Abstract
In everyday clinical usage, there is a sharp contrast between the inflated, vague use of the terms “septic” and “sepsis,” on the one hand, and the clearly defined, unmistakable diagnosis of sepsis, on the other. Because sepsis denotes a clearly defined concept in the study of infections [48], the frequently inaccurate usage of the term indicates the many problems involved in establishing its diagnosis.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akenzua GI, Hui YT, Milner R, Zipursky A (1974) Neutrophil and band counts in the diagnosis of neonatal infections. Pediatrics 54: 38
Attar S, Hanashiro P, Mansberger A, McLaughlin J, Firmingcr H, Cowley RA (1970) Intravascular coagulation — reality or myth? Surgery 68: 27
Baue AE (1985) Recovery from multiple organ failure. Am J Surg 149: 420
Beller FK, Douglas GW (1973) Thrombocytopenia indicating gram-negative infection and endotoxemia. Obstet Gynecol 41: 521
Bohnen JMA (1985) Intra-abdominal sepsis: peritonitis and abscess. in Meakins JL (ed) Surgical infection in critical care medicine. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh
Boyle RJ, Chandler BD, Stonestreet BS, Oh W (1978) Early identification of sepsis in infants with respiratory distress. Pediatrics 62: 744
Burger AG, Engler D, Buergi U, Weissel M, Steiger G, Ingbar SH, Rosin RE, Babior BM (1983) Ether link cleavage is the major pathway of iodothyronine metabolism in the phagocytosing human leukocyte and also occurs in vivo in the rat. J Clin Invest 71: 935
Christensen RD, Bradley PP, Rothstein G (1981) The leukocyte left shift in clinical and experimental neonatal sepsis. J Pediatr 98: 101
Cohen P, Gardner FH (1966) Thrombocytopenia as a laboratory sign and complication of gram-negative bacteremic infection. Arch Intern Med 117: 113
Corrigan JJ (1974) Thrombocytopenia: a laboratory sign of septicemia in infants and children. J Pediatr 85: 219
Corrigan JJ, Ray WL, May N (1968) Changes in the blood coagulation system associated with septicemia. New Engl J Med 279: 851
Craddock PR, Yawata Y, VanSanten L, Gilberstadt S, Silvis S, Jakob HS (1974) Acquired phagocyte dysfunction. A complication of the hypophosphatemia of parenteral hyper-alimentation. N Engl J Med 290: 1403
Eisele R, Athanasiadis D, Dissmann W, Nasseri M, Thimme W (1978) Die postoperative Peritonitis. Chirurg 49: 355
Ferraris VA (1983) Exploratory laparotomy for potential abdominal sepsis in patients with multiple-organ failure. Arch Surg 118: 1130
Fry DE, Pearlstein L, Fulton RL, Polk HC (1980) Multiple system organ failure: the role of uncontrolled infection. Arch Surg 115: 136
Garner GB, Huebner PF, O’Dell BL (1967) Dietary phosphorus and salmonellosis in guinea pigs. Fed Proc 26: 799
Gögler H, Meckes P, Beger HG (1985) Endotoxin bei diffus-eitriger Peritonitis. Zbl Chirurgie 110: 1388
Gordin R (1952) Toxic granulation in leukocytes. Acta Med Scand [Suppl] 270: 1
Gramm HJ, Meinhold H, Dennhardt R (1987) Verlaufsuntersuchungen zum Regelkreis and Metabolismus der Schilddrüsenhormone bei Patienten im Septischen Schock. Intensivmed 24: 313
Hamilton JR, Sass-Kortsak A (1963) Jaundice associated with severe bacterial infection in young infants. J Pediatr 63: 121
Harker LA, Slichter SJ (1972) Platelet and fibrinogen consumption in man. N Engl J Med 287: 999
Inthorn D, Szczeponik T, Mühlbayer D, Jochum M, Redl H (1987) Studies of granulocyte function (chemiluminescence response) in postoperative infection. In Schlag, Redl (eds) First Vienna shock forum. Liss, New York
Karworsky ML (1968) The metabolism of leukocytes. Semin Hematol 5: 156
Kelton JG, Neame PB, Gauldie J, Hirsh J (1979) Elevated platelet-associated IGG in the thrombocytopenia of septicemia. N Engl J Med 300: 760
Le Gall JR, Fagniez PL, Meakins J, Brun Buisson C, Trunet P, Carlet J (1982) Diagnostic features of early high post-laparotomy fever: a prospective study of 100 patients. Br J Surg 69: 452
MacGregor RR, Beaty HN (1972) Evaluation of positive blood cultures. Guidelines for early differentiation of contaminated from valid positive cultures. Arch Intern Med 130: 84
Malcolm ID, Flegel KM, Katz M (1979) Vacuolization of the neutrophil in bacteremia. Arch Intern Med 139: 675
Marsh JC, Boggs DR, Cartwright GE, Wintrobe MM (1967) Neutrophil kinetics in acute infection. J Clin Invest 46: 1943
Martin LF, Max MH, Polk HC (1980) Failure of gastric pH control by antacids or cimetidine in the critically ill: a valid sign of sepsis. Surgery 88: 59
McCabe WR, Jackson GG (1962) Gram-negative bacteremia. II. Clinical, laboratory, and therapeutic observations. Arch Intern Med 110: 92
McGehee WG, Rapaport SI, Hjort PF (1967) Intravascular coagulation in fulminant meningococcemia. Ann Intern Med 67: 250
Meakins JL (1979) Occult signs of sepsis. Can J Surg 22: 505
Mitterstieler G, Waltl H, Kurz R (1975) Verbrauchskoagulopathie and isolierte Thrombozytopenie bei Sepsis im Kindesalter. Dtsch med Wschr 100: 342
Morris DL, Chambers HF, Morris MG, Sande MA (1985) Hemodynamic characteristics of patients with hypothermia due to occult infection and other causes. Ann Intern Med 102: 153
Norton L, Moore G, Eiseman B (1975) Liver failure in the postoperative patient: the role of sepsis and immunologic deficiency. Surgery 78: 6
Norton LW (1985) Does drainage of intraabdominal pus reverse multiple organ failure? Am J Surg 149: 347
Oppenheimer L, Hryniuk WM, Bishop AJ (1976) Thrombocytopenia in severe bacterial infections. J Surg Res 20: 211
Philip AGS, Hewitt JR (1980) Early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis. Pediatrics 65: 1036
Pitcher WD, Musher DM (1982) Critical importance of early diagnosis and treatment of intra-abdominal infection. Arch Surg 117: 328
Plorde JJ (1985) Newer methods in microbial diagnosis. In Root RK, Sande MA (eds) Septic shock. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh
Polk HC, Shields CL (1977) Remote organ failure: a valid sign of occult intra-abdominal infection. Surgery 81: 310
Rejnaert MS, Bshouty ZH, Bertrand C, Cambier-Kremer C, Calteux N, Carlier M, Col J, Tremouroux J (1984) Early diagnosis of peritoneal infection by simultaneous measurement of lactate concentration in peritoneal fluid and blood. Intensive Care Med 10: 301
Riedler GF (1972) Thrombozytenzahl, weisses Blutbild and anorganisches Phosphat: drei wertvolle Kriterien zur Diagnose der Sepsis. Schweiz med Wschr 102: 497
Riedler GF, Scheitlin WA (1969) Hypophosphataemia in septicaemia: Higher incidence in gram-negative than in gram-positive infections. Brit Med J, Clin Res i: 753
Rooney JC, Hill DJ, Danks DM (1971) Jaundice associated with bacterial infection in the newborn. Am J Dis Child 122: 39
Rowe MI, Buckner DM, Newmark S (1975) The early diagnosis of gram negative septicemia in the pediatric surgical patient. Ann Surg 182: 280
Scheitlin WA, Frick PG (1964) Hypophosphataemia — a pathognomonic sign in gram-negative septicaemia. Lancet ii: 102
Siegenthaler W, Lüthy R, Vetter H, Siegenthaler G (1972) Diagnostik and Therapie der Septikämien. Schweiz med Wschr 102: 593
Simmons RL, Ducker TB, Martin AM, Anderson RW, Noyes HE (1968) The role of the central nervous system in septic shock: I. Pathologic changes following intraventricular and intracisternal endotoxin in the dog. Ann Surg 167: 145
Sinanan M, Maier RV, Carrico CJ (1984) Laparotomy for intra-abdominal sepsis in patients in an intensive care unit. Arch Surg 119: 652
Smith-Erichsen N, Aasen AO, Gallimore MJ, Amundsen E (1982) Studies of components of the coagulation systems in normal individuals and septic shock patients. Circ Shock 9: 491
Stoner HB, Little RA, Frayn KN, Elebute AE, Tresadern J, Gross E (1983) The effect of sepsis on the oxidation of carbohydrate and fat. Brit J Surg 70: 32
Talluto MR (1975) Hematological findings in acute infections and septicemias. Am J Med Technol 41: 377
Thaler E, Kleinberger G (1979) Sepsis and Blutgerinnung. Intensivmed 16: 54
Urbanek R, Witt I, Karitzky D (1975) Hypophosphatämie als Frühzeichen der Sepsis im Kindesalter. Mschr Kinderheilk 123: 593
Vermillion SE, Gregg JA, Baggenstoss AH, Bartholomew LG (1969) Jaundice associated with bacteremia. Arch Intern Med 124: 611
Vito L, Dennis RC, Weisel RD, Hechtman HB (1974) Sepsis presenting as acute respiratory insufficiency. Surg Gynecol Obstet 138: 896
Wiles JB, Cerra FB, Siegel JH, Border JR (1980) The systemic septic response: does the organism matter? Crit Care Med 8: 55
Zieve PD, Haghshenass M, Blanks M, Krevans JR (1966) Vacuolization of the neutrophil. Arch Intern Med 118: 356
Zipursky A, Jaber HM (1978) The haematology of bacterial infection in newborn infants. Clin Haematol 7: 175
Zipursky A, Palko J, Milner R, Akenzua GI (1976) The hematology of bacterial infections in premature infants. Pediatrics 57: 839
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1989 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gramm, H.J., Reinhart, K., Goecke, J., v. Bülow, J. (1989). Symptoms and Signs for the Early Diagnosis of Sepsis. In: Reinhart, K., Eyrich, K. (eds) Sepsis. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83083-9_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83083-9_6
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-83085-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-83083-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive