Abstract
The physiological control of the respiratory system is unique among organ systems. Breathing is essential to life and must occur 24 h a day, 365 days a year, in the conscious or unconscious state, awake or asleep. At the same time, humans and other mammals need to be able to temporarily interrupt the normal pattern of breathing to perform other functions, such as eating and vocalising [1]. The voluntary and involuntary control of the respiratory system is unequalled and a very complex process. This chapter will appraise some relevant issues to improve clinicians’ understanding of the normal mechanism of breathing and its possible disorders in disease.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Schwartzstein RM, Paker MJ (2006) Respiratory physiology. A clinical approach. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia
Gallego J, Nsegbe E, Durand E (2001) Learning in respiratory control. Behav Modif 25:495–512
West JB (2000) Respiration physiology. 6th edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia
Ganong WF (1993) Regulation of respiration. In: Review of medical physiology, 16th edition. Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, pp 611–619
Bee DH (1993) The carotid body: a review of its anatomy, physiology and clinical importance. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 48:48–53
Comroe JH (1974) Physiology of respiration: an introductory text. 2nd Edition. Chicago: Yearbook Publishers, Chicago
Montaldo-Caruana B, Gleeson K, Zwillich CW (2000) The control of breathing in clinical practice. Chest 117:205–225
Gonzales C, Almara L, Obeso A et al (1192) Oxygen and acid chemoreception in the carotid body receptors. Trends Neurosci 15:146–153
Bruce EN, Cherniak NS (1987) Central chemoreceptors. J Appl Physiol 62:389–402
Bledsoe SW, Hornbein TF (1981) Central chemoreceptors and the regulation of their chemical environment. In: Hornbein TF (ed) Regulation of breathing (part I). Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 347–428
Manning HL, Schwartzstein RM (1995) Pathophysiology of dyspnea. N Engl J Med 333:547–553
Sant’Ambrogio G (1987) Nervous receptors of the tracheobronchial tree. Ann Rev Physiol 49:611–627
Widdicombe J (2006) Reflexes from the lungs and airways: historical perspective. J Appl Physiol 101:628–634
Sampson SR, Vidruk EH (1975) Properties of ‘irritant’ receptors in canine lungs. Respir Physiol 25:9–22
Sant’Ambrogio G (1982) Information arising from the tracheobronchial tree of mammals. Physiol Rev 62:531–569
Schwartzstein R, Lilly J, Israel E et al (1991) Breathlessness of asthma differs from that of external resistive loading. Am Rev Respir Dis 143(suppl):A596
Widdicombe, J (2001) Airway receptors. Respir Physiol 125:3–15
Mitchell RA, Berger AJ (1981) Neural regulation of respiration. In: Hornbein TF (ed) Regulation of breathing (part I). Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 541–620
Duron B (1981) Intercostal and diaphragmatic muscle endings and afferents. In: Hornbein TF (ed) Regulation of breathing (part I). Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 473–540
Berger AJ, Mitchell RA, Severinghaus JW (1977) Regulation of respiration, Part II. N Engl J Med 297:138–143
von Euler C (1983) On the central pattern generator for the basic breathing rhythmicity. J Appl Physiol 55:1647–1659
Mithoeffer JC (1964) Breath holding. In: Handbook of physiology: respiration (section 3, vol II). American Physiology Society, Washington, DC 38:1011–1025
Ramirez JM, Viemari JC (2005) Determinants of inspiratory activity. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 147:145–157
Adriaensen D, Brouns I, Pintelon I et al (2006) Evidence for a role of neuroepithelial bodies as complex airway sensors: Comparison with smooth muscle-associated airway receptors. J Appl Physiol 101:960–970
Ganong WF (1993) Pulmonary function. In: Review of medical physiology. 16th ed. Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, pp 587–603
Mountain R, Zwillich CW, Weil JV (1978) Hypoventilation in obstructive lung disease. N Engl J Med 298:521–525
Chan CS, Bye PTP, Woolcock AJ et al (1990) Eucapnia and hypercapnia in patients with chronic airflow limitation. Am Rev Respir Dis 141:861–866
Kalhoff H, Werkmiester F, Kiwull-Schone L et al (1994) The Haldane effect under different acid-base conditions in premature and adult humans. Adv Exp Med Biol 361:353–361
Gorini M, Spinelli A, Ginanni R et al (1990) Neural respiratory drive and neuromuscular coupling in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chest 98:1179–1186
Nogués MA, Roncoroni AJ, Benarroch E (2002) Breathing control in neurological diseases. Clin Auton Res 12:440–449
Johnson DC, Homeyoun K (1994) Central control of ventilation in neuromuscular disease. Clin Chest Med 15:607–615
Opdal SH, Rognum TO (2004) New insight into sudden infant-death syndrome. Lancet 364:825–826
Hunt CE (2005) Gene-environment interactions: implications for sudden unexpected deaths in infancy. Arch Dis Child 90:48–53
Sin DD, Man GCW (2003) Cheyne-Stokes respiration. A consequence of a broken heart? Chest 124:1627–1628
Hanly PJ, Zuberi-Khokhar S (1996) Increased mortality associated with Cheyne-Stokes respiration in patients with congestive heart failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 153:272–276
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Santos, F.B., Nagato, L.K.S., Zin, W.A. (2008). Control of Breathing. In: Lucangelo, U., Pelosi, P., Zin, W.A., Aliverti, A. (eds) Respiratory System and Artificial Ventilation. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-0765-9_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-0765-9_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Milano
Print ISBN: 978-88-470-0764-2
Online ISBN: 978-88-470-0765-9
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)