Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Introduction to the chemistry of transition metal carbides and nitrides

  • Chapter
The Chemistry of Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides

Abstract

An overview of the field of transition metal carbides and nitrides is given in order to give a perspective to the overall content of this book. The overview covers the structure, composition, bonding, physical properties, electronic nature, preparation, and applications of the materials. The structures of the carbides and nitrides are simple for single-metal compounds to the left of the periodic table, and can be understood from the density of valence sp electrons in the materials. However, the structures become complex for the late transition metals and multi-metallic compositions. The materials have an interesting nature, with physical characteristics typical of ceramics and electronic properties resembling metals. Their properties give them varied applications, as structural, electronic, magnetic, optical, and catalytic materials, which are reviewed in detail in this overview.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. M. Erola, J. Keinonen, A. Anttila and J. Koskinen. Solar Energy Mater., 12, 353 (1986).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. C. Ernsberger, A. Miller and D. Banks. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A, 3, 2303 (1985).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. I. Suni, M. Mäenpää, M.A. Nicole and M. Luomajärvi. J. Electrochem. Soc., 130, 1215 (1983).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. M. Wittmer. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A, 3, 1797 (1985).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. R. Freer (Ed.) The Physics and Chemistry of Carbides, Nitrides and Borides, (Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1990).

    Google Scholar 

  6. V.A. Gubanov, A.L. Ianovsky and V.P. Zhukov. Electronic Structure of Refractory Carbides and Nitrides. (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1994).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  7. L.I. Johansson. Surf. Sci. Reports, 21, 177 (1995).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. P.W. Lednor. Catal. Today, 15, (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  9. S.T. Oyama and R. Kieffer. Carbides. In: Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 4th Edition, M.E. Howe-Grant, Ed., (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1992), 481.

    Google Scholar 

  10. P. Ettmayer and W. Lengauer. Nitrides: Transition Metal Solid State Chemistry. In: Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry, R.B. King, Ed., (John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 1994), 2498.

    Google Scholar 

  11. P. Ettmayer and W. Lengauer. Carbides: Transition Metal Solid State Chemistry. In: Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry, R.B. King, Ed., (John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 1994), 531.

    Google Scholar 

  12. G. Hägg. Z. Phys. Chem., 12, 33 (1931).

    Google Scholar 

  13. N. Engel. Ingenioeren N101, (1939).

    Google Scholar 

  14. L. Brewer. In: Phase Stability in Metals and Alloys, P. Rudman, J. Stringer and R.K. Jaffee, Eds, (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1967), 39–61.

    Google Scholar 

  15. L. Brewer. In: Phase Stability in Metals and Alloys, P. Rudman, J. Stringer and R.K. Jaffee, Eds, (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1967), 241–249

    Google Scholar 

  16. L. Brewer. In: Phase Stability in Metals and Alloys, P. Rudman, J. Stringer and R.K. Jaffee, Eds, (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1967), 344–346

    Google Scholar 

  17. L. Brewer. In: Phase Stability in Metals and Alloys, P. Rudman, J. Stringer and R.K. Jaffee, Eds, (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1967), 560–568.

    Google Scholar 

  18. L. Brewer. Acta Metall., 15, 553 (1967).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. C.C. Yu, S. Ramanathan, F. Sherif and S.T. Oyama. J. Phys. Chem., 98, 13038 (1994).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. R.J. Cava, H. Takagi, H.W. Zandbergen, J.-J. Krajewski, W.F. Peek, Jr., T. Siegrist, B. Batlogg, R.B. van Dover, R.J. Felder, K. Mizuhashi, J.O. Lee, H. Eisaki and S. Uchida Nature, 367, 252 (1994).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. A. Hasegawa. J. Phys. C: Solid State Phys., 13, 6147 (1980).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. R.B. Levy and M. Boudart. Science, 181, 547 (1973).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. S.T. Oyama. Catal. Today, 15, 179 (1992).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. L. Ramqvist, K. Hamrin, G. Johansson, A. Fahlman and C. Nordling. J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 30, 1835 (1969).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. C.D. Gelatt, Jr., A.R. Williams and V.L. Moruzzi. In: Conference on the Physics of Transition Metals, (Leeds, England, 1980).

    Google Scholar 

  26. E.A. Brandes, Ed., Smithells Metals Reference Book, 6th edition (Butterworths, London, 1983).

    Google Scholar 

  27. P. Schwarzkopf and R. Kieffer. Refractory Hard Metals, (Macmillan, New York, 1953).

    Google Scholar 

  28. R. Juza. In: Advances in Inorganic Chemistry and Radiochemistry, H.J. Emeléus and A.G. Sharpe, Eds, Vol. 9, (Academic Press, New York, 1966), p. 81.

    Google Scholar 

  29. E.K. Storms. The Refractory Carbides, (Academic Press, New York, 1967).

    Google Scholar 

  30. L.E. Toth. Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides, (Academic Press, New York, 1971).

    Google Scholar 

  31. F. Benesovsky, R. Kieffer and P. Ettmayer. Nitrides. In: Kirk Othmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3rd Edition, Vol. 15, (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1981), p. 871.

    Google Scholar 

  32. A.T. Santhanam. Cemented Carbides. In: Kirk Othmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 4th Edition, Vol. 4, M.E. Howe-Grant, Ed., (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1992), p. 848.

    Google Scholar 

  33. W.M. Stoll and A. T. Santhanam. Industrial Hard Carbides. In: Kirk Othmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 4th Edition, Vol. 4, M.E. Howe-Grant, Ed., (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1992), p. 861.

    Google Scholar 

  34. T.Ya. Kosolapova. Carbides, Properties, Production, and Applications, (Plenum Press, New York, 1971).

    Google Scholar 

  35. W.A. Frad. In: Advances in Inorganic Chemistry and Radiochemistry. H.J. Emeléus and A.G. Sharpe, Eds, Vol. 2, (Academic Press, New York, 1968), p. 153.

    Google Scholar 

  36. S.T. Oyama. In: Handbook of Heterogeneous Catalysis. G. Ertl, H. Knözinger, J. Weitkamp, Eds, (VCH, Weinheim), in press.

    Google Scholar 

  37. H. Goldschmidt. Process for Synthesis of Metals or Metalloids or Alloys, Ger. Pat. No. DRP 96,317, 1895.

    Google Scholar 

  38. H. Goldschmidt. Z. Elektrochem., 4, 494 (1898).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. V. Hlavacek. Ceram. Bull., 70, 240 (1991).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. A.G. Merzhanov and I.P. Borovinskaya. Doklady Akad. Nauk. SSR, 204, 366 (1972).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. A.G. Merzhanov, A.K. Filonenko and I.P. Borovinskaya. Doklady Akad. Nauk, SSR, 208, 892 (1973).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. A.G. Merzhanov and I.P. Borovinskaya. Combustion Sci. Technol., 10, 195 (1975).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Z.A. Munir. Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., 67, 342 (1988).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Z.A. Munir and V. Anselmi-Tamburini. Mater. Sci. Rep., 3, 277 (1989).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Z.A. Munir and J.B. Holt, Eds, Combustion and Plasma Synthesis of High Temperature Materials. (VCH Publishers, New York, 1990).

    Google Scholar 

  46. C.C. Agrafiotis, J.A. Puszynski and V. Hlavacek. Combust. Sci. Technol., 76, 187 (1991).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. A. Varma and J.-P. Lebrat. Chem. Eng. Sci., 47, 2179 (1992).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. A.M. Kanury. Metallurg. Trans. A, 23, 2349 (1992).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. O. Khomenko, A.S. Mukasyan, V.L Ponomaryev, I.P. Borovinskaya and A.G. Merzhanov. Combust. Flame, 92, 201 (1993).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. E. Lehrer. Z. Electrochem., 36, 383 (1930).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. R. Juza and W. Sachsze. Z. Anorg. Chem., 253, 95 (1947).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. R. Juza and W. Sachsze. Z. Anorg. Allgem. Chem., 251, 201 (1943).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. I.E. Campbell. J. Electrochem. Soc., 96, 318 (1949).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. J. Hojo, T. Oku and A. Kato. J. Less-Common Met., 59, 85 (1978).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. J.S. Haggerty. In: Laser-Induced Chemical Processes, J.I. Steinfeld, Ed., (Plenum Press, New York, 1981).

    Google Scholar 

  56. X.-X. Bi, B. Ganguli, G.P. Huffman, F.E. Huggins, M. Endo and P.C. Eklund. J. Mater. Res. 8, 1666 (1993).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. J.S. Lee, S.T. Oyama and M. Boudart. J. Catal., 106, 125 (1987).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. M.J. Ledoux, C. Pham-Huu, S. Marin, M. Weibel and J. Guille. C. R. Acad. Set Paris, t. 310, Série II, 707 (1990).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. M.J. Ledoux, J. Guille, S. Hantzer, S. Marin and C. Pham-Huu. Extended Abstracts, Proceedings MRS Symposium S, p. 135, Boston, Nov. 26–Dec. 1, (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  60. M.J. Ledoux, C. Pham-Huu, S. Marin and J. Guille. Brevet Fran. no. 04433, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  61. M.J. Ledoux, J.-L. Guille, C. Pham-Huu and S. Marin. U.S. Patent 5,308,597, May 3, 1994, Assigned to Pechiney Electrometallurgie.

    Google Scholar 

  62. M.J. Ledoux, C. Pham-Huu, J. Guille and H. Dunlop. J. Catal., 134, 383 (1992).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. D. Zheng and M.J. Hampden-Smith. Chem. Mater., 4, 968 (1992).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. O. Schmitz-Dumont. Z. Elektrochem., 60, 866 (1956).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. G.W. Watt and D.D. Davies. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 70, 3753 (1948).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. R.F. Baddour and R.S. Timmins, Eds. The Application of Plasmas in Chemical Processing, (MIT Press, Cambridge, 1967).

    Google Scholar 

  67. B. Ye Paton, Ed. Plasma Processes in Metallurgy and Technology of Inorganic Materials, (Nauka Publ. House, Moscow, 1973).

    Google Scholar 

  68. P. Ho, R.J. Buss and R.E. Loehman. J. Mater. Res., 4, 873 (1989).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. S. Dressler. Indust. Heating, 38, December, (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  70. D. Pye. Indust. Heating, 33, January (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  71. C.F. Powell, J.H. Oxley and J.M. Blocker. Vapor Deposition, (Wiley, New York, 1966).

    Google Scholar 

  72. D.P. Stinton, T.M. Besmann and R.A. Lowden. Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., 67, 350 (1988).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. R.P.H. Chang, C.C. Chang and S. Darack. Appl. Phys. Lett., 47, 1113 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  74. C.M.M. Denisse, K.Z. Troost, J.B. Oude Elferink, F.H.P.M. Habraken, W.F. van der Weg and M. Hendricks. J. Appl. Phys., 60, 2536 (1986).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. T. Hirao, K. Setsune, M. Kitagawa, T. Kamada, T. Ohmura, K. Wasa and T. Izumi. Jpn. J. Apply. Phys., 27, L21 (1988).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. J. Watanabe and M. Hanabusa. J. Mater. Res., 4, 882 (1989).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. H. Shiozaki, H. Ohtake, M. Kiba and K. Awane. 33rd Spring Meeting of the Japan Society of Applied Physics, Extended abstract 4p-N6, Tokyo, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  78. S. Toyota, Y. Matsumi, T. Hayashi, H. Yoshikawa and M. Komiya. 33rd Spring Meeting of the Japan Society of Applied Physics, Extended abstract 4p-N8, Tokyo, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  79. M. Podob. Indust. Heating, 23, December (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  80. A.E.T. Kuiper, S.W. Koo, F.H.P.M. Habraken and Y. Tamminga. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, 1, 62 (1983).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. F.H.P.M. Habraken, R.H.G. Tijhaar, W.F. van der Weg, A.E.T. Kuiper and M.F.C. Willemsen. J. Appl. Phys., 59, 447 (1986).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. G.S. Girolami and J.E. Gozum. Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc., 168, 319 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. G. Weiss. Ann. Chim., 1, 424, (1946).

    Google Scholar 

  84. G. Weiss. Ann. Chim., 1, 446 (1946).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. L. Andrieux and G. Weiss. Bull. Soc. Chim. France, 15, 598 (1948).

    Google Scholar 

  86. S. Senderoff and G.W. Mellors. Canadian Patent 688, 546 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  87. S. Senderoff and G.W. Mellors. J. Electrochem. Soc., 112, 267 (1965).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. S. Senderoff and G.W. Mellors. J. Electrochem. Soc., 112, 840 (1965).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. K.H. Stern. U.S. Patent 4,430,170 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  90. K.H. Stern. Chemtech, 749, December (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  91. R.M. Fix, R.G. Gordon and D.M. Hoffman. Chem. Mater., 2, 235 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. F. Benesovsky, R. Kieffer and P. Ettmayer. Nitrides. In: Kirk Othmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3rd Edition, Vol. 15, (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1981), p. 871.

    Google Scholar 

  93. S. Yoshida, T. Shirakawa and A. Aritoma. Proc. of the 32nd Electronic Components Conference, San Diego, CA, XII, pp. 530–535, IEEE, May 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  94. C.L. Au, W.A. Anderson, D.A. Schmitz, J.C. Flasseyer and F.M. Collins. J. Mater. Res., 5, 1224(1990).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. R.E. Layton and Y. Higano. Indust. Heating, July 1990, 16.

    Google Scholar 

  96. K. Machida, A. Nakamoto and G. Adachi. Chem. Lett., 1381 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  97. S.T. Oyama and G.L. Haller. Catalysis, Specialist Periodical Reviews, Vol. 5, (The Royal Society of Chemistry, London, 1982), p. 333.

    Google Scholar 

  98. I. Kojima, E. Miyazaki, Y. Inoue and I. Yasumori. J. Catal., 73, 128 (1982).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. B. Vidick, J. Lemaitre and L. Leclercq. J. Catal., 99, 439 (1986).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. G.S. Ranhotra, A.T. Bell and J.A. Reimer. J. Catal., 108, 40 (1987).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. F.H. Ribeiro, M. Boudart, R.A. Dalla Betta and E. Iglesia. J. Catal., 130, 498 (1991).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. M.J. Ledoux, C. Pham Huu, J. Guille and H. Dunlop. J. Catal. 134, 383 (1992).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. F.H. Ribeiro, R.A. Dalla Betta, M. Doudart, J. Baumgartner and E. Iglesia. J. Catal., 130, 86(1991).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  104. M. Boudart, S. Locatelli, J.S. Lee and S.T. Oyama. J. Catal., 125, 157 (1990).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  105. Lee, J.S. and Boudart, M. Appl Catal., 19, 207 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  106. E.J. Markel and J.W. Van Zee. J. Catal., 126, 643 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. M. Nagai and T. Miyao. Catal. Lett., 18, 9 (1993).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. K.S. Lee, H. Abe, J.A. Reimer and A.T. Bell. J. Catal., 139, 34 (1993).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. J.C. Schlatter, S.T. Oyama, J.E. Metcalfe, III and J.M. Lambert, Jr. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 27, 1648 (1988).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. J.A. Dean, Ed. Lange’s Handbook of Chemistry, 13th edition, (McGraw Hill, New York, 1985).

    Google Scholar 

  111. R.C. Weast, Ed. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 61st edition, (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1981).

    Google Scholar 

  112. F.S. Galasso. Structure and Properties of Inorganic Solids, (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1970).

    Google Scholar 

  113. W.G. Moffatt, Ed. The Handbook of Binary Phase Diagrams, (Genium Publishing, 1986).

    Google Scholar 

  114. L.G. Van Uitert. J. Appl. Phys., 52, 5547 (1981).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  115. P.M. McKenna and J.C. Redmond. In: Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 2nd edition, Vol. 4, (Wiley, New York, 1964), p. 75.

    Google Scholar 

  116. D.R. Lide, Ed. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 75th edition, (CRC Press, London, 1994).

    Google Scholar 

  117. G.V. Samsonov. High-Temperature Materials, (Plenum Press, New York, 1964).

    Google Scholar 

  118. H. Cornelius and H. Esser, Archiv für das Eisenhüttenwesen 8, 125 (1934).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. H.T. Goldschmidt. Interstitial Alloys, (Plenum Press, New York, 1967).

    Google Scholar 

  120. CM. Hurd. The Hall Effect in Metals and Alloys, (Plenum Press, New York, 1972).

    Google Scholar 

  121. E. Friederich and C. Sitting. Z. Anorg. Chem. 144, 184 (1925).

    Google Scholar 

  122. C. Kittel. Introduction to Solid State Physics, Sixth Edition, (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986).

    Google Scholar 

  123. W.D. Johnston, R.R. Heikes and J. Petrolo. J. Phys. Chem., 64, 1720 (1980).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  124. Ph. Duenner and S. Mueller, Z. Naturforsch, 18a, 1012 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. W.A.J.J. Velge and K.J. De Vos. Z. Angew. Phys., 21, 115 (1966).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. G.W. Wiener and J.A. Berger. J. Met., 7, 360 (1955).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. J.H. Cochrane. Machine Design, 194, September 15, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061-0211, USA

    S. T. Oyama

Authors
  1. S. T. Oyama
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061-0211, USA

    S. T. Oyama (Professor) (Professor)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1996 Chapman & Hall

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Oyama, S.T. (1996). Introduction to the chemistry of transition metal carbides and nitrides. In: Oyama, S.T. (eds) The Chemistry of Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1565-7_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1565-7_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-7199-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-009-1565-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation