi Peace Foundation.
Mukwaya AB (1953) Land tenure in Buganda. Kampala: The Eagle Press.
Murray G (1981) Mountain peasants of Honuras: guidelines for reordering of smallholding adaptation to the pine forest. Tegucigalpa: USAID.
Murray GF (1982) Cash-cropping agroforestry: an anthropological approach to agricultural development in rural Haiti. Presented at the Wingspread conference on Haiti, present state and future prospects, Racine Wisconsin.
Ng'andwe COM (1976) African traditional land tenure and agricultural development: case study of the Kunda people in Jumbe. Afr Soc Research 21: 51–67.
Obi SN, Chinwuba (1963) The Ibo law of property. London: Butterworths.
Ollennu NA (1962) Principles of customary land law inGhana. London: Sweet & Maxwell.
Panday KK (1976) Importance of fodder trees and tree fodders in Nepal. Zurich: Unpublished thesis, Federal Technical University.
Penwill DJ (1951) Kamba customary law. Notes taken in the Machakos district of Kenya colony. London: Macmillan & Company.
Pogucki RJH (1970) Gold Coast land tenure. In Cotran E, Rubin N, eds, Readings in Afr Law vol I, pp 351–355. London: Frank Cass and Co. Ltd.
Prins AJ (1961) The Swahili-speaking peoples of Zanzibar and the East African Coast East Central African Part XIII. London: International African Institute.
Rattray RS (1956) Ashanti law and constitution. London: Oxford University Press.
Roe E, Fortmann L (1982) Season and strategy: the changing organization of the rural water sector in Botswana. Resource Management Monograph No. 1. Ithaca: Cornell University Rural Development Committee.
Ruddle K (1974) The Yukpa cultivation system: a study of shifting cultivation in Colombia and Venezuela. Barkeley: University of California Press.
Sarbah JM (1968) Fanti customary laws 3rd Edition. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.
Schapera I (1943) Native land tenure in the Bechuanaland protectorate. Capetown: The Lovedale Press.
Schapera I (1955) A handbook of Tswana law and custom. Oxford: International African Institute.
Schebesta P (1973) Among the forest dwarves of Malaya. London: Oxford University Press.
Seif el Din AG (1981) Agroforestry practices in the dry regions. In Buck L, ed, Proceedings of the Kenya National Seminar on agroforestry, pp. 419–434, 12–22 November 1980. Nairobi: ICRAF.
Sellers S (1977) The relationship between land tenure and agricultural production in Tucurrique, Costa Rica. Turrialba: CATIE.
Shambi MM (1972) The problem of land ownership and cashew nut claims in Malindi coastal belt. Unpublished Paper: Kilifi.
Skar SL with Samanez NA, Cotarma SG (1982) Fuel availability, nutrition & women's work in highland Peru: three case studies from contrasting Andean communities. World Employment Programme Research WEPIO/WP23. Geneva: ILO.
Snell GS (1954) Nandi customar law. London: MacMillan & Co. Ltd.
Spencer JE (1977) Shifting cultivation in Southeast Asia. Barkeley: University of California Press.
Stopford, JGB (1901) Glimpses of native law in West Africa. J of the Afr Soc 1 (1): 80–97.
Swanson, RA (1979) Gourmantche agriculture part I land tenure and field cultivation. Integrated Rural Development Project Eastern ORD, B.A.E.P. Upper Volta Contract AID 686-049-78.
Tanner R (1960) Land rights on the Tanganyika coast. Afr Stud XIX: 14–25.
Tate HR (1910) The native law of the southern Gikuyu of British East Africa.Reprinted from J of the Afr Soc:233-254.
Thomson JT (1981) Public choise analysis of institutional constraints on firewood production strategies in the West African Sahel. In Russell CS, Nicholson NK, eds, Public choise & rural development. Washington, DC: Resources for the Future.
Tozzer AM (1941) Landa's relacion de las cosas de Yucatan Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archeology and Ethnology. Cambridge: Harvard University. Cited in 54.
Uzozie LC (1979) Tradition and change in Igbo food production systems: a geographical appraisal. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of London.
Wagner G (1970) The Bantu of Western Kenya with special reference to the Vugusi and Logoli, vol II. London: Oxford University Press.
Weinstock JA (1983) Kaharingan and the Luangan Dyaks: religion and identify in central east Borneo. Unpublished PhD dissertation: Cornell University.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Fortman, L. The tree tenure factor in agroforestry with particular reference to Africa. Agroforest Syst 2, 229–251 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00147036
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00147036