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Development of Intertidal Biotas Through Phanerozoic Time

  • Chapter
Earth and Life

Part of the book series: International Year of Planet Earth ((IYPE))

Abstract

Changes in the biodiversity and organization of intertidal biotas from rocky, sandy, and muddy shores are summarized on the basis of information in the fossil record for 1622 extinct and extant species through Phanerozoic strata from the Cambrian to the Pleistocene at 361 localities around the world. To enter the database, each fossil species qualified as intertidal in origin based on sedimentological, geological, and other spatial criteria. Among the study sites documented in the scientific literature, 45% are considered former rocky shorelines. Another 31% represent former muddy shores and 24% are indicative of former sandy shores. Rocky-shore biotas demonstrate the greatest change in biodiversity, with species per Cenozoic study site nearly 2.5 times more than found on average at Paleozoic study sites. Key elements of the modern rocky shore biota were in place by Oligocene time and reflect much the same kind of ecological crowding found in that setting today. Coastal mudflat biotas show only a minor increase in biodiversity based on body fossils, although evidence from trace fossils implies an increase in ecological crowding through time. Sandy-shore biotas are the most conservative and least diverse in their development. The influence on intertidal habitat space by global tectonics, sea-level change, and relationship to other ecosystems is considered.

When we go down to the low-tide line, we enter a world that is as old as the Earth itself – the primeval meeting place of the elements of earth and water.

Rachel Carson, The Edge of the Sea

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Chris Warren, Jonathan Morgan-Leamon, and Sharron Macklin from the Office of Information Technology at Williams College for assistance in creating an electronic filing program suitable to our needs. In particular, Chris Warren formatted the system that allowed us to connect customized files with Open Office. The photograph in Fig. 19 was supplied by Halard L. Lescinsky (Otterbein College); all other photos are by ME Johnson. Steven M. Stanley, Arthur J. Boucot, and Ceith A.W. Crook reviewed an early draft of the manuscript and offered insights and criticisms that led to significant improvements.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geosciences, Williams College, Williamstown, MA, 01267, USA

    Markes E. Johnson & B. Gudveig Baarli

Authors
  1. Markes E. Johnson
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  2. B. Gudveig Baarli
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Correspondence to Markes E. Johnson .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Earth and Planetary Sciences, Macquarie University, 2109, Sydney, Australia

    John A. Talent

Appendices

Appendix 1: Bibliography on Rocky-Shore Biotas Through Phanerozoic Time

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  • Valentine JW (1980) Camalu: a Pleistocene terrace fauna from Baja California. J Paleontol 54:1310–1318

  • Valentine JW, Lipps JH (1963) Late Cenozoic rocky terrace faunas from Anacapa Island, California, North America. J Paleontol 37:1292–1302

  • Walker SE (1995) Taphonomy of modern and fossil intertidal gastropod associations from Isla Santa Cruz and Isla Santa Fe, Galápagos Islands. Lethaia 28:371–382

  • Watkins R (1990) Paleoecology of a Pliocene rocky shoreline, Salton Trough region, California. Palaios 5:167–175

  • Wilson MA, Curran HA, White B (1998) Paleontological evidence of a brief global sea-level event during the last interglacial. Lethaia 31:241–250

  • Ziko A, Hamza F (1987) Bryozoan fauna from a Post-Pliocene outcrop north of the Giza pyramids plateau, Egypt. In: Ross JRP (ed) Bryozoa: present and past, 7th international conference on Bryozoa. Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington, pp 301–308

  • Zullo VA (1986) Quaternary barnacles from the Galápagos Islands. Proc Calif Acad Sci 44: 301–308

  • Zullo VA, Gurswami-Naidu RB (1982) Late Miocene balanid cirripedia from the basal Wilson Ranch Beds (“Merced” Formation), Sonoma County, northern California. Proc Calif Acad Sci 42:525–535

  • Zwiebel JA, Johnson ME (1995) Late Pleistocene Mytilid and Petricolid bivalves from the open rocky shore of Pacific Baja California (Mexico): unusual preservation of macrofossils. J Coastal Res 11:704–716

Paleogene

  • Bosel CA, Coombs DS (1984) Foveaux Formation: a warm-water strandline deposit of Landon-Pareora age at Bluff Hill, Southland, New Zealand. New Zealand J Geol Geophys 27:221–223

  • DeVries TJ (1998) Oligocene deposition and Cenozoic sequence boundaries in the Pisco Basin (Peru). J South Am Earth Sci 11:217–231

  • Effinger WL (1938) The Gries Ranch Fauna (Oligocene) of western Washington. J Paleontol 12:355–592

  • Gupta S, Allen PA (1999) Fossil shore, platforms and drowned gravel beaches: evidence for high-frequency sea-level fluctuations in the Distal Alpine Foreland Basin. J Sedimentary Res, Section B: Stratigr Global Stud 69:394–413

  • Hartkopf C, Stapf KRG (1984) Sedimentologie des Unteren Meeressandes (Rupelium, Tertiär) an Inselstränden im W-Teil des Mainzer Beckens (SW-Deutschland. Mitt Pollichia 7:5–106

  • Hecker RF (1965) Introduction to paleoecology. Elsevier, New York

  • Lee DE, Carter RM, King RP, Cooper AF (1983) An Oligocene rocky shore community from Mt. Luxmore, Fiordland. New Zealand J Geol Geophys 26:123–126

  • Lindberg DR, Squires RL (1990) Patellogastropods (Mollusca) from the Eocene Tejon Formation of southern California. J Paleontol 64:578–587

  • Linder RA, Durham JW, Orr WN (1988) New late Oligocene echinoids from the central Western Cascades of Oregon. J Paleontol 62:945–958

  • Lozouet P (2002) First record of the Caribbean genus Cittarium (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Trochidae) from the Oligocene of Europe and its paleobiogeographic implications. J Paleontol 76:67–77

  • Matsubara T (2002) Molluscan fauna of the ‘Miocene’ Maejima formation in Maejima Island, Okayama Prefecture, Southwest Japan. Paleontol Res 6:127–145

  • Miller PR, Orr WN (1988) Mid-Tertiary transgressive rocky coast sedimentation: central western Cascade Range, Oregon. J Sedimentary Petrol 58:959–968

  • Neuffer FO, Rothausen K, Sonne V (1978) Fossilführende Rinnenfüllung im Unteren Meeressand an einer Insel-Steilküste des Mitteloligozan-Meers (Steigerberg bei Eckelsheim, Mainzer Becken). Mainzer Geowissenschaften Mitteilung 6:99–120

  • Pomoni-Papaioannou F, Solakius N (1991) Phosphatic hardgrounds and stromatolites from the limestone/shale boundary section at Prossilion (Maastrichtian-Paleocene) in Parnassus-Ghiona Zone, Central Greece. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 86:243–254

  • Pyanovskaya IA, Hecker RT (1966) Rocky shores and hardground of the Cretaceous and Paleogene seas in central Kizil-Kum and their inhabitants. In: Organisms and environment in the geological past – a symposium, Moscow, Nauka, pp 222–245

  • Squires RL, Goedert JL (1994a) New species of Early Eocene small to minute mollusks from the Crecent Formation, Black Hills, southwestern Washington. Veliger 37:253–266

  • Squires RL, Goedert JL (1994b) Macropaleontology of the Eocene Crescent Formation in the Little River area, southern Olympic Peninsula, Washington. Nat Hist Museum Los Angeles County Contributions Sci 444:1–32

  • Stilwell JD, Fordyce EE, Rolfe PJ (1994) Paleocene Isocrinids (Echinodermata: Crinoidea) from the Kauru Formation, South Island, New Zealand. J Paleontol 68:135–141

  • Woods AJC, Saul LR (1986) New Neritadae from south-western North America. J Paleontol 60:636–655

Cretaceous

  • Abdel-Gawad GI (1986) Maastrichtian none-cephalopod mollusks (Scaphopoda, Gastropoda and Bivalvia) of the Middle Vistula Valley, Central Poland. Acta Geol Pol 36:69–224

  • Asgaard U, Bromley RG (1991) Population dynamics and autecology of ‘Rhynchonella’ triangularis, a Late Cretaceous rocky coast brachiopod. In: Mackinnod DI, Lee DE, Campbell JD (eds) Brachiopods through time. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 247–252, p 447

  • Bryan JR (1992) Origin and paleoecology of Maastrichtian rockground and chalk facies in southcentral Alabama. Palaios 7:67–76

  • Crampton JS (1988) A late Cretaceous near-shore rocky substrate macrofauna from northern Hawkes Bay, New Zealand. N Z Geol Surv Rec 35:21–24

  • Erlström M, Gabrielson J (1992) Petrology, fossil composition and depositional history of the Ignaberga limestone, Kristianstad Basin, Scania. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning 80:1–30

  • Johnson ME, Hayes ML (1993) Dichotomous facies on a Late Cretaceous rocky island as related to wind and wave patterns (Baja California, Mexico). Palaios 8:385–395

  • Kennedy WJ, Klinger HC (1972) Hiatus concretions and hardground horizons in the Cretaceous of Zululand (South Africa). Paleontology 15:539–549

  • Krantz R (1972) Die Sponge-Gravels von Faringdon (England). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Palaeontologie 140:207–231

  • Lescinsky HL, Ledesma-Vázquez J, Johnson ME (1991) Dynamics of Late Cretaceous Rocky Shores (Rosario Formation) from Baja California, Mexico. Palaios 6:126–141

  • Lewy Z (1985) Paleoecological significance of Cretaceous bivalve borings from Israel. J Paleontol 59:643–648

  • Nekvasilová O (1982) Craniidae (Brachiopoda, Inarticulata) from the Lower Cretaceous of Stramberk (Czechoslovakia). Casopis pro mineralogii a geologii 27:127–137

  • Perkins BF, Stewart CL (1971) Whitestone Quarry. In: Perkin BF (ed) Trace fossils: a guide to selected localities in Pennsylvanian, Permian, Cretaceous and Tertiary rocks of Texas. Louisiana State University School of Geosciences, Miscellaneous Publications, vol 71, pp 17–22

  • Pietzsch K (1962) Geologie von Sachsen. Veb Deutcher Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin, pp 388–389

  • Pyanovskaya IA, Hecker RT (1966) Rocky shores and hardground of the Cretaceous and Paleogene seas in central Kizil-Kum and their inhabitants. In: Organisms and environment in the geological past – a symposium, Moscow, Nauka, pp 222–245

  • Rodda PU (1989) A fossiliferous rocky shore environment in the Lower Cretaceous (Albian) of northern California. Geol Soc Am Abstr Programs 21:135–136

  • Sano S (1991) Discovery of a coral-rudist buildup in the Miyako Group, northeast Japan. Trans Proc Palaeontol Soc Jpn 162:794–800

  • Skelton PW, Nolan SC, Scott RW (1990) The Maastrichtian transgression onto the northwestern flank of the Proto-Oman Mountains: sequences of rudist-bearing beach to open shelf facies. Geol Soc Spec Publ 49:521–547

  • Surlyk F, Christensen WK (1974) Epifaunal zonation on an Upper Cretaceous rocky coast. Geology 2:529–534

  • Wilson MA, Taylor PD (2001) Palaeoecology of hard substrate faunas from the Cretaceous Qahlah Formation of the Oman Mountains. Palaentology 44:21–41

  • Zitt J (1992) A new occurrence of Upper Cretaceous epibionts cemented to the rocky substrates and bioclasts (locality Radim, Czechoslovakia). Casopis pro mineralogii a geologii 37:145–154

  • Zitt J, Geys JF (2003) Novasalnia gen. nov.: a remarkable Late Cenomanian echinoid from the Bohemian Cretaceous Basin (Czech Republic). Cretaceous Res 24:23–30

  • Zitt J, Nekvasilová O (1987) Epibionts cemented to rocky bottom and clasts in the Upper Cretaceous of Zelezne Hory Mts. (Czechoslovakia). Casopis Národního Muzea 156:17–35

  • Zitt J, Nekvasilová O (1996) Epibionts, their hard-rock substrates, and phosphogenesis during the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary interval (Bohemian Cretaceous Basin, Czech Republic). Cretaceous Res 17:715–739

  • Zullo VA, Russell EE, Mellen FF (1987) Brachylepas Woodward and Virgiscapellus Withers (Cirripedia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Arkansas. J Paleontol 61:101–111

Jurassic

  • Bucheit AKD RN (2000) 2000 – Initiaion of a carboate Platform: a Comparison Between the Lower Jurassic Broadford Limestone, Isle of Skye, Scotlad, and the Cambrian Honey Creek Limestone, Slick Hills, Oklahoma. Oklahoma Geol Surv Circular 101:57–64

  • De-La-Beche HT (1846) On the formation of the rocks of south Wales and south western England. Memoires Geol Surv Great Britain 1:1–296

  • Duff KL, Mckirdy AP, Harley MJ (1985) New sites for old, A student’s guide to the geology of the east Mendips. Chapter 10, Fossil rocky sea floors: site descriptions. Nature Conservatory Council 134–143

  • Dzulynski S (1950) Littoral deposits of the Middle Jurassic south of Krzeszowice. Annales de la Société Géologique de Pologne 19:387–400

  • Garcia-Hernandez M, Mas JR, Molina JM, Ruiz-Ortiz PA, Vera JA (1988) Episodio de karstification en litorales insulares del Jurasico Superior (Fm. Ammmonitico Rosso, Subbetico Esterno, Provincia de Cordoba). III Coloquio de Estratigrapfia y Paleogeograpfia del Jurasico de España. Logroño 32–35. 10 al 19 de septiembre de 1988

  • Hoelder H, Hollmann R (1969) Bohrgange mariner Organismen in jurassischen Hart und Felsboden. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologische Palaontologie Abhandlung 133:9–88

  • Johnson ME, McKerrow WS (1995) The Sutton Stone: an early Jurassic rocky shore deposit in South Wales. Palaeontology 38:529–541

  • Molina JM, Ruiz-Ortiz PA, Vera JA (1989) Escarpes de Falla Juasicos karstificados: un posible margen bypass de umbral pelagico. Subbetico Externo. XII Congreso Español de Sedimentología. Commuicaciones 149–152

  • Radwanski A (1959) Littoral structures (cliff, clastic dikes and veins, and borings of Potamilla) in the high-tatric Lias. Acta Geol Pol 9:270–280

Permian

  • Herrmann A (1956) Der Zechstein am sudwestlichen Harzrand. Geologisches Jahrbuch 72:1–72

  • Mohr K (1973) Hartz, westlische teil. In: Gwinner MP (ed) Samlung geologischer fürer. Gebrüder Bomtraeger, Berlin, Stuttgart, pp 1–200

  • Runnegar B (1979) Ecology of Eurydesma and the Eurydesma fauna, Permian of eastern Australia. Alcheringa 3:261–285

Carboniferous

  • Loope DB (1994) Borings in an oomoldic rockground, Pennsylvanian of southeast Utah. Palaios 9:299–306

  • Webb GE (1994) Paleokarst, paleosol, and rocky-shore deposits at the Mississippian-Pennsylvanian unconformity, northwestern Arkansas. Geol Soc Am Bull 106:634–648

  • Wilson MA, Palmer TJ (1998) The earliest Gastrochaenolites (Early Pennsylvanian, Arkansas, USA): an Upper Paleozoic bivalve boring? J Paleontol 72:769–772

Devonian

  • Cook AG (1995) Sedimentology and depositional environments of the Middle Devonian lower Fanning River Group (Big Bend Arkose and Burdekin Formation), Burdekin Subprovince, North Queensland, Australia. Memoirs Queensland Museum 38:53–91

  • Fannin NGT (1969) Stromatolites from the middle Old Red Sandstone of western Orkney. Geol Mag 106:77–88

Silurian

  • Cherns L (1999) Silurian Chitons as indicators of Rocky Shores and lowstand on Gotland, Sweden. Palaios 14:172–179

  • Johnson ME, Rong JY, Wang CY, Wang P (2001) Continental island from the Upper Silurian (Ludfordian Stage) of Inner Mongolia: implications for eustasy and paleogeography. Geology 29:955–958

  • Keeling M, Kershaw S (1994) Rocky shore environments in the Upper Silurian of Gotland, Sweden. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 116:69–74

  • Kobluk DR (1984) Coastal paleokarst near the Ordovician – Silurian boundary, Manitoulin Island, Ontario. Can Petrol Geol Bull 32:398–407

  • Pemberton SG, Kobluk DR, Yeo RK, Risk MJ (1980) The boring Trypanites at the Silurian Devonian disconformity in southern Ontario. J Paleontol 54:1258–1266

  • Rong J, Johnson ME (1996) A stepped karst unconformity as an Early Silurian rocky shoreline in Guizhou Province (South China). Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 121:115–129

Ordovician

  • Brookfield ME, Brett CE (1988) Paleoenvironments of the Mid-Ordovician (Upper Caradocian) Trenton limestones of southern Ontario, Canada: storm sedimentation on a shoal-basin shelf model. Sedimentary Geol 57:75–105

  • Desrochers A, James NP (1988) Early Paleozoic surface and subsurface paleokarst: middle Ordovician carbonates, Mingan Islands, Quebec. In: James NP, Choguette PW (eds) Paleokarst. Springer, New York, pp 183–210

  • Donovan RN, Ragland D, Rafalowski M, McConnell D, Beauchamp W, Marcini WR, Sanderson DJ (1988) Pennsylvanian deformation and Cambro-Ordovician sedimentation in the Blue Creek Canyon, Slick Hills, southwestern Oklahoma. In: Hayward OT (ed) Geological society of America centennial field guide-South-Central Section, vol 4. The Geological Society of America, Inc., Boulder, CO, pp 127–134

  • Elias RJ, Young GA (2000) Enigmatic fossil encrusting an upper Ordovician rocky shore on Hudson Bay, Canada, is a coral. J Paleontol 74:179–180

  • Harland TL, Pickerill RK (1984) Ordovician rocky shoreline deposits – the basal Trenton Group around Quebec city, Canada. Geol J 19:271–298

  • Johnson ME, Baarli BG (1987) Encrusting corals on a late Ordovician to earliest Silurian rocky shore, southwest Hudson Bay, Manitoba, Canada. Geology 15:15–17

  • Johnson ME, Mu X, Rong J (1998) Enigmatic fossil encrusting an Upper Ordovician rocky shore on Hudson Bay, Canada. J Paleontol 72:927–932

  • Mergl M (1983) Rocky-bottom fauna of Ordovician age in Bohemia (Arenigian; Prague Basin, Barrandian area). Vestnik Ustredniho ustavu geologickeho 58:333–339

  • Merlg M (1984) Marcusodictyon, an encrusting bryozoan from the lower Ordovician (Tremadocian) of Bohemia. Vestnik Ustresniho ustavu geologickeho 59:171–172

  • Read JF, Grover GA (1977) Scalloped and planar erosion surfaces, Middle Ordovician limestones, Virginia; Analogues of Holocene exposed karst or tidal rock platforms. J Sedimentary Petrol 47:956–972

  • Riva J, Pickerill RK (1987) The late mid-Ordovician transgressive sequence and the Montmorency Fault at the Montmorency Falls, Quebec. In: Roy DC (ed) Centennial field guide volume 5: Northeastern section of the geological society of America, vol 5. The Geological Society of America, Inc., Boulder, CO, pp 357–362

Cambrian

  • Anderson MM (1987) Stratigraphy of Cambrian rocks at Bacon Cove, Duffs, and Manuels River, Conception Bay, Avalon Peninsula, eastern Newfoundland. In: Roy DE (ed) Geological society of America centennial field guide, Northeastern section, vol 5. The Geological Society of America, Inc., Boulder, CO, pp 467–472

  • Dunbar CO, Rodgers J (1957) Principles of stratigraphy, Wiley, New York, pp 170–171

  • Edhorn A, Anderson MM (1977) Algal remains in the Lower Cambrian Bonavista Formation, Conception Bay, Southeastern Newfoundland. In: Flügel E (ed) Fossil Algae. Springer, New York, pp 113–123

  • Martinson A (1956) Kambriska sandstensgångar och Ordoviciska fossilförande block i Nylands skärgård. Nordenskiold-samfundets tidsskrift, pp 89–102

  • Stinchcomb BL (1975) Paleoecology of two new species of late Cambrian Hypseloconus (Monoplacophora) from Missouri. J Paleontol 49:416–421

  • Venninn E, Álvaro JJ, Moreno-Eiris E, Perjón A (2003) Early Cambrian coelobiontic communities in tectonically unstable crevices developed in Neoproterozoic andesites, Ossa-Morena, southern Spain. Lethaia 36:53–65

  • Yochelson EL, Webers GF (2006) A restudy of the Late Cambrian moluscan fauna of Berkey (1898) from Taylors Falls, Minnesota. Minnesota Geol Surv Rep Invest 64:66

Appendix 2: Bibliography on Sandy-Shore Biotas Through Phanerozoic Time

Neogene

  • Aswan ZY, Ozawa T (2006) Milankovitch 41 000-year cycles in lithofacies and molluscan content in the tropical Middle Miocene Nyalindung Formation, Java, Indonesia. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 235:382–405

  • Belperio AP, Murray-Wallace CV, Cann JH (1995) The last in interglacial shoreline in southern Australia: morphostratigraphic variations in temperate carbonate setting. Quaternary Int 26:7–19

  • Benvenuti M, Bertini A, Conti C, Dominici S (2007) Integrated analyses of litho- and biofacies in a Pliocene cyclothemic, alluvial to shallow marine succession (Tuscany, Italy). Geobios 40:143–151

  • Betzler C, Brachert TC, Braga J-C, Marti JM (1997) Nearshore, temperate, carbonate depositional systems (lower Tortonian, Agua Amarga Basin, southern Spain): implications for carbonate sequence stratigraphy. Sedimentary Geol 113:27–53

  • D’Allesandro A, Massari F, Davaud E, Ghibaudo G (2004) Pliocene – Pleistocene sequences bounded by subaerial unconformities within foramol ramp calcarenites and mixed deposits (Salento, SE Italy). Sedimentary Geol 166:89–144

  • Del Río CJ, Martínez SA, Scasso RA (2001) Nature and origin of spectacular marine Miocene shell beds of northeastern Patagonia (Argentina): paleoecological and bathymetric significance. Palaios 16:3–25

  • Dixon RG (2005) On the occurrence of a mollusc fauna in the Red Crag pebble bed from Mason’s pit, Great Blakenham, Suffolk. Proc Geol Assoc 116:139–142

  • Fucks E, Aguirre M, Deschamps CM (2005) Late Quaternary continental and marine sediments of northeastern Buenos Aires province (Argentina): Fossil content and paleoenvironmental interpretation. J South Am Earth Sci 20:45–56

  • Gammon P (1995) Hautotara Formation, Mangaopari Basin, New Zealand: record of a cyclothemic Pliocene-Pleistocene marine to nonmarine transition. New Zealand J Geol Geophys 38:471–481

  • James NP, Bone Y (2007) A late Pliocene-early Pleistocene, inner-shelf, subtropical, seagrass-dominated carbonate: Roe Calcarenite, Great Australian Bight, Western Australia. Palaios 22:343–359

  • Kier PM (1972) Upper Miocene Echinoids from the Yorktown Formation of Virginia and their ecological significance. Smithsonian Contributions Paleobiol 13:1–43

  • Lee DE, Campbell JD (1987) Ceozoic Records of the genus Lingula (Brachiopoda: Inarticuata) in New Zealand. J R Soc N Z 17:17–30

  • Mandic O, Harzhauser M, Rietzel R, Tibuleac P (2008) Benthic mass-mortality events on a Middle Miocene incised-valley. Facies 54:343–359

  • Muizon C, DeVries TJ (1985) Geology and paleontology of late Cenozoic marine deposits in the Sacaco area (Peru). Geologische Rundschau 74:547–563

  • Néraudeau D, Goubert E, Lacoura D, Rouchy JM (2001) Changing biodiversity of Mediterranean irregular echinoids from the Messinian to the present-day. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 175:43–60

  • Norris RD (1986) Taphonomic gradients in shelf fossil assemblages: Pliocene Purisma Formation, California. Palaios 1:256–270

  • Norton PEP (1975) Paleoecology of the Mollusca of the Tjoernes sequence, Iceland. Boreas 4:97–110

  • Pendón JG, Ruiz F, Abad M, González-Regalado ML, Baceta JJ, Tosquella J (2003) The transgressive sequences on foreland margins: a case study pf the Neogene central Guadalqivir basin, southern Spain. Riv Ital Paleontologia Stratigrafia 110:503–515

  • Pufahl P, Noel PJ, Bone Y, Lukasik JJ (2004) Pliocene sedimentation in a shallow, cool-water, estuarine gulf. Sedimentology 51:997–1027

  • Ramsey KW (1998) Depositional environments and stratigraphy of the Pollack farm site, Delaware In: Benson RN (ed) Geology and paleontology of the lower Miocene Pollack Farm Fossil Site, Delaware. Delaware Geological Survey Special Publication, pp 27–40

  • Richards GW (1985) Fossil Mediterranean molluscs as sea-level indicators. Geol Mag 122:373–381

  • Sakinc M, Yaltirac C (2005) Messinian crisis: what happened around the Northeastern Aegean? Mar Geol 221:423–436

  • Valentine JW (1959) Pleistocene Molluscan Notes. I. The Bay Point Formation at its type locality. J Paleontol 33:685–688

Paleogene

  • Allan RS (1937) New record of the genus Lingula (Brachiopoda) from Tertiary strata in New Zealand. Trans Proc R Soc N Z 65:383–385

  • Deville J (1996) Palaeontological study of the Neerrepen sands in the Francart Quarry (Tongeren, Belgium). Natuurwetenschappelijk Tijdschrift 75:75–97

  • Dominici S, Kowalke T (2007) Depositional dynamics and the record of ecosystem stability: early Eocene faunal gradients in the Pyrenean foreland, Spain, Palaios 22:268–284

  • Elder SR, Hansen TA (1981) Macrofossil Assemblages of the Moodys Branch Formation (Upper Eocene), Louisiana and Mississippi. Gulf Coast Assoc Geol Soc Trans 31:283–287

  • Oboh-Ikuenobe FE, Obi CG, Jaramilloc CA (2005) Lithofacies, palynofacies, and sequence stratigraphy of Palaeogene strata in Southeastern Nigeria. J Afr Earth Sci 41:79–101

  • Pufahl P, Noel PJ, Bone Y, Lukasik JJ (2004) Pliocene sedimentation in a shallow, cool-water, estuarine gulf. Sedimentology 51:997–1027

  • Schäfer A, Hilger D, Gross G, Hocht FVD (1996) Cyclic sedimentation in Tertiary Lower-Rhine Basin (Germany)—the ‘Liegendrücken’ of the brown-coal open-cast Fortuna mine. Sedimentary Geol 103:229–247

  • Stilwell JD, Zinsmeister WC (1992) Molluscan systematics and biostratigraphy, Lower Tertiary La Meseta Formation, Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula. Antarctic Res Ser 55:1–192

  • Sudan CS (2002) Ichnofacies of the Murree Group in Jammu area and their ecological implications during Late Paleogene in the NW Himalaya. J Geol Soc India 60:547–557

  • Zuschin M, Harzhause M, Mandic O (2004) Spatial variability within a single parautochthonous Paratethyan tidalflat deposit (Karpatian, Lower Miocene – Kleinebersdorf, Lower Austria). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 246:153–168

Cretaceous

  • Carannante G (2000) Upper Cretaceous ramp limestones from the Sorrento Peninsula (southern Apennines, Italy); micro- and macrofossil associations and their significance in the depositional sequences. Sedimentary Geol 132:89–123

  • Hernández-Romano U, Aguilera-Franco N, Martínez-Medrano M, Barceló-Duarte J (1997) Guerrero-Morelos Platform drowning at the Cenomanian – Turonian boundary Huitziltepec area, Guerrero State, southern Mexico. Cretaceous Res 18:661–686

  • Jain SL, Sahni A (1985) Dinosaurian egg-shell fragments from the Lameta Formation at Pisdura, Chandrapur district, Maharashtra. Geosci J 6:211–220

  • Kamola DL (1984) Trace fossils from marginal-marine facies of the Spring Canyon Member, Blackhawk Formation (Upper Cretaceous), east-central Utah. J Paleontol 58:529–541

  • Kaufman EG (1982) Paleobiological facies and coal forming environments. In: Gurgle K (ed) Proceedings, Fifth symposium on the geology of Rocky Mountain coal. Utah Geological and Mineral Survey Bulletin, vol 118, pp 30–31

  • Komatsu T (1999) Sedimentology and sequence stratigraphy of a tide- and wave-dominated coastal succession: the Cretaceous Goshoura Group, Kyushu, southwest Japan. Cretaceous Res 20:327–342

  • Rhoads DC, Speden IG, Waage KM (1972) Trophic group analysis of Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) bivalve assemblage from South Dakota. Am Assoc Petrol Geol Bull 56:1100–1113

  • Rosetti DF, Netto RG (2005) First evidence of marine influence in the Cretaceous of the Amazonas Basin, Brazil. Cretaceous Res 27:513–528

  • Schwartz RK, Vuke SM (2007) Tide-dominated facies complex at southern terminus of Sunburst Sea, Cretaceous Kootenai Formation, Great Falls. Montana. Search and Discovery Article #50045:1–3

Jurassic

  • Fürsich FT, Wilmsen M, Seyed-Emami K (2006) 2006 – Ichnology of Lower Jurassic beach deposits in the Shemshak Formation at Shahmirzad, southeastern Alborz Mountains, Iran. Facies 52:500–610

  • Schlirf M (2003) Palaeoecologic significance of Late Jurassic trace fossils from the Boulonnais, N France. Acta Geol Pol 53:123–142

  • Tang CM, Bottjer DJ, Simms MJ (2000) Stalked crinoids from a Jurassic tidal deposit in western North America. Lethaia 33:46–54

  • Tchoumatchenko P (1972) Thanatocoenoses and biotopes of Lower Jurassic brachiopods in central and western Bulgaria. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 12:27–242

  • Wignall PB, Sutcliffe OE, Clemsn J, Young E (1996) Unusual shoreface sedimentology in the Upper Jurassic of the Boulonnais, Northern France. J Sedimentary Res, Section A: Sedimentary Petrol Processes, pp 577–586

  • Wright RP (1974) 1974 Jurassic bivalves from Wyoming and South Dakota: a study of feeding relationships. J Paleontol 48:425–433

Triassic

  • Fürsich FT, Wilmsen M, Seted-Emami K, Cecca F, Majidifard MR (2005) The upper Shemshak Formation (Toarcian–Aalenian) of the EasternAlborz (Iran): biota and palaeoenvironments duringa transgressive–regressive cycle. Facies 51:365–384

  • Kelling G, Moshri MA (1977) The orientation of fossil bivalves in a pene-littoral sequence (the Rhaetiian of South Wales). J Sedimentary Petrol 47:1342–1346

  • Zonneweld J-P, Gingras MK, Pemberton SG (2001) Trace fossil assemblages in a Middle Triassic mixed siliciclastic-carbonate marginal marine depositional system, British Columbia. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 166:249–276

  • Zonneweld J-P, Beatty TW, Pemberton SG (2007) Lingulide brachiopods and the trace fossil Lingulichnus from the Triassic of Western Canada; implications for faunal recovery after the end-Permian mass extinction. Palaios 22:74–97

Permian

  • McCarthy B (1979) Trace fossils from a Permian shoreface-foreshore environment, Eastern Australia. J Paleontol 53:345–356

  • Minter N, Buatois LA, Lucas SG, Braddy SJ, Smith JA (2006) Spiral-shaped graphoglyptids from an Early Permian intertidal flat. Geology 34:1057–1060

Carboniferous

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Devonian

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Silurian

  • Baarli BG, Keilen HB, Johnson ME (1999) Silurian communities of the Oslo Region. In: Boucot AJ, Lawson JD (eds) Paleocommunities – a case study from the Silurian and Lower Devonian. World and Regional Geology Series 11. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp 327–349

  • Boucot AJ (1999) Some Wenlockian-Gedinnian, chiefly brachiopod dominated, communities of North America. In: Boucot AJ, Lawson JD (eds) Paleocommunities – a case study from the Silurian and Lower Devonian. World and Regional Geology Series 11. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp 549–591

  • Bradsfield KES (1999) Fossil commuities of the late Ludlow and early Prídolí in Wales and the Welsh Borderland. In: Boucot AJ, Lawson JD (eds) Paleocommunities – a case study from the Silurian and Lower Devonian. World Regional Geology Series 11. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp 370–372

  • Brett CE (1999) Wenlockian Fossil communities in New York State and adjacent areas paleontology and paleoecology. In: Boucot AJ, Lawson JD (eds) Paleocommunities – a case study from the Silurian and Lower Devonian. World Regional Geology Series 11. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp 592–637

  • Davies NS, Sansom IJ, Turner P (2006) Trace fossils and paleoenvironments of a Late Silurian marginal-marine/alluvial system; the Ringerike Group (lower Old Red Sandstone), Oslo region, Norway. Palaios 21:46–62

  • Mikulic DG (1999) Silurian trilobite associations in North America. In: Boucot AJ, Lawson JD (eds) Paleocommunities – a case study from the Silurian and Lower Devonian. World Regional Geology Series11. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp 793–798

  • Racheboeuf PR (1999) Lower Silurian to Lower Devonian communities from the Armorican Massif (western France) and Artois (northern France). In: Boucot AJ, Lawson JD (eds) Paleocommunities – a case study from the Silurian and Lower Devonian. WorldRegional Geology Series 11. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp 260–270

  • Thomas AT, Lane PD (1999) Trilobite assemblage of the North Atlantic Region. In: Boucot AJ, Lawson JD (eds) Paleocommunities – a case study from the Silurian and Lower Devonian. World Regional Geology Series 11. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp 444–457

  • Vladimirskaya EV, Kulkov NP (1999) Silurian brachiopod communities of Tuva. In: Boucot AJ, Lawson JD (eds) Paleocommunities – a case study from the Silurian and Lower Devonian. World Regional Geology Series 11. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp 545–548

Ordovician

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  • Poiré DG, Spalletti LA, Valle AD (2003) The Cambrian-Ordovician siliciclastic platform of the Balcarce Formation (Tandilla System, Aregnetina): facies, trace fossils, palaeoenvironments and sequence stratigraphy. Geol Acta 1:41–60

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Cambrian

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  • Hagadorn JW, Belt TE (2008) Stranded in upstate New York: Cambrian Scyphomedusae from the Ptsdam Sandstone. Palaios 23:424–441

  • Mangano MG, Buatois LA (2004) Reconstructing Early Phanerozoic intertidal ecosystems: ichnology of the Cambrian Campanario Formation in northwest Argentina. Fossils Strata 51:17–38

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Appendix 3: Bibliography on Muddy-Shore Biotas Through Phanerozoic Time

Neogene

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  • Megerisi MF, Mamgain VD (1980) The Upper Cretaceous-Tertiary Formations of northern Libya: a synthesis. Department Geol Res Mining Bull 12:1–85

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  • Nara M, Akiyama H, Itani G (2008) Macrosymbiotic association of the myid bivalve Cryptomya with thalassinidean shrimps: examples from modern and Pleistocene tidal flats of Japan. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 261:100–104

  • Richards GW (1985) Fossil Mediterranean molluscs as sea-level indicators. Geol Mag 122:373–381

  • Smith JT (1999) Cenozoic marine mollusks and paleogeography of the Gulf of California. In: Dauphi P, Simoneit BRT (eds) The Gulf and Peninsular Province of the Californias. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 46, pp 537–666

  • Ward LW (1998) Molluscs from the Lower Miocene Pollack Farm Site, Delaware. In: Benson RN (ed) Geology and paleontology of the Lower Miocene Pollack Farm fossil site, Delaware. Delaware Geological Survey Special Publication, vol 21, pp 59–133

  • Yeo RK, Risk MJ (1981) The sedimentology, stratigraphy, and preservation of intertidal deposits in the Minas Basin System, Bay of Fundy. J Sedimentary Petrol 51:252–260

Paleogene

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  • Lee DE, Campbell JD (1987) Cenozoic records of the genus Lingula (Brachiopoda: Inarticuata) in New Zealand. J R Soc N Z 17:17–30

  • Ricketts BD (1994) Mud-flat cycles, incised channels, and relative sea-level changes on a paleocene Mud-Dominated Coast, Ellesmere Island, Arctic Canada. J Sedimentary Res, Section B: Stratigr Global Stud 64B:211–218

  • Strougo A, Azab MM (1982) Middle Eocene Mollusca from the basal beds of Gebel Qarara (Upper Egypt), with remarks on the depositional environment of these beds. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie-Monatshefte 1982:667–678

  • Sudan CS (2002) Ichnofacies of the Murree Group in Jammu area and their ecological implications during Late Palaeogene in the NW Himalaya. J Geol Soc India 60:547–557

  • Tewaria VC, Stennib B, Puglieseb N, Drobnec K, Riccambonib R, Dolenecd T (2007) Eritidal sedimentary depositional facies and carbon isotope variation across K/T boundary carbonates from NW Adriatic platform. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 255:77–86

  • Vega FJ, Carmen-Perrilliat MD (1995) On some Paleocene invertebrates from the Potrerillos formation (Difunta Group), northeastern Mexico. J Paleontol 69:862–869

Cretaceous

  • Aguillera-Franco N, Romano UH (2004) Cenomanian–Turonian facies succession in the Guerrero–Morelos Basin, Southern Mexico. Sedimentary Geol 170:135–162

  • Allmon WD, Coehn PA (2008) Palaeoecological significance of turritelline gastropod-dominated assemblages from the mid-Cretaceous (Albian-Cenomanian) of Texas and Oklahoma, USA. Cretaceous Res 29:65–77

  • Boscarolli D, Vecchia FMD (1999) The Upper Hauterivian-Lower Barremian dinosaur site of Bale/Valle (SW Istria, Croatia). Natura Nascosta 18:1–5

  • Callapez PM (2008) Palaeogeographic evolution and marine faunas of the mid-Cretaceous western Portuguese carbonate platform. Thalassas 24:29–52

  • Dini M, Tunis G, Venturini S (1998) Continental, brackish and marine carbonates from the Lower Cretaceous of Kolone–Barbariga (Istria, Croatia): stratigraphy, sedimentology and geochemistry. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 140:245–269

  • Megerisi MF, Mamgain VD (1980) The Upper Cretaceous-Tertiary formations of northern Libya: a synthesis. Geol Res Mining Bull 12:1–85

  • Mezga A, Meyer CA, Tesovic BC, Bajraktarevic Z, Gusic I (2006) The first record of dinosaurs in the Dalmatian part (Croatia) of the Adriatic-Dinaric carbonate platform (ADCP). Cretaceous Res 27:735–742

  • Mitchell-Tapping HJ (1987) Application of the tidal mudflat model to the Sunniland Formation of South Florida. Gulf Coast Assoc Geol Soc Trans 37:415–426

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  • Scott RW (1979) Depositional model of early Cretaceous Cora-Algal-Rudist reefs. Am Assoc Petrol Geol 63:1108–1127

  • Shone RWA (1986) New Ophiuroid from the Sundays River Formation (Lower Cretaceous), South Africa. J Paleontol 60:904–910

Jurassic

  • Azeredo AC, Wright VP, Ramalho MM (2002) The Middle–Late Jurassic forced regression and disconformity in central Portugal: eustatic, tectonic and climatic effects on a carbonate ramp system. Sedimentology 49:1339–1370

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  • Burgess CJ, Lee CW (1978) The development of a Lower Jurassic carbonate tidal flat, Central High Atlas, Morocco. 1: sedimentary history. J Sedimentary Petrol 48:777–793

  • Fraser N, Bottjer DJ, Fischer AG (2004) Dissecting “Lithiotis” Bivalves: implications for the Early Jurassic reef eclipse. Palaios 10:51–67

  • Pienkowski G (1991) Liassic sedimentation in Scania, southern Sweden: Hettangian-Sinemurian of the Helsingborg area. Facies 24:39–86

  • Sugawara K (2004) Brackish and shallow-marine benthic associations of the Lower Jurassic Niranohama Formation in the Shizugawa area, South Kitakami Belt, Northeast Japan. Research Report of the Kochi University. Nat Sci 53:21–40

  • Vecchia FMD (1995) Jurassic and Cretaceous sauropod evidence in the Mesozoic carbonate platforms of the Southern Alps and Dinarids. GAIA 10:65–73

Triassic

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  • Makhluf IM (2000) Early Triassic intertidal/subtidal patterns of sedimentation along the southern margins of the Tethyan seaway, Jordan. J Asian Earth Sci 18:513–518

  • Mander L, Twitchett RJ, Benton MJ (2008) Palaeoecology of the Late Triassic extinction event in the SW UK. J Geol Soc Lond 165:319–332

  • Pérez-López A, López-Garrido AC, Mfirquez-Aliaga A (2003) Ladinian carbonates of the Cabo Cope unit (Betic Cordillera, SE Spain): a tethys-maláguide palaeogeographic gateway. Facies 48:1–8

  • Preto N, Hinnov LA (2003) Unraveling the origin of carbonate platform cyclothems in the Upper Triassic Dürrenstein Formation (Dolomites, Italy). J Sedimenary Res 73:774–789

  • Rodtoguez-Tovar FJ, Péres-Valera F, Pérez-Lopez A (2007) Ichnological analysis in high-resolution sequence stratigraphy: the Glossifungites ichnofacies in Triassic successions from the Betic Cordillera (southern Spain). Sedimentary Geol 198:293–307

  • Sokac B, Grgasovic T (1995) Dissocladella bystrickyi n. sp., a New Calcareous algae (Dasycladacea) from Upper Triassic Doloites of Mt. Medvednica (northern Croatia). Geol Croatia 48:1–17

  • Zonneveld J-P, Carrelli GG, Riediger C (2004) Sedimentology of the UpperTriassic Charlie Lake, Baldonnel and Pardonet formations from outcrop exposures in the southern Trutch region, northeastern British Columbia. Bull Can Petrol Geol 52:343–375

Permian

  • Braddy SJ (1995) A new arthrpod trackway and associated invertebrate ichnofauna from the lower Permian Hueco formation of the Robledo mountains, southern New Mexico. In: Lucas SG, Heckert AB (eds) Early Permian footprints and facies. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, vol 6. The New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Albuquerque, NM, pp 101–105

  • Clapham ME, Bottjer DJ (2007) Permian marine paleoecology and its implications for large-scale decoupling of brachiopod and bivalve abundance and diversity during the Lopingian (Late Permian). Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 49:283–301

  • Hips K, Pelikan P (2002) Lower Triassic shallow marine succession in the Bükk Mountains, NE Hungary. Geol Carpathica 53:351–367

  • Maeda H, Mapes RH, Mapes G (2003) Taphonomic features of a lower Permian beached cephalopod assemblage from central Texas. Palaios 18:421–434

  • Terrell FM (1972) Lateral facies and paleoecology of Permian Elephant Canyon Formation, Grand County, Utah. Brigham Young Univ Geol Stud 19:3–44

Carboniferous

  • Abegg FE (1988) Carbonate tidal flat in mixed carbonate-siliciclastic Clore Formation (Upper Chesterian in Southern Illinois. Annu Meet Am Assoc Petrol Geol 72:153

  • Burchette TP, Riding R (1977) Attached vermiform gastropods in Carboniferous marginal marine stromatolites and biostromes. Lethaia 10:17–28

  • Ferguson L (1962) The paleoecology of a Lower Carboniferous marine transgression. J Paleontol 36:1090–1107

  • Kues B (1981) A large assemblage of a new eurypterid from the Red Tanks Member, Madera Formation (Late Pennsylvanian-Early Permian) of New Mexico. J Paleontol 55:729

  • Miller DJ, Eriksson KA (1997) Late Mississippian prodeltaic rhythmites in the Appalachian Basin: a hierarchical record of tidal and climatic periodicities. J Sedimentary Res, Section B: Stratigr Global Stud 67:653–660

  • Olszewski TD, Patzkowsky ME (2001) Measuring recurrence of marine biotic gradients: a case study from the Pennsylvanian-Permian midcontinent. Palaios 16:444–460

  • Riding R, Wright VP (1981) Paleosols and tidal-flat/lagoon sequences on a Carboniferous carbonate shelf: sedimentary associations of triple disconformities. J Sedimentary Petrol 51:1323–1339

  • Sepkoski JJ (1998) Rates of speciation in the fossil record. Philos Trans Roy Soc B: Biol Sci 353:315–326

  • Somerville D, Strank ARE (1984) Discovery of Arundian and Holkerian faunas from a Dinantian platform succession in north Wales. Geol J 19:85–104

  • Wescott WA (1982) Depositional setting and history of the Tar Springs Sandstone (Upper Mississippian), southern Illinois. J Sedimentary Petrol 52:353–366

Devonian

  • Bowen ZP, Rhoads DC, McAlester AL (1974) Marine benthic communities in the Upper Devonian of New York. Lethaia 7:93–120

  • Cherkesova SV (1999) Lower early Devonian communities from Taimyr. In: Boucot AJ, Lawson JD (eds) Paleocommunities – a case study from the Silurian and Lower Devonian. World Regional Geology Series 11. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp 458–461

  • Gritsenko VP, Istchenko AA, Konstantinenko LI, Tsegelnjuk PD (1999) Animal and plant communities of Podolia. In: Boucot AJ, Lawson JD (eds) Paleocommunities – a case study from the Silurian and Lower Devonian. Regional Geology Series, vol 11. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 462–487

  • Sapelnikov VP, Bogoyavlenskaya OV, Mizens LI, Shuysky VP (1999) Silurian and Early Devonian benthic communities of the Ural-Tien Shan region. In: Boucot AJ, Lawson DJ (eds) Paleocommunities – a case study from the Silurian and Lower Devonian. World Regional Geology Series, vol 11. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp 510–544

  • Selover RW, Gastaldo RA, Nelson RE (2005) An estuarine assemblage from the Middle Devonian Trout Valley Formation of northern Maine. Palaios 20:192–197

  • Sepkoski JJ (1998) Rates of speciation in the fossil record. Philos Trans R Soc B: Biol Sci 353:315–326

  • Thomas AT, Lane PD (1999) Trilobite assemblage of the North Atlantic Region. In: Boucot AJ, Lawson JD (eds) Paleocommunities – a case study from the Silurian and Lower Devonian. World Regional Geology Series, vol 11. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp 444–457

  • Vai GB (1999) Wenlockian to Emsian communities of the Carnic Alps (Austria and Italy). In: Boucot AJ, Lawson JD (eds) Paleocommunities – a case study from the Silurian and Lower Devonian. World Regional Geology Series, vol 11. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp 282–304

  • Walker KR, LaPorte LF (1970) Congruent fossil communities from Ordovician and Devonian carbonates of New York. J Paleontol 44:928–944

  • Wehrmann A, Hertweck G, Brocke R, Jansen U, Konigshof P, Plodowski G, Schindler E, Wilde V, Blieck A, Schultka S (2005) Paleoenvironment of an early Devonian land-sea transition: a case study from the southern margin of the old Red continent (Mosel Valley, Germany). Palaios 20:101–120

  • Yang W, Harmsen F, Kominz MA (1995) Quantitative analysis of a cyclic peritidal carbonate sequence, the middle and upper Devonian Lost Burro Formation, Death Valley, California – a possible record of Milankovitch climatic cycles. J Sedimentary Res, Section B: Stratigr Global Stud 65B:306–322

Silurian

  • Baarli BG, Keilen HB, Johnson ME (1999) Silurian communities of the Oslo region. In: Boucot AJ, Lawson JD (eds) Paleocommunities – a case study from the Silurian and Lower Devonian. World and Regional Geology Series, vol 11. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp 327–349

  • Boucot AJ (1999) Some Wenlockian-Gedinnian, chiefly brachiopod dominated, communities of North America. In: Boucot AJ, Lawson JD (eds) Paleocommunities – a case study from the Silurian and Lower Devonian. World and Regional Geology Series, vol 11. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp 549–591

  • Brett CE (1999) Wenlockian Fossil communities in New York state and adjacent areas paleontology and paleoecology. In: Boucot AJ, Lawson JD (eds) Paleocommunities – a case study from the Silurian and Lower Devonian. World Regional Geology Series, vol 11. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp 592–637

  • Calef CE, Hancck J (1974) Wenlock and Ludlow marine comunities in Wales and the Welsh Borderland. Paleontology 17:779–810

  • Davies NS, Sansom IJ, Turner P (2006) Trace fossils and paleoenvironments of a Late Silurian marginal-marine/alluvial system; the Ringerike Group (lower Old Red Sandstone), Oslo region, Norway. Palaios 21:46–62

  • Fisher DW (1957) Lithology, paleoecology and paleontology of the Vernon Shale (Late Silurian) in the type area. New York State Museum Bull 364:1–31

  • Gritsenko VP, Istchenko AA, Konstantinenko LI, Tsegelnjuk PD (1999) Animal and plant communities of Podolia. In: Boucot AJ, Lawson JD (eds) Paleocommunities – a case study from the Silurian and Lower Devonian. World Regional Geology Series, vol 11. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp 462–487

  • Johnson ME, Tesakov YI, Predtetchensky NN, Baarli BG (1997) Comparison of Lower Silurian shores and shelves in North America and Siberia. In: Klapper G, Murphy MA, Talent JA (eds) Paleozoic sequence stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and biogeography: studies in honor of J. Granville (“Jess”) Johnson. Geological Society of America Special Paper, vol 321, The Geological Society of America, Inc., Boulder, CO, pp 23–46

  • Liljedahl L (1995) Ecological aspects of a silicified bivalve fauna from the Silurian of Gotland. Lethaia 18:53–66

  • Mohamad AHB, Tucker EV (1999) Upper Bridgewood Beds: fossil communities. In: Boucot AJ, Lawson JD (eds) Paleocommunities – a case study from the Silurian and Lower Devonian. World Regional Geology Series, vol 11. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp 395–398

  • Musteikis P, Paskevicius JJ (1999) Brachiopod communities of the Lithuanian Silurian. In: Boucot AJ, Lawson JD (eds) Paleocommunities – a case study from the Silurian and Lower Devonian. World Regional Geology Series, vol 11. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp 305–326

  • Narbonne GM (1984) Trace fossils in Upper Silurian tidal flat to basin slope carbonates of Arctic Canada. J Paleontol 58:398–415

  • Plotnick RE (1999) Habitat of Llandoverian-Lochkovian eurypterids. In: Boucot AJ, Lawson JD (eds) Paleocommunities – a case study from the Silurian and Lower Devonian. World Regional Geology Series, vol 11. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp 106–131

  • Smosna R, Warshauer SM (1981) Rank exposure index on a Silurian carbonate tidal flat. Sedimentology 28:723–731

  • Warshauer SM, Smosna R (1977) Paleoecologic controls of the ostracode communities in the Tonoloway Limestone (Silurian; Pridoli) of the Central Appalachians. In: Loffler H, Danielopol D (eds) Aspects of ecology and zoogeography of recent and fossil Ostracoda. W. Junk, The Hague, pp 475–485

Ordovician

  • Grover G, Read JF (1978) Fenestral and associated vadose diagenetic fabrics of tidal flat carbonates, Middle Ordovician New Market Limestone, southwestern Virginia. J Sedimentary Petrol 48:453–473

  • Novack-Gottshall PM, Miller AI (2003) Comparative taxonomic richness and abundance of Late Ordovician gastropods and bivalves in mollusc-rich strata of the Cincinnati Arch. Palaios 18:559–571

  • Patzkowsky ME (1999) Gradient analysis of middle Ordovician brachiopod biofacies: biostratigraphic, biogeographic, and macroevolutionary implications. Palaios 10:154–179

  • Pratt BR, Noel PJ (1986) The St George Group (Lower Ordovician) of western Newfoundland; tidal flat island model for carbonate sedimentation in shallow epeiric seas. Sedimentology 33:313–343

  • Walker KR, LaPorte LF (1970) Congruent fossil communities from Ordovician and Devonian carbonates of New York. J Paleontol 44:928–944

  • Webby BD (1992) Ordovician island biotas: New South Wales record and global implications. J Proc R Soc N S W 125:51–77

Cambrian

  • Álvaro JJ, Vennin E, Moreni-Eiris E, Perejón A, Bechtstädt T (2000) Sedimentary patterns across the Lower–Middle Cambrian transition in the Esla nappe (Cantabrian Mountains, northern Spain). Sedimentary Geol 137:43–61

  • Mangano MG, Buatois LA (2004) Reconstructing Early Phanerozoic intertidal ecosystems: ichnology of the Cambrian Campanario Formation in northwest Argentina. Fossils Strata 51:753–766

  • Paterson JR, Jaqo JB, Brock GA, Gehling JG (2007) Taphonomy and palaeoecology of the emuellid trilobite Balcoracania dailyi (Early Cambrian, South Australia). Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 249:302–321

  • Sprechmann P, Gaucher C, Blanco G, Motana J (2004) Community of the Cerro Victoria formation, Arroyo del Soldado Group (Lowermost Cambrian, Uruguay). Gondwana Res 7:753–766

  • Vendrasco MJ, Runnegar B (2004) Late Cambrian and early Ordovician stem group chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) from Utah and Missouri. J Paleontol 78:675–689

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Johnson, M.E., Baarli, B.G. (2012). Development of Intertidal Biotas Through Phanerozoic Time. In: Talent, J.A. (eds) Earth and Life. International Year of Planet Earth. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3428-1_5

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