Abstract
This paper summarises electric appliance usage, efficiencies, and technical saving potentials in Europe and examines the role of minimum energy efficiency standards as a policy mechanism to improve appliance energy performance. The main geographical focus is on the states of the European Union but details of programmes in Switzerland and Eastern Europe are also presented. This paper is an updated version of a paper `Appliance Energy Standards in Europe’ which was published in Energy and Buildings, Vol 26 (1), in 1997.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
NF (1962) Économie Domestique Réfrigérateurs Ménagers A Compression, Norme Française D38–301, April.
NF (1978) Conservateurs Ménagers De Denrées Congeleés et Congélateurs Ménagers, Norme Française D38–320, September.
CENEf (1995) Identifying Equipment for Energy Efficiency Standards: Draft Report, Center for Energy Efficiency, Moscow, February.
UNECE (1995) Report on the meeting of the third session of the Ad Hoc Group of Experts on Energy Efficiency Standards and Labelling Systems of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, Held in Milan, 1–2 December 1994.
Bertoldi, P. (1995a) European commission efforts to promote more efficient use of electricity: the pace programme, Presentation made at the SAVE-Workshop ‘Efficient Electric Appliances in the Domestic and Office Sector’, October 12–13, Vienna.
de Almeida, A. T. (1995) Personal communication with expert conducting the study on industrial motors for the European Commission, Dept. Eng. Electritecnica, University of Coimbra, Portugal.
BRE (1994) Study Of Measures To Promote Energy Efficient Lighting in the Commercial Sector In Europe, Building Research Establishment, Garston, Watford, WD2 7JR, UK, for the Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, Belgium, Contract EC-DGXVII No. 4.1031/E/93–01, December.
EC (1996) Energy in Europe: 1996 Annual Energy Review: Special Issue, DG-XVII the European Commission, September.
IEA (1995) Energy Policies of IEA Countries: 1994 Review, The International Energy Agency, Paris.
CEC (1994) Energy in Europe: Annual Energy Review, DG-XVII (Energy), Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, April.
De Almeida and Fonseca (1997) ‘Characterisation of the electricity use in European Union and the Savings Potential in 2010’ A. de Almeida and P. Fonseca in Energy Efficiency Improvements in Electric Motors and Drives A. de Almeida, P. Bertoldi and W. Leonhard, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1997.
Hinnells, M.J. & Lane, K.B. (1995) The relative importance of technical and behavioural trends in electricity consumption by domestic appliances, The Energy Efficiency Challenge for Europe: Proceedings of the 1995 Summer Study Mandelieu, France, European Council for an Energy Efficient Economy, Stockholm, Sweden.
DGEMP (1993) Tableaux des Consommations d’Énergie en France, Edition 1993, Direction Generale de l’Energie et des Matières premières, Minstère de l’Industrie, des Postes et Télécommunications et du Commerce Extérieur, 75353 Paris, France.
DECADE (1996) DECADE: Second Year Report 1995 (provisional results), Energy and Environment Programme of the Environmental Change Unit, University of Oxford, UK.
Schipper (1997) Lee Schipper, International Energy Agency, personal communication.
Waide (1996) European domestic refrigeration appliances: minimum energy efficiency standards scenario analysis PW Consulting for the French Energy and Environment Agency, ADEME, November.
GEA (1995) Washing Machines, Dryers and Dishwashers: Background Reports Volumes I, 11 & 111 analyses conducted for DG XVII of the European Commission, published by Danish Energy Agency, Copenhagen, June.
NOVEM (1995) Study of standby losses and energy savings potential for Television and Video Recorder sets in Europe: Part A NOVEM for DG-XVII of the Commission of thge European Communities, SAVE contract 4.1031/E/95–001.
Turiel, I., Koller and McMahon, J. Overview of international energy standards (Draft report), International Energy Agency, Paris, 1995.
EVA (1998) Analysis of energy efficiency of domestic electric storage water heaters Energieverwertungsagentur (EVA) for DG-XVII of the Commission of the European Communities, SAVE contract 4.1031/E/95–013, February.
Moeller J., & Nielsen B. (1991) Ny Model for boligers elforbrug (New Model for Household Electricity Use), Technical Report 281, DEFU, Lyngby, Denmark.
Sakulin M., & Dell, G. (1991) Energiesparpotential elecktrischer Haushaltsgeräte, Institut für Elektrische Anlagen, Technische Universtät Graz, Austria.
Appliance (1995) Portrait of the European Appliance Industry, Appliance, June.
Euromonitor (1994) The World Market for White Goods: Strategy 2000 Volume 1, Euromonitor, London.
Euromonitor (1995) European Marketing Data & Statistics 1995, 30th Edition, Euromonitor, UK
Bertoldi, P. (1995b) Personal communication with the manager of the appliance energy efficiency programme of DG-XVII (Energy) of the Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, September.
Waide (1997) Analysis of the energy efficiency of 1994 domestic refrigeration appliances: Part B: Long-term impact and scenarios analysis, PW Consulting for TNO and DG-XVII of the European Commission, January 1997.
GEA (1993) Study on Energy Efficiency Standards for Domestic Refrigeration Appliances Group for Efficient Appliances (comprised of the following national energy and environment agencies: Ademe (France), Danish Energy Agency (Denmark), Novem (the Netherlands)) for DG-XVII of the European Commission, March.
OT3E (1994) Energy-Efficient Office Technologies in Europe (OT3E) Final Report, University of Bordeaux for the Commission of the European Communities, Contract EC-DGXVII N° 4.1031/E/92–07.
UoC (1996) Actions to promotoe energy efficient electric motors, Univeristy of Coimbra, Contract no. SAVE 4.1031/E/94–08 for DG-XVII of the Commission of the European Communities, October 1996.
Biktchentaev, A.A. (1994) The Russian Federation practice in the field of energy efficiency standards and labels’, paper presented at the third session of the Ad Hoc Group of Experts on Energy Efficiency Standards and Labelling Systems of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, Held in Milan, 1–2 December 1994.
Bashmakov, I. (1995) Personal communication with the director of CENEf (Center for Energy Efficiency), Moscow.
Terstyansky, T. (1994) Personal communication with an official of the Hungarian Energy Office (Magyar Energia Hivatal), Budapest, Hungary.
UNECE (1993) Comprehensive Report on Energy Efficiency Standards and Labelling Systems Report N° ENERGY/AC.12/R.3 by the Ad Hoc Group of Experts on Energy Efficiency Standards and Labels of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, 10–12 May.
Waide, P. & Lebot, B. (1995) Refrigerators and Freezers: Market Characteritics, Energy Use and Standards Harmonisation: Draft Report prepared for the International Energy Agency and presented at the Experts Meeting on International Harmonisation of Energy Efficiency Standards, 30–31 May, Paris.
SFOE (1995) private communication and Consumption Target Values for Household Appliances: Information Sheet, Consumption Target Values for Office Equipment,Television Sets and Video Recorders: Information Sheet, and Verbrauchszielwerte von Haushalt-, Büro-und Unter-haltungselektronikgeraten: technical paper, Swiss Federal Office of Energy, Bern, Switzerland.
Bokämper, S. (1995) Promotion of Energy Efficient Technologies in the European Union: The Case Of Refrigerators, Masters Thesis, Technische Universität Clauthal Institut für Elektrische Energietechnik, Germany.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Waide, P. (1998). Appliance Energy Labelling and Efficiency Standards in Europe. In: Nørgård, J.S., Gula, A., De Almeida, A.T. (eds) Development with Sustainable Use of Electricity. NATO ASI Series, vol 56. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5092-7_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5092-7_13
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-6139-1
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-5092-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive