Abstract
Preventing oil pollution is considered the major environmental challenge in the Gulf region. The effects of petroleum oil on key ecosystems and biota are reviewed, mainly based on research activities following the 1991 Gulf War oil spill. While the effects of oiling on birds were severe, with species losing up to an estimated 50% of their populations in the oiled areas, and the breeding success of other species severely reduced for several years following the spill, effects on sea turtles and marine mammals were minor. Planktonic fish eggs and larvae at or near the water surface were killed by oil slicks, resulting in lower levels of recruitment in 1992 and 1993. By 1994, fish population densities were back to pre-war levels. Subtidal biotopes, including coral reefs, escaped oil contamination and showed no adverse impacts from the oil spill. They were, however, severely effected by three major bleaching events in 1996, 1998 and 2002, with most inshore and shallow water offshore corals dying and hardly any signs of recovery until 2007. Thus far oil pollution has been perceived as the greatest single threat to marine ecosystems and wildlife. However, it is argued in this chapter that the long-term impacts of climate change are more severe. The coral bleaching events and the resulting ecological and socio-economic consequences triggered the development of a Regional Action Plan for Coral Reef Conservation, which takes an integrated remediation approach, addressing multiple stressors. It is suggested that this plan be embedded in a broader strategy of regional environmental management, by conducting a Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis and developing a Strategic Action Programme for the Gulf. There is an urgent need to develop national and regional oiled wildlife response plans throughout the Gulf region.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abuzinada, A.H. 1993. An overview of the ornithology programme of the National Commission for Wildlife Conservation and Development. Sandgrouse 15(1–2): 3–5.
Abuzinada, A.H. and Krupp, F. 1994. The Arabian Gulf environment and the consequences of the 1991 oil spill. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 166: 3–10.
Al-Merghani, M., Miller, J.D., Al-Mansi, A. Khushaim, O. and Pilcher, N.J. 1996. The marine turtles of the Arabian Gulf. NCWCD studies 1991–1994. In: Krupp, F., Abuzinada, A.H. and Nader I.A. (eds), A Marine Wildlife Sanctuary for the Arabian Gulf. Environmental Research and Conservation Following the 1991 Gulf War Oil Spill. Riyadh and Frankfurt, pp. 351–359.
Basson, P.W., Burchard, J.E., Hardy, J.T. and Price, A.R.G. 1977. Biotopes of the Western Arabian Gulf. ARAMCO, Dhahran, 284 pp.
Bousjein, M.R.S., Haeri-Ardakani, O., Sharifi, A., Abdoullahi, P. and Nazarian M. 2005. Status of coral reefs around Kish Island in the Iranian Persian Gulf. In: Abuzinada, A.H., Joubert, E. and Krupp, F. (eds), Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Extent and Impact of Coral Bleaching in the Arabian Region. Riyadh (5 to 9 February 2000), Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. National Commission for Wildlife Conservation and Development (NCWCD). Riyadh, pp. 236–248.
Burger, J. and Gochfeld, M. 2002. Effects of chemicals and pollution on seabirds. In: Schreiber, E.A. and Burger, J. (eds), Biology of Marine Birds. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 485–525.
Carpenter, K.E. 1992. Preliminary observations on the effects of the 1991 Gulf War on fisheries. Marine Pollution Bulletin 24: 273–275.
Carpenter, K., Krupp, F., Jones, D.J. and Zajonz, U. 1997. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. The Living Marine Resources of Kuwait, Eastern Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates. FAO, Rome, 311 pp.
Fadllalah, Y.H., Allen, K.W. and Estudillo, R.A. 1995. Damage to shallow reef corals in the Gulf caused by periodic exposure to air during extreme low tides and low water temperatures (Tarut Bay, eastern Saudi Arabia). In: Ginsburg, R.N. (ed.), Proceedings of the Colloquium on Global Aspects of Coral Reefs, Health, and History 1993. Miami, University of Miami, Rosensteil School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, pp. 371–377.
George, J.D. and John D.M. 2005. The status of coral reefs and associated macroalgae in Abu Dhabi (UAE) after recent coral bleaching events. In: Abuzinada, A.H., Joubert, E. and Krupp, F. (eds), Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Extent and Impact of Coral Bleaching in the Arabian Region. Riyadh (5 to 9 February 2000), Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. National Commission for Wildlife Conservation and Development (NCWCD). Riyadh, pp. 184–200.
Geraci, J.R. 1990. Physiologic and toxic effects on cetaceans. In: Geraci, J.R. and St. Aubin, D.J. (eds), Sea mammals and oil. San Diego, Academic Press, pp. 167–197.
Greth, A., Rester, C., Gerlach, G., Riekerk, F. and Robinson, I. 1995. Pathological effects of oil on seabirds during the Arabian Gulf oil spill. In: Wildlife and Oil Spills: Response, Research, and Contingency Planning. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on the Effects of Oil on Wildlife, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. January 1993, pp. 134–141.
Jones, D.A., Hayes, M., Krupp, F., Sabatini, G., Watt, I. and Weishar L. 2008. The impact of the Gulf War (1990 — 91) oil release upon the intertidal Gulf coast line of Saudi Arabia and subsequent recovery. In: Abuzinada, A.H., Barth, H.-J., Krupp, F., Böer, B. and Al Abdessalaam T.Z. (eds), Protecting the Gulf’s Marine Ecosystems from Pollution. Birkhäuser Verlag, Switzerland, pp. 237–254.
Krupp, F. 1998. Coral reefs in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden threatened by bleaching and mortality. Al-Sambouk, 8: 9–11.
Krupp, F. and Almarri, M. 1996. Fishes and fish assemblages of the Jubail Marine Wildlife Sanctuary. In: Krupp, F., Abuzinada, A.H. and Nader, I.A. (eds), A Marine Wildlife Sanctuary for the Arabian Gulf. Environmental Research and Conservation Following the 1991 Gulf War Oil Spill. Riyadh and Frankfurt, pp. 339–350.
Krupp, F. and Almarri, M. 2004. Changes in reef fish assemblages in the Saudi Arabian sector of the Gulf, following the 1991 Gulf War Oil Spill and the 1998 coral bleaching event. 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa, Japan. Abstract.
Krupp, F. and Anegay, K. 1993. Habitats and species composition in subtidal areas north of Abu Ali, Saudi Arabia. Final Report of the Scientific Workshop on Results of the R/V Mt. Mitchell Cruise in the ROPME Sea Area, Kuwait 1993 (2): 174–184.
Krupp, F. and Jones, D.A. 1993. The creation of a marine sanctuary after the Gulf War oil spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 27: 315–324.
Krupp, F. and Müller, T. 1994. The status of fish populations in the northern Arabian Gulf two years after the 1991 Gulf War oil spill. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 166: 67–75.
Krupp, F. and Symens, P. 1994. Gulf Sanctuary. Arabian Wildlife, 1(1): 18–20.
Leighton, F.A. 1991. The toxicity of petroleum oils on birds, an overview. In: White, J. and Frink, L. (eds), The effects of oil on wildlife: Research, rehabilitation and general concerns. IWRC, CA, pp. 43–57.
Mathews, C.P., Kedidi, S., Fita, N.I., Al-Yahya, A. and Al-Rasheed, K. 1993. Preliminary assessment of the effects of the 1991 Gulf War on Saudi Arabian prawn stocks. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 27: 251–271.
McCain, J.C. and Hassan, M. 1993. Assessment of ichthyoplankton in Saudi Arabian Gulf waters before and after the 1991 Gulf oil spill. The Arabian Journal of Science and Engeneering, 18(2): 269–291.
Neff, J.M. 1990. Composition and fate of petroleum and spill-treating agents in the marine environment. In: Geraci, J.R. and St. Aubin, D.J. (eds), Sea mammals and oil. San Diego, Academic Press, pp. 1–33.
NOAA 2001. Oil Spills in Coral Reefs-Planning, Response, Considerations. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. National Ocean Service. Office of Response and Restoration, 80 pp.
Richmond, M. 1994. Ecological status of the marine subtidal habitats and the effects of the 1991 Gulf War oil spill, with special reference to soft-substrata communities. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 166: 55–60.
Richmond, M. 1996. Status of subtidal biotopes in the Jubail Marine Wildlife Sanctuary, with special reference to soft-substrata communities. In: Krupp, F., Abuzinada, A.H. and Nader, I.A. (eds), A Marine Wildlife Sanctuary for the Arabian Gulf. Environmental Research and Conservation Following the 1991 Gulf War Oil Spill. Riyadh and Frankfurt, pp. 159–176.
Riegl, B. 2003. Climate change and coral reefs: different effects in two high-latitude areas (Arabian Gulf, South Africa). Coral Reefs, 22: 433–446
Robineau, D. and Fiquet, P. 1994. Cetaceans of Dawhat ad-Dafi and Dawhat al-Musallamiya (Saudi Arabia) one year after the Gulf War oil spill. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 166: 76–80.
Sheppard, C.R.C. and Sheppard, A.L.S. 1991. Corals and coral communities of Arabia. Fauna of Saudi Arabia, 12: 3–170.
Sheppard, C.R.C., Price, A. and Roberts, C. 1992. Marine Ecology of the Arabian Region. London, Academic Press, 347 pp.
Symens, P. and Alsuhaibany, A.H. 1996. Status of the breeding populations of terns (Sternidae) along the eastern coast of Saudi Arabia following the 1991 Gulf War. In: Krupp, F., Abuzinada, A.H. and Nader, I.A. (eds), A Marine Wildlife Sanctuary for the Arabian Gulf. Environmental Research and Conservation Following the 1991 Gulf War Oil Spill. Riyadh and Frankfurt, pp. 302–326.
Symens, P. and Suhaibani, A. 1994. The Impact of the 1991 Gulf War oil spill on bird populations in the northern Arabian Gulf-a review. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 166: 47–54.
Vogt, H. 1994. Status of coral reefs after the Gulf War. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 166: 61–66.
Vogt, H. 1996. Investigations on coral reefs in the Jubail Marine Wildlife Sanctuary using underwater video recordings and digital image analysis. In: Krupp, F., Abuzinada, A.H. and Nader, I.A. (eds), A Marine Wildlife Sanctuary for the Arabian Gulf. Environmental Research and Conservation Following the 1991 Gulf War Oil Spill. F. Riyadh and Frankfurt, pp. 302–326.
Vogt, H.P. and Al-Shaikh, Kh. 2005. Status of Saudi Arabian reefs in the ROPME Sea area following coral bleaching in 1997/98. In: Abuzinada, A.H., Joubert, E. and Krupp, F. (eds), Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Extent and Impact of Coral Bleaching in the Arabian Region. Riyadh (5 to 9 February 2000), Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. National Commission for Wildlife Conservation and Development (NCWCD). Riyadh, pp. 201–208.
Wilkinson, C.R. 2005. Global perspective on the extent and impact of bleaching on coral reefs. In: Abuzinada, A.H., Joubert, E. and Krupp, F. (eds), Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Extent and Impact of Coral Bleaching in the Arabian Region. Riyadh (5 to 9 February 2000), Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. National Commission for Wildlife Conservation and Development (NCWCD). Riyadh, pp. 1–7.
Wilkinson, C., Lindén, O., Hodgson, H., Cesar, J., Rubens J. and Strong, A. 1999. Ecological and socio-economic impacts of 1998 coral mortality in the Indian Ocean: an ENSO (El Niño/Southern Oscillation) impact and a warning of future change? Ambio 28:188–196.
Würsig, B. 1990. Cetaceans and oil. In: Geraci, J.R. and St. Aubin, D.J. (eds): Sea mammals and oil. San Diego, Academic Press, pp. 129–165.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Birkhäuser Verlag/Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Krupp, F., Abuzinada, A.H. (2008). Impact of oil pollution and increased sea surface temperatures on marine ecosystems and biota in the Gulf. In: Abuzinada, A.H., Barth, HJ., Krupp, F., Böer, B., Al Abdessalaam, T.Z. (eds) Protecting the Gulf’s Marine Ecosystems from Pollution. Birkhäuser Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-7947-6_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-7947-6_3
Publisher Name: Birkhäuser Basel
Print ISBN: 978-3-7643-7946-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-7643-7947-6
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)