Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Parenteral versus Enteral Nutrition

  • Chapter
Metabolic Support of the Critically Ill Patient

Part of the book series: Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine ((UICM,volume 17))

Abstract

The supply of adequate cellular nutrients is important for optimal recovery from illness. Nutrients may be supplied via the parenteral or enteral routes. Although techniques are available for delivery of both enteral and parenteral nutrients, the composition and types of nutrients which can be delivered via each route are different. Accumulating data also indicates that nutrients have different physiologic actions when delivered via different routes. In this chapter, we review and summarize studies comparing both the physiologic actions and clinical effects of parenteral and enteral nutrition.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Zaloga GP (1993) Studies comparing intact protein; peptide, and amino acid formulas. In: Bounous G (ed) Uses of elemental diets in clinical situations, CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 201–217

    Google Scholar 

  2. Buchan AM (1990) Do NMDA antagonists protect against cerebral ischemia: Are clinical trials warranted? Cerebrovasc Brain Metab Rev 2:1–26

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Weiss JH, Hartley DM, Koh J, Choi DW (1990) The calcium channel blocker nifedipine attenuates slow excitatory amino acid neurotoxicity. Science 247:1474–1477

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Proceedings of an international glutamine symposium (1990) Glutamine metabolism in health and disease - Basic science and clinical aspects. JPEN 14 (Suppl) : 39–46

    Google Scholar 

  5. Hwang TL, O’Dwyer ST, Smith RJ, et al (1986) Preservation of small bowel mucosa using gutamine enriched parenteral nutrition. Surg Forum 37:56–58

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Souba WW, Smith RJ, Wilmore DW (1985) Glutamine metabolism by the intestinal tract. JPEN 9:608–617

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Barbul A (1986) Arginine - Biochemistry, physiology, and therapeutic implications. JPEN 10:227–238

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Barbul A (1990) Arginine and immune function. Nutrition 6 (Suppl) : 53–58

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Barbul A, Fishel RS, Shimazu S, et al (1985) Intravenous hyperalimentation with high arginine levels improves wound healing and immune function. J Surg Res 31:328–334

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Palacio JC, Rombeau JL (1990) Dietary fiver - A brief review and potential application to enteral nutrition. Nutr Clin Pract 5:99–106

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Settle RG (1988) Short-chain fatty acids and their potential role in nutritional support. JPEN 12:104S-107S

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Rombeau JL (1988) Colonic infusions of short-chain fatty acids. JPEN 12:102S-103S

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Zaloga GP (1991) Nutrition and prevention of systemic infection. Critical Care - State of the Art 12:31–79

    Google Scholar 

  14. Kinsella JE, Lokish B (1990) Dietary lipids, eicosanoids, and the immune system. Crit Care Med 18 (Suppl):94–113

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Meydani SN, Nicolosi RJ, Hayes KC (1985) Effect of long term feeding of corn oil or coconut oil on immune response and prostaglandin E2 synthesis on squirrel and cebus monkeys. Nutr Res 5:993–1002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Wan JMF, Teo TC, Babayan VK, et al (1988) Lipids and the development of immune dysfunction and infection. JPEN 12:43S

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Van Buren CT, Rudolph FB, Kulkarni A, Pizzini R, Fanslow WC, Kumar S (1990) Reversal of immunosuppression induced by a protein-fee diet. Comparison of nucleotides, fish oil, and arginine. Crit Care Med 18:S114–S117

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Kudsk KA, Carpenter G, Petersen S, Sheldon GF (1981) Effect of enteral and parenteral feeding in malnourished rats with E. coli-hemoglobin peritonitis. J Surg Res 31:105–110

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Kudsk KA, Stone JM, Carpenter G, Sheldon GF (1983) Enteral and parenteral feeding influences mortality after hemoglobin E. coli peritonitis in normal rats. J Trauma 23:605–609

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Petersen SR, Kudsk KA, Carpenter G, Sheldon GF (1981) Malnutrition and immuno- competence: Increased mortality following an infectious challenge during hyperalimentation. J Trauma 21:528–533

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Kudsk KA, Stone JM, Carpenter G, Sheldon GF (1982) Effects of enteral and parenteral feeding of malnourished rats on body composition. J Trauma 22:904–906

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Zaloga GP, Knowles R, Black KW, Prielipp R (1991) Total parenteral nutrition increases mortality after hemorrhage. Crit Care Med 19:54–59

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Zaloga GP, Roberts P, Black KW, Prielipp R (1993) Gut bacterial translocation/ dissemination explains the increased mortality produced by parenteral nutrition following methotrexate. Circ Shock (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  24. Adams S, Dellinger EP, Wertz MJ, Oreskovich MR, Simonowitz D, Johansen K (1986) Enteral versus parenteral nutritional support following laparotomy for trauma: A randomized prospective trial. J Trauma 26:882–891

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Peterson VM, Moore EE, Jones TN, et al (1988) Total enteral nutrition versus total parenteral nutrition after major torso injury: Attenuation of hepatic protein reprioritization. Surgery 104:199–207

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Moore FA, Moore EE, Jones TN, McCroskey BL, Peterson VM (1989) TEN versus TPN following major abdominal trauma - Reduced septic morbidity. J Trauma 29:916–923

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Kudsk KA, Croce MA, Fabian TC, et al (1992) Enteral versus parenteral feeding: Effects on septic morbidity after blunt and penetrating abdominal trauma. Ann Surg 215:503–513

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Moore FA, Feliciano DV, Andrassy RJ, et al. (1992) Early enteral feeding, compared with parenteral, reduces postoperative septic complications. The results of a metaanalysis. Ann Surg 216:172–183

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Bower RH, Talamini MA, Sax H, Hamilton F, Fischer JE (1986) Postoperative enteral vs parenteral nutrition. Arch Surg 121:1040–1045

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Rapp RP, Young B, Twyman D, et al (1983) The favorable effect of early parenteral feeding on survival in head-injured patients. J Neurosurg 58:906–912

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Hadley MN, Grahm TW, Harrington T, Schiller WR, McDermott MK, Posillico DB (1986) Nutritional support and neurotrauma: A critical review of early nutrition in forty-five acute head injury patients. Neurosurgery 19: 367–372

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Young B, Ott L, Twyman D, et al (1987) The effect of nutritional support on outcome from severe head injury. J Neurosurg 67:668–676

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Detsky AS, Baker JP, O’Rourke K, Goel V (1987) Perioperative parenteral nutrition: A meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 107:195–203

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Health and public policy committee (1987) Perioperative parenteral nutrition. Ann Intern Med 107:252–253

    Google Scholar 

  35. Moghissi K, Hornshaw J, Teasdale PR, Dawes EA (1977) Parenteral nutrition in carcinoma of the esophagus treated with surgery: Nitrogen balance and clinical studies. Br J Surg 64:125–128

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Holter AR, Fischer JE (1977) The effects of hyperalimentation on complications in patients with carcinoma and weight loss. J Surg Res 23:31–34

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Heatley RV, Lewis MH, Williams RHP (1979) Pre-operative intravenous feeding: A controlled trial. Postgrad Med J 55:541–545

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Thompson BR, Julian TB, Stremple JT (1981) Peri-operative total parenteral nutrition in patients with gastrointestinal cancer. J Surg Res 30:497–500

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Muller JM, Dienst C, Brenner U, Pichlmaier H (1982) Preoperative parenteral feeding in patients with gastrointestinal carcinoma. Lancet 1:68–71

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Lim STK, Choa RG, Lam KH, Wong J, Ong GB (1981) Total parenteral nutrition versus gastrostomy in the preoperative preparation of patients with carcinoma of the oesophagus. Br J Surg 68:69–72

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Abel RM, Fischer JE, Buckley MJ, et al (1976) Malnutrition in cardiac surgical patients. Results of a prospective randomized evaluation of early postoperative parenteral nutrition. Arch Surg 111:45–50

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Collins JP, Oxby CB, Hill GL (1978) Intravenous amino acids and intravenous hyperalimentation as protein sparing therapy after major surgery. A controlled clinical study. Lancet 1:788–791

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Mullen JL, Buzby GP, Matthews DC, Smale BF, Rosato EF (1980) Reduction of operative morbidity and mortality by combined preoperative and postoperative nutritional support. Ann Surg 192:604–613

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Daly JM, Massar E, Giacco G, et al (1982) Parenteral nutrition in esophageal cancer patients. Ann Surg 196:203–208

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Smith RC, Hartemink R (1988) Improvement of nutritional measures during preoperative parenteral nutrition in patients selected by the prognostic nutritional index: A randomized controlled trial. JPEN 12:587–591

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. McArdle AH, Palmason C, Morency I, Brown RA (1981) A rationale for enteral feeding as the preferable route for hyperalimentation. Surgery 90:616–623

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Muggia-Sullam M, Bower RH, Murphy RF, Joffe SN, Fischer JE (1985) Postoperative enteral versus parenteral nutritional support in gastrointestinal surgery. Am J Surg 149:106–111

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Fletcher JP, Little JM (1986) A comparison of parenteral nutrition and early postoperative enteral feeding on the nitrogen balance after major surgery. Surgery 100:21–24

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. The veterans affairs total parenteral nutrition cooperative study group (1991) Perioperative total parenteral nutrition in surgical patients. N Engl J Med 325:525–532

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Cerra FB, McPherson JP, Konstantinides FN, et al (1988) Enteral nutrition does not prevent multiple organ failure syndrome (MOFS) after sepsis. Surgery 104:727–733

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Koretz RL (1984) Parenteral nutrition: Is it oncologically logical? J Clin Oncology 2:534–538

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Klein S, Simes J, Blackburn GL (1986) Total parenteral nutrition and cancer clinical trials. Cancer 58:1378–1386

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Position paper (1989) Parenteral nutrition in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy. Ann Intern Med 110:734–736

    Google Scholar 

  54. Weisdorf SA, Lysne J, Wind D, et al (1987) Positive effect of prophylactic total parenteral nutrition on long-term outcome of bone marrow transplantation. Transplantation 43:833–838

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Szeluga DJ, Stuart RK, Brookmeyer R, Utermohlen V, Santos GW (1987) Nutritional support of bone marrow transplant recipients: A prospective randomized clinical trial comparing total parenteral nutrition to an enteral feeding program. Cancer Res 47:3309–3316

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Dickinson RJ, Ashton MG, Axon ATR, Smith RC, Yeung CK, Hill GL (1980) Controlled trial of intravenous hyperalimentation and total bowel rest as an adjunct to the routine therapy of acute colitis. Gastroenterology 79:1199–1204

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Lochs H, Meryn S, Marosi L, et al (1983) Has total bowel rest a beneficial effect in the treatment of Crohn’s disease? Clin Nutr 21:61–64

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Greenberg GR, Fleming CR, Jeejeebhoy KN, et al (1985) Controlled trial of bowel rest and nutritional support in the management of Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology 88:140

    Google Scholar 

  59. McIntyre PB, Powell-Tuck J, Wood SR, et al (1986) Controlled trial of bowel rest in the treatment of severe acute colitis. Gut 27:481–485

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Jones VA (1987) Comparison of total parenteral nutrition and elemental diet in induction of remission of Crohn’s disease. Dig Dis Sci 32 (Suppl) : 100–107

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Greenberg GR, Fleming CR, Jeejeebhoy KN, Rosenberg IH, Sales D, Tremaine WJ (1988) Controlled trial of bowel rest and nutritional support in the management of Crohn’s disease. Gut 29:1309–1315

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Cravo M, Camilo ME, Correia JP (1991) Nutritional support in Crohn’s disease: Which route? Am J Gastroenterol 86:317–321

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Abad-Lacruz A, Gonzalez-Huis F, Esteve M, et al (1990) Liver function tests abnormalities in patients with inflammatory bowel disease receiving artificial nutrition: A prospective randomized study of total enteral nutriton vs total parenteral nutrition. JPEN 14:618–621

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Sitzmann JV, Converse RL, Bayless TM (1990) Favorable response to parenteral nutrition and medical therapy in Crohn’s colitis. Gastroenterology 99:1647–1652

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Culpepper-Morgan JA, Floch MH (1991) Bowel rest or bowel starvation: Defining the role of nutritional support in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases. Am J Gastroenterol 86:269–271

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Tarazi R, Steiger E (1988) Enterocutaneous fistulas. In: Kinney JM, Jeejeebhoy KN, Hill GL, Owen OE (eds) Nutrition and metabolism in patient care. WB Saunders, Philadelphia pp 243–257

    Google Scholar 

  67. Hamilton RF, Davis WC, Stephenson DV, et al (1971) Effects of hyperalimentation on upper gastrointestinal tract secretions. Arch Surg 102:340–352

    Google Scholar 

  68. Wolfe BM, Keltner RM, Willman VL (1972) Intestinal fistula output in regular, elemental, and intravenous alimentation. Am J Surg 124:803–806

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Fischer JF (1975) The management of high-output intestinal fistulas. Adv Surg 9:139–176

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Voitk AJ, Echave V, Brown RA, McArdle AH; Gurd FN (1973) Elemental diet in the treatment of fistulas of the alimentary tract. Surg Gynecol Obstet 137:68–72

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Rocchio MA, Cha C, Haas KF, Randall HT (1974) Use of chemically defined diets in the management of patients with high output gastrointestinal cutaneous fistulas. Am J Surg 127:148–156

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Bury KD, Stephens RV, Randall HT (1971) Use of a chemically defined liquid elemental diet. Am J Surg 121:174–183

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Graham JA (1977) Conservative treatment of gastrointestinal fistulas. Surg Gynecol Obstet 144:512–514

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Silberman H, Granson M, Fong G, et al (1980) Management of external gastrointestinal fistulas with glucose and lipids. Surg Gynecol Obstet 150:856–858

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Reber HA, Roberts C, Way LW, Dunphy JE (1978) Management of external gastrointestinal fistulas. Ann Surg 188:460–467

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Soeters PB, Ebeid AM, Fischer JE (1979) Review of 404 patients with gastrointestinal fistulas: Impact of parenteral nutrition. Ann Surg 190:189–202

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Deitel M (1976) Nutritional management of external gastrointestinal fistulas. Can J Surg 19:505–511

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Slaff J, Jacobson D, Tillman CR, et al (1984) Protease-specific suppression of pancreatic exocrine secretion. Gastroenterology 87:44–52

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Green GM, Lyman RL (1972) Feedback regulation of pancreatic enzyme secretion as a mechanism for trypsin inhibitor-induced hypersecretion in rats. Proc Exp Biol Med 140:6–12

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Kelly GA, Nahrwold DL (1976) Pancreatic secretion in response to an elemental diet and intravenous hyperalimentation. Surg Gynecol Obstet 143:87–91

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Stabile BE, Debas HT (1981) Intravenous versus intraduodenal amino acids, fats, and glucose as stimulants of pancreatic secretion. Surg Forum 32:224–226

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Stabile BE, Borzatta M, Stubbs RS (1984) Pancreatic secretory responses to intravenous hyperalimentation and intraduodenal elemental and full liquid diets. JPEN 8:377–380

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Sarles H, Sahel J, Staub JL, et al (1979) Chronic pancreatitis. In: Howat HT, Sarles H (eds) The exocrine pancreas. WB Saunders, London, pp 402–439

    Google Scholar 

  84. Isaksson G, Ihse I (1983) Pain reduction by oral pancreatic enzyme preparation in chronic pancreatitis. Dig Dis Sci 28:97–102

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Goodgame JT, Fischer JE (1977) Parenteral nutrition in the treatment of acute pancreatitis: Effect on complications and mortality. Ann Surg 186:651–658

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Grant JP, James S, Grabowski V, et al (1984) Total parenteral nutrition in pancreatic disease. Ann Surg 200:627–631

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Kalfarentzos FE, Karavias DD, Karatzas TM, Alevizatos BA, Androulakis JA (1991) Total parenteral nutrition in severe acute pancreatitis. J Am Coll Nutr 10:156–162

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Sax HC, Warner BW, Talamini MA, et al (1987) Early total parenteral nutrition in acute pancreatitis: Lack of beneficial effects. Am J Surg 153:117–124

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. McArdle AH, Echave W, Brown RA, et al (1974) Effect of elemental diet on pancreatic secretion. Am J Surg 128:690–692

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Voitk A, Brown RA, Echave V, et al (1973) Use of an elemental diet in the treatment of uncomplicated pancreatitis. Am J Surg 125:223–227

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Levine GM, Deren JJ, Steiger E, Zinno R (1974) Role of oral intake in maintenance of gut mass and disaccharide activity. Gastroenterology 67:975–982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Johnson LR, Copeland EM, Dudrick SJ, Lichtenberger LM, Castro GA (1975) Gastroenterology 68:1177–1183

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Guedon C, Schmitz J, Lerebours E, et al (1986) Decreased brush border hydrolase activities without gross morphologic changes in human intestinal mucosa after prolonged total parenteral nutrition of adults. Gastroenterology 90:373–378

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Thompson JS, Vaughan WP, Forst CF, Jacobs DL, Weekly JS, Rikkers LF (1987) The effect of the route of nutrient delivery on gut structure and diamine oxidase levels. JPEN 11:28–32

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Hughes CA, Dowling RH (1980) Speed of onset of adaptive mucosal hypoplasia and hypofunction in the intestine of parenterally fed rats. Clin Sci 59:317–327

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Kotier DP, Levine GM, Shiau YF (1981) Effects of luminal nutrition and metabolic status on in-vivo glucose absorption. Am J Physiol 240 : G432–G436

    Google Scholar 

  97. Hosoda N, Nishi M, Nakagawa M, Hiramatsu Y, Hioki K, Yamamoto M (1989) Structural and functional alterations in the gut of parenterally or enterally fed rats. J Surg Res 47:129–133

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Czernichow B, Galluser M, Hasselmann M. Doffoel M, Raul F (1992) Effects of amino acids in mixtures given by enteral or parenteral route on intestinal morphology and hydrolases in rats. JPEN 16:259–263

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Morin CL, Ling V, Bourassa D (1980) Small intestinal and colonic changes induced by a chemically defined diet. Dig Dis Sci 25:123–128

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Hughes CA, Prince A, Dowling RH (1980) Speed of change in pancreatic mass and in intestinal bacteriology of parenterally fed rats. Clin Sci 59:329–336

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Castillo RO, Pittler A, Costa F (1988) Intestinal maturation in the rat: The role of enteral nutrients. JPEN 12:490–495

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Ford WD, Boelhouwer RU, King WW, deVries JE, Ross JS, Malt RA (1984) Total parenteral nutrition inhibits intestinal adaptive hyperplasia in young rats: Reversal by feeding. Surgery 96:527–534

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Morgan W, Yardley J, Luk G, Niemiec P, Dudgeon D (1987) Total parenteral nutrition and intestinal development: A neonatal model. J Ped Surg 22:541–545

    Article  Google Scholar 

  104. Biasco G, Callegari C, Lami F, Minarini A, Miglioli M, Barbara L (1984) Intestinal morphologic changes during oral refeeding in a patient previously treated with total parenteral nutrition for short bowel resection. Am J Gastroenterol 79:585–588

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Greene HL, McCabe DR, Merenstein GB (1975) Protracted diarrhea and malnutrition in infancy: Changes in intestinal morphology and disaccharidase activities during treatment with total intravenous nutrition or oral elemental diets. J Peds 87:695–704

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Orenstein SR (1986) Enteral versus parenteral therapy for intractable diarrhea of infancy: A prospective randomized trial. J Peds 109:277–286

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Adams PR, Copeland EM, Dudrick SJ, Johnson LR, Castro GA (1978) Maintenance of gut mass in bypassed bowel of orally vs parenterally nourished rats. J Surg Res 24:421–427

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Johnson LW, Lichtenberger LM, Copeland EM, Dudrick SJ, Castro GA (1975) Action of gastrin on gastrointestinal structure and function. Gastroenterology 68:1184–1192

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Aynsley-Green A, Lucas A, Lawson GR, Bloom SR (1990) Gut hormones and regulatory peptides in relation to enteral feeding, gastroenteritis, and necrotizing enterocolitis in infancy. J Peds 117:24–32

    Article  Google Scholar 

  110. Hughes CA, Bates T, Dowling RH (1978) Cholecystokinin and secretin prevent the intestinal mucosal hypoplasia of total parenteral nutrition in the dog. Gastroenterology 75:34–41

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Lickley HLA, Track NS, Vranic M, Bury KD (1978) Metabolic response to enteral and parenteral nutrition. Am J Surg 135:172–175

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Sagor GR, Ghatei MA, Al-Mukhtar MYT, Wright NA, Bloom SR (1983) Evidence for a humoral mechanism after small intestinal resection. Gastroenterology 84:902–906

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Jacobs DO, Evans DA, Mealy K, O’Dwyer ST, Smith RJ, Wilmore DW (1988) Combined effects of glutamine and epidermal growth factor on the rat intestine. Surgery 104:358–364

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Bragg LE, Hollingsed TC, Thompson JS (1990) Urogastrone reduces gut atrophy during parenteral alimentation. JPEN 14:283–286

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Saito H, Trocki O, Alexander JW, Kopcha R, Heyd T, Joffe SN (1987) The effect of route of nutrient administration on the nutritional state, catabolic hormone secretion, and gut mucosal integrity after burn injury. JPEN 11:1–7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Knodell RG, Steele NM, Cerra FB, Gross JB, Solomon TE (1984) Effects of parenteral and enteral hyperalimentation on hepatic drug metabolism in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 229:589–597

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Knodell RG, Spector MH, Brooks DA, Keller FX, Kyner WT (1980) Alterations in penobarbital pharmacokinetics in response to parenteral and enteral alimentation in the rat. Gastroenterology 79:1211–1216

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Katayama T, Tanaka M, Tanaka K, et al (1990) Alterations in hepatic mitochondrial function during total parenteral nutrition in immature rats. JPEN 14:640–645

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Charland SL, Dickerson RN, Rajter JJ, Settle RG (1991) The effect of sepsis on hepatic cytochrome P-450 activity in parenterally fed rats. Clin Res 39:682A

    Google Scholar 

  120. Deitch EA, Specian RD, Berg RD (1991) Endotoxin-induced bacterial translocation and mucosal permeability: Role of xanthine oxidase, complement activation, and macrophage products. Crit Care Med 19:785–791

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Baker JW, Deitch EA, Li M, Berg RD, Specian RD (1988) Hemorrhagic shock induces bacterial translocation from the gut. J Trauma 28:896–906

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Deitch EA, Bridges RM (1987) Effect of stress and trauma on bacterial translocation from the gut. J Surg Res 42:536–542

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Maejima K, Deitch E, Berg R (1984) Promotion by burn stress of the translocation of bacteria from the gastrointestinal tracts of mice. Arch Surg 119:166–172

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Alverdy JC, Aoys E, Moss GS (1988) Total parenteral nutrition promotes bacterial translocation from the gut. Surgery 104:185–190

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Spaeth G, Berg RD, Specian RD, Deitch EA (1990) Food without fiber promotes bacterial translocation from the gut. Surgery 108:240–247

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Reed L, Martin M, Kocka F, Barrett R, Barrett J (1992) Bacterial translocation following abdominal injury. Circ Shock 37:57

    Google Scholar 

  127. Brathwaite CEM, Ross S, Nagele R, Mure A, Field C, O’Malley KO (1992) Significance of bacterial translocation after multiple trauma with hemorrhagic shock. Circ Shock 37:50

    Google Scholar 

  128. Reed L, Martin M, Manglano R, Newson B, Barrett J (1991) Bacterial translocation following abdominal trauma in humans. Crit Care Med 19 : S95

    Google Scholar 

  129. Birkhahn RH, Renk CM (1984) Immune response and leucine oxidation in oral and intravenous fed rats. Am J Clin Nutr 39:45–53

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Renk CM, Owens DR, Birkhahn RH, Long CL. Blakemore WS (1980) Effect of intravenous or oral feeding on immunocompetence in traumatized rats. JPEN 4:587

    Google Scholar 

  131. Alverdy J, Chi HS, Sheldon GF (1985) The effect of parenteral nutrition on gastrointestinal immunity: The importance of enteral stimulation. Ann Surg 202:681–684

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Rowlands BJ, Giddings AEB, Johnston AOB, Hindmarsh JT, Clark RG (1977) Nitrogen-sparing effect of different feeding regimens in patients after operation. Br J Anaesth 49:781–787

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Hulten L, Andersson H, Bosaeus I, et al (1980) Enteral alimentation in the early postoperative course. JPEN 4:455–459

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Delany HM, Teh E, Dwarka B, Levenson SM (1991) Infusion of enteral vs parenteral nutrients using high-concentration branch-chain amino acids: Effect on wound healing in the postoperative rat. JPEN 15:464–468

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Zaloga GP, Bortenschlager L, Black K (1992) Early postoperative administration of enteral or parenteral nutrients improves wound healing. JPEN 16 (Suppl) :28S

    Article  Google Scholar 

  136. Fong Y, Marano MA, Barber A, et al (1989) Total parenteral nutrition and bowel rest modify the metabolic response to endotoxin in humans. Ann Surg 210:449–457

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. G. P. Zaloga
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory for Surgical Metabolism, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, Massachussetts, 02115, USA

    Douglas W. Wilmore

  2. L. Deloyers Laboratory for Experimental Surgery, Free University of Brussels, Avenue J. Wybran 40, 1070, Brussels, Belgium

    Yvon A. Carpentier

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1993 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Zaloga, G.P. (1993). Parenteral versus Enteral Nutrition. In: Wilmore, D.W., Carpentier, Y.A. (eds) Metabolic Support of the Critically Ill Patient. Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, vol 17. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-85011-0_15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-85011-0_15

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-85013-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-85011-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation