Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Vitamins, Minerals and Other Dietary Factors

  • Conference paper
Diet and the Aetiology of Cancer

Part of the book series: ESO Monographs ((ESO MONOGRAPHS))

Abstract

In this chapter, several dietary factors not specifically considered in the other chapters are reviewed. In the main these are what others describe as micronutrients, in contradistinction to the macronutrients (fat, fibre, carbohydrates, protein). Also included are some beverages (coffee, tea). No attempt has been made to be all-inclusive, only those constituents of diet for which there is some epidemiological evidence are considered. Thus, contaminants of food present in trace amounts, e.g. pesticides, are not considered, as the scanty epidemiologic evidence available relates to exposure in the occupational setting, and not in relation to diet. Similar considerations apply to food colouring agents and food preservatives. Aflatoxin is, however, considered as evidence has been accumulating on its association with primary liver cancer in Africa and Asia.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Bjelke E: Dietary vitamin A and human lung cancer. Int J Cancer 1975 (15):561–565

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Kvale G, Bjelke E, Gart JJ: Dietary habits and lung cancer risk. Int J Cancer 1983 (31):397–405

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Mettlin C, Graham S, Swanson MJ: Vitamin A and lung cancer. JNC11979 (62): 1435–1438

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Gregor A, Lee PM, Roe FJC et al: Comparison of dietary histories in lung cancer cases and controls with special reference to vitamin A. Nutr Cancer I980 (2):93–97

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Shekelle RB, Lepper M, Lui S et al: Dietary vitamin A and risk of cancer in the Western Electric Study. Lancet 1981 (2):1185–1189

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Peto R, Doll R, Buckley JD, et al: Can dietary betacarotene materially reduce human cancer rates? Nature 1981 (290):201–208

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Hinds MW, Kolonel LN, Hankin HJ et al: Dietary vitamin A, carotene, vitamin C and risk of lung cancer in Hawaii. Am J Epidemiol 1984 (119):227– 237

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Samet JM, Skipper BJ, Humble CG et al: Lung cancer risk and vitamin A consumption in New Mexico..Am Rev Resp Dis 1985 (131):198–202

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Wu AH, Henderson BE, Pike MC, et al: Smoking and other risk factors for lung cancer in women. JNCI1985(74):747–751

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Ziegler RG, Mason TJ, Stemhagan A et al: Carotenoid intake, vegetables, and the risk of lung cancer among white men in New Jersey. Am J Epidemiol 1986 (123):1080–1093

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Byers TE, Graham S, Haughey BP et al: Diet and lung cancer risk: findings from the Western New York diet study. Am J Epidemiol 1987 (125):351– 363

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. MacLennan R, Da Costa J, Day NE et al: Risk factors for lung cancer in Singapore Chinese, a population with high female incidence rates. Int J Cancer 1979 (20):854–860

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Hirayama T: Nutrition and cancer -a large scale cohort study. In: Knudsen I (ed) Genetic Toxicology of the Diet. New York: Alan R Liss Inc, 1986 pp 299–311

    Google Scholar 

  14. Pisani P, Berrino F, Macaluso M et al: Carrots, green vegetables and lung cancer: a case-control study. Int J Epidemiol 1986 (15):463–468

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Bond GG, Thompson FE, Cook RR: Dietary vitamin A and lung cancer: results of a case-control study among chemical workers. Nutr Cancer 1987 (9):109–121

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Byers T, Vena J, Mettlin C et al: Dietary vitamin A and lung cancer risk: an analysis by histologic subtypes. Am J Epidemiol 1984 (120):769–776

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Bjelke E: Dietary factors and the epidemiology of cancer of the stomach and large bowel. In: Kasper H (ed) Aktuelle Probleme der klinischen Diatetik. Erkrankungen des Verdauungstraktes. Supplement zu Aktuelle Ernahrungsmedizin. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag,1978 pp 10–17

    Google Scholar 

  18. Tuyns AJ, Riboli E, Doornbos G et al: Diet and esophageal cancer in Calvados (France). Nutr Cancer 1987 (9):81–92

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Stehr PA, Gloninger MF, Kuller LH et al: Dietary vitamin A deficiencies and stomach cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1985 (121):65–70

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Risch HA, Jain M, Choi NW et al: Dietary factors and the incidence of cancer of the stomach. Am J Epidemiol 1985 (122):947–957

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Graham S et al: Results of case-control studies of diet and cancer in Buffalo, New York. Cancer Res 1983 (43 Suppl):2409s–2413s

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Graham S, Humphry B, Marshall J et al: Diet in the epidemiology of carcinoma of the prostate gland. JNCM983(70):687–692

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. La Vecchia C, Franceschi S, Decarli A et al: Dietary vitamin A and the risk of invasive cervical cancer. Int J Cancer 1984 (34):319–322

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Marshall JR, Graham S, Byers T et al: Diet and smoking in the epidemiology of cancer of the cervix. JNCI 1983 (70):847–851

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Wylie-Rosett JA, Romney SL, Slagle NS et al: Influence of vitamin A on cervical dysplasia and carcinoma in situ. Nutr Cancer 1984 (6):49–57

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Colditz GA, Branchl LG, Lipnick RJ et al: Increased green and yellow vegetable intake and lowered cancer deaths in an elderly population. Am J CIin Nutr 1985(41):32–36

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Modan B, Cuckle H, Lubin F: A note on the role of dietary retinol and carotene in human gastrointestinal cancer. Int J Cancer 1981 (28):421–424

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Heshmat MY, Kaul L, Kovi J et al: Nutrition and prostate cancer: a case-control study. Prostate 1985(6):7–17

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Kolonel LN, Hankin JN, Yoshizawa CN: Vitamin A and prostate cancer in elderly men: enhancement of risk. Cancer Res 1987 (47):2982–2985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Nomura AMY, Stemmerman GN, Heilbrun LK et al: Serum vitamin levels and the risk of cancer of specific sites in men of Japanese ancestry in Hawaii. Cancer Res 1985 (45):2369–2372

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Stitch HF, Rosin MP, Vallejera MO: Reduction with vitamin A and beta-carotene administration of proportion of micronucleated buccal mucosa cells in Asian betel nut and tobacco chewers. Lancet 1984(1 ):1204–1206

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Wynder EL, Bross IJ: A study of etiological factors in cancer of the esophagus. Cancer 1961 (14):389– 413

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. van Rensburg SF: Epidemiologic and dietary evidence for a specific nutritional predisposition to esophageal cancer. JNC11981 (67):243–251

    Google Scholar 

  34. Thurnham Dl, Rathakette P, Hambridge KM et al: Riboflavin, vitamin A and zinc status in Chinese subjects in a high-risk area for oesophageal cancer in China. Human Nutr Clin Nutr 1982 (36C):337–349

    Google Scholar 

  35. Zaridze DG, Blettner M, Trapeznikov NN et al: Survey of a population with a high incidence of oral and oesophageal cancer. Int J Cancer 1985 (36):153–158

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Thurnham Dl, Zheng SF, Munoz N et al: Comparison of riboflavin, vitamin A, and zinc status of Chinese populations at high and low risk for esophageal cancer. Nutr Cancer I985 (7):131– 143

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Munoz N, Wahrendorf J, Bang LJ et al: No effect of riboflavine, retinol, and zinc on prevalence of precancerous lesions of oesophagus. Lancet 1985 (2):111–114

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Munoz N, Hayashi M, Bang LJ, Wahrendorf J, Crespi M, Bosch FX: Effect of riboflavin, retinol, and zinc on micronuclei of buccal mucosa and of esophagus: a randomized double-blind intervention study in China. JNCI 1987 (79): 687– 691

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Warwick GP, Harrington JS: Some aspects of the epidemiology and etiology of esophageal cancer with particular emphasis on the Transkei, South Africa. Adv Cancer Res 1973: 81

    Google Scholar 

  40. Meinsma L: Nutrition and cancer. Voeding 1964 (25):357–365

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Higginson J: Etiological factors in gastrointestinal cancer in man. JNCI 1966 (37):527–545

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Haenszel W, Correa P: Developments in the epidemiology of stomach cancer over the past decade. Cancer Res 1975 (35):3452–3459

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Cook-Mozaffari P: The epidemiology of cancer of the oesophagus. Nutr Cancer 1979 (1):51–60

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Cook-Mozaffari PJ, Azordegan F, Day NE et al: Oesophageal cancer studies in the Caspian littoral of Iran: results of a case-control study. Br J Cancer 1979 (39):293–309

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Joint Iran-International Agency for Research on Cancer Study Group: Esophageal cancer studies in the Caspian littoral of Iran; Results of population studies -A prodrome. JNCI 1977 (59):1127–1138

    Google Scholar 

  46. Mettlin C, Graham S, Priore , Marshall J, Swanson M: Diet and cancer of the esophagus. Nutr Cancer 1980 (2):143–147

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Hormozdiari H, Day NE, Aramesh B, Mahboubi E: Dietary factors and esophageal cancer in the Caspian littoral of Iran. Cancer Res 1975 (35):3493–3498

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Jain M, Cook GM, Davis FG et al: A case-control study of diet and colo-rectal cancer. Int J Cancer 1980(26)757–768

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Macquart-Moulin G, Riboli E, Cornee J et al: Casecontrol study on colorectal cancer and diet in Marseilles. Int J Cancer 1986 (38):183–191

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Potter JD, McMichael AJ: Diet and cancer of the colon and rectum: a case-control study. JNCI 1986 (76):557–569

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Kune S, June GA, Watson LF: Case-control study of dietary etiological factors: The Melbourne Colorectal Cancer Study. Nutr Cancer 1987 (9):21– 42

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Tuyns AJ, Haelterman M, Kaaks R: Colorectal cancer and intake of nutrients; oligosaccharides are a risk factor, fats are not. A case-control study in Belgium. Nutr Cancer 1987 (10):181–196

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Graham S, Mettlin C, Marshall J et al: Dietary factors in the epidemiology of cancer of the larynx. Am J Epidemiol 1981 (113):675–680

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Wassertheil-Smoller S, Romney SL, Wylie-Rosett J et al: Dietary vitamin C and uterine cervical dysplasia. Am J Epidemiol 1981 (114):714–724

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Stahelin HB, Rosel F, Buess E et al: Cancer, vitamins and plasma lipids: prospective Basel study. JNCI 1984 (13):1460–1468

    Google Scholar 

  56. Boing H, Martinez L, Frentzel-Beyme R, Oltersdorf U: Regional nutritional pattern and cancer mortality in the Federal Rupublic of Germany. Nutr Cancer 1985(7):121–130

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Wald NJ, Boreham J, Haywood JL et al: Plasma retinol, beta-carotine and vitamin E levels in relation to future risk of breast cancer. Br J Cancer 1984 (49):321–324

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Menkes MS, Comstock GW, Vuilleumier JP et al: Serum beta-carotene, vitamins A and E, and the risk of lung cancer. N Eng J Med 1986 (315):1250– 1254

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Willett WC, Polk BF, Underwood BA et al: Relation of serum vitamins A. and E and carotenoids to the risk of cancer. N Eng J Med 1984 (310):430–434

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Salonen JR, Salonen R, Lappetelainen R et al: Risk of cancer in relation to serum concentrations of selenium and vitamins A and E: matched casecontrol analysis of prospective data. Br Med J 1985 (290):417–420

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Knekt P, Aroma A, Maatela J, Aaran RK, Nikkari T, Hakama M, Hakulinen T, Peto R, Saxen E and Teppo L: Serum vitamin E and risk of cancer among Finnish men during a 10 year follow-up. Am J Epidemiol 1988 (127):28–41

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Graham S, Dayal H, Swanson M et al: Diet in the epidemiology of cancer of the colon and rectum. JNCI 1978(61)709–714

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Haenszel W, Locke FB, Segi M: A case-control study of large bowel cancer in Japan. JNCI 1980 (64): 17–22

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Wattenberg LW: Inhibitors of chemical carcinogens. In: Burchenal JH, Oettgen HF (eds) Cancer: Achievements, Challenges and Prospects for the 1980s. Vol 1. New York: Grune and Stratton, 1981 pp 517–539

    Google Scholar 

  65. Miller AB, Howe GR, Jain M et al: Food items and food groups as risk factors in a case-control study of diet and colo-rectal cancer. Int J Cancer 1983 (32):155–161

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Wargovich MJ, Eng VWS, Newmark HL et al: Calcium ameliorates the toxic effect of decoxycholic acid and colonic epithelium. Carcinogenesis 1983 (4):1205–1207

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Rafer J, Eng VWS, Furrer R et al: The Effect of Calcium and pH on the mucosal damage produced by deoxycholic acid in the rat colon. Gut 1986 (27):1320–1329

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Bird RP, Schneider R, Stamp D et al: Effect of dietary calcium and cholic acid on the proliferation indices of murine colon epithelium. Carcinogenesis 1986 (7):1957–1661

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Bird RP: Effect of dietary components on the pathobiology of colonic epitheliuim: possible relationship with colon tumorigenesis. Lipids 1986 (21)289–291

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Bull A, Bird RP, Bruce JR, Nigro N, Medline A et al: Effect of calcium on azoxymethane induced intestinal tumors in rats. Abstract Am Gastroenterol Assoc. May 10–13, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  71. Lipkin M, Newmark H: Effect of added dietary calcium on colonic epithelial cell proliferation in subjects at high risk for familial colon cancer. New Eng J Med 1985 (313):1381–1384

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Garland C, Shekelle RB, Barrett-Connor E et al: Dietary vitamin D and calcium and risk of colorectal cancer: A 19-year prospective study in men. Lancet 1985 (1):307–309

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Heilbrun LK, Hankin JM, Nomura AMY et al: Colon cancer and dietary fat, phosphorus and calcium in Hawaiian-Japanese men. Am J Clin Nutr 1986 (43):306–309

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Howe GR, Eyssen GM, Miller AB: Calcium intake as a protective factor for large bowel cancer: results of a case-control study. In preparation, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  75. International Agency for Research on Cancer Intestinal Microecology Group. Dietary fibre, transit-time, fecal bacteria, steroids and colon cancer in two Scandinavian populations. Lancet 1977(11)207–211

    Google Scholar 

  76. Jensen OM, MacLennan R, Wahrendorf J (On behalf of the IARC large bowel cancer group): Diet, bowel function, fecal characteristics, and large bowel cancer in Denmark and Finland. Nutr Cancer 1982 (4) :5–19

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Reddy BS, Hedges AR, Laakso K, Wynder EL: Metabolic epidemiology of large bowel cancer. Fecal bulk and constituents of high-risk North American and low-risk Finnish population. Cancer 1978(42):2832–2838

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Eyssen GM, Bright-See E. 1988. Manuscript in preparation

    Google Scholar 

  79. Shamberger RJ, Frost DV: Letter to the Editor: Possible protective effect of selenium against human cancer. Can Med Assoc J 1969 (100):682

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Shamberger RJ, Willis CE: Selenium distribution and human cancer mortality. CRC Crrt Rev Clin Lab Sci 1971 (2):211–221

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Shamberger RJ, Tytko SA, Willis CE: Antioxidants and cancer. Part VI. Selenium and age-adjusted human cancer mortality. Arch Environ Health 1976 (31):231–235

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Cowgill UM: The distribution of selenium and cancer mortality in the continental United States. Biological Trace Element Res 1983 (5):345–361

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Clark LC: The epidemiology of selenium and cancer. Fed Proc 1985 (44):2584–2589

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Schrauzer GN, White DA, Schneider CJ: Cancer mortality correlation studies -III. Statistical associations with dietary selenium intakes. Bioinorg Chem 1977 (7):23–34

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Schrauzer GN, White DA and Schneider CJ: Cancer mortality correlation studies -IV. Associations with dietary intakes and blood levels of certain trace elements, notably Se-antagonists. Bioinorg Chem 1977 (7):35–56

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Broghamer WL Jr, McConnell KP, Blotcky AJ: Relationship between serum selenium levels and patients with carcinoma. Cancer 1976 (37):1384– 1388

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Broghamer WL Jr, McConnell KP, Grimald M et al: Serum selenium and reticuloendothelial tumors. Cancer 1978 (41):1462–1466

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Calautti P, Moschini G, Stievano BM, Tomio L et al: Serum selenium levels in malignant lymphoproliferative diseases. Scand J Haematol 1980(24):63–66

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Clark LC, Graham GF, Crounse RG et al: Plasma selenium and skin neoplasms: a case-control study. Nutr Cancer 1984 (6):12–21

    Google Scholar 

  90. Goodwin WJ, Lane HW, Bradford K et al: Selenium and glutathione peroxidase levels in patients with epidermoid carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx. Cancer 1983 (51):110–115

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. McConnell KP, Broghamer WL Jr, Blotcky AJ et al: Selenium levels in human blood and tissues in health and in disease. J Nutr 1975 (105): 1026– 1031

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. McConnell KP, Jager RM, Bland Kl et al: The relationship of dietary selenium and breast cancer. J Surg Oncol 1980 (15):67–70

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Robinson MF, Godfrey PJ, Thomson CD et al: Blood selenium and glutathione peroxidase activity in normal subjects and in surgical patients with and without cancer in New Zealand. Am J Clin Nutr 1979 (32):1477–1485

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Schrauzer GN, Molenaar T, Mead S et al: Selenium in the blood of Japanese and American women with and without breast cancer and fibrocystic disease. Jpn J Cancer Res (GANN) 1985 (76):374–377

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Shamberger RJ, Rukovena E, Longfield AK et al: Antioxidants and cancer. I. Selenium in the blood of normal and cancer patients. JNCI 1973 (50):863–870

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Sundstrom H, Yrjanheikki E, Kauppila A: Low serum selenium concentration in patients with cervical or endometrial cancer. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1984(22):35–40

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Thimaya S, Ganapath SN: Selenium in human hair in relation to age, diet, pathological condition and serum levels. Sci Total Environ 1982 (24):41–49

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Salonen JR, Alfthan G, Huttunen JK et al: Association between serum selenium and the risk of cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1984 (120):342–349

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Kok FJ, de Bruijn AM, Hofman A et al: Is serum selenium a risk factor for cancer in men only? Am J Epidemiol 1987 (125):12–16

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Willett WC, Morris JS, Pressel S et al: Prediagnostic serum selenium and the risk of cancer. Lancet 1983 (2):130–134

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Willett W: Nutritional epidemiology: issues and challenges. Int J Epidemiol 1987 (16; Suppl):312– 317

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Joossens JV: Stroke, stomach cancer and salt: a possible clue to the prevention of hypertension. In: Kesteloot H, Joossens JV (eds) Epidemiology of Arterial Blood Pressure. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff 1980 pp 489–508

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  103. Joossens JB, Geboers J: Nutrition and gastric cancer. Proc Nutr Soc 1981 (40):37–46

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Joossens JB, Geboers J: Diet and environment in the etiology of gastric cancer. In: Levin B and Riddell RH (eds) Frontiers of Gastrointestinal Cancer. New York: Elsevier 1984 pp 167–183

    Google Scholar 

  105. Tuomilehto J, Geboers J, Joossens JV et al: Trends in stomach cancer and stroke in Finland: comparison to Northwest Europe and USA. Stroke 1984(15):823–828

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Harrington JS: Advances in cancer epidemiology in South Africa. S Afr Cancer Bull 1981 (25):9–18

    Google Scholar 

  107. Walker AR: Changing disease patterns in South Africa. S Afr Med J 1982 (61):126–129

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Whelton PK, Goldblatt P: An investigation of the relationship between stomach cancer and cerebrovascular disease: evidence for and against the salt hypothesis. Am J Epidemiol 1982 (115):418–427

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Howson CP, Hiyama T, Wynder EL: The decline in gastric cancer: epidemiology of an unplanned triumph. Epidemiol Rev 1986 (8): 1–27

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Kono S, Ikeda M, Ogata M: Salt and geographical mortality of gastric cancer and stroke in Japan. J Epid Comm Hlth 1983 (37):43–46

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Correa P, Montes G, Cuello C et al: Urinary sodium-to-creatinine ratio as an indicator of gastric cancer risk. NCI Monogr 1985 (69):121–123

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Correa P, Haenszel W, Cuello C et al: A model for gastric cancer epidemiology. Lancet 1975 (2):58– 60

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Correa P, Cuello C, Fajardo LF et al: Diet and gastric cancer: nutrition survey of a high-risk area. JNCM983(70):673-678

    Google Scholar 

  114. Bjelke E: Epidemiologic studies of cancer of the stomach, colon, and rectum. Scand J Gastroenterol 1974 (9 Suppl 31):1–235

    Google Scholar 

  115. Sato T, Fukuyama T, Suzuki T et al: Studies of the causation of gastric cancer: intake of highly brined foods in several places with high mortality rate in Europe. Jpn Bull Inst Publ Health 1961 (10):9–17

    Google Scholar 

  116. Hara J, Sakata K, Nagai M et al: Statistical analyses on the pattern of food consumption and digestive-tract cancers in Japan. Nutr Cancer 1985(6):220–228

    Article  Google Scholar 

  117. Hirayama T: Diet and Cancer. Nutr Cancer 1979 (1):67–81

    Article  Google Scholar 

  118. Ishiwata H, Boriboon P, Nakamura Y et al: Studies in vivo formation of nitroso compounds. II. Changes of nitrite and nitrate concentrations in human saliva after ingestion of vegetables on sodium nitrate. J Food Hyg Soc Jpn 1975 (16):19– 24

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Sato T, Fukuyama T, Suzuki T et al: Studies of the causation of gastric cancer. II. The relation between gastric cancer mortality rate and salted food intake in several places in Japan. Jpn Bull Inst Publ Health 1959 (8):187–198

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Haenszel W, Kurihara M, Segi M et al: Stomach cancer among Japanese in Hawaii. JNCI 1972 (49):969–988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Kolonel LN, Hinds MW, Hankin JH: Cancer patterns among migrant and native-born Japanese in Hawaii in relation to smoking, drinking, and dietary habits. In: Gelboin HB, MacMahon B, Matsushmi T et al (eds) Genetic and Environmental Factors in Experimental and Human Cancer. Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium of the Princess Takamatsu Cancer Research Fund (1979). Tokyo: Japan Scientific Societies Press 1980 pp 327–340

    Google Scholar 

  122. Alderson M: International mortality statistics. New York: Facts on File Inc 1981

    Google Scholar 

  123. Kodama N, Saito H, Yamaizumi Z: Formation of alkylureas in the environment. In: Bartsch H, O’Neill IK, Castegnaro M et al: N-nitroso compounds: occurrence and biological effects. IARC Sci Publ 1982 (41):131–136

    Google Scholar 

  124. Takahashi M: Enhancing effect of a high salt diet on gastrointestinal carcinogenesis. Gan No Rinsho 1986(32):667–673

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Hanawa K, Yamada S, Suzuki H et al: Effects of sodium chloride on gastric cancer induction by N-methyl-N’-nitro-nitrosoguandine (MNNG) in rats. In: Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Cancer Association. Tokyo: Japanese Cancer Association 1980 p 49

    Google Scholar 

  126. Ohgaki H, Kato T, Morion K et al: Study of the promoting effect of sodium chloride on gastric carcinogenesis by N-methyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in inbred Wistar rats. Gann 1984 (75):1053–1057

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Takahashi M, Kokubo T, Furukawa F et al: Effect of high salt diet on rat gastric carcinogenesis induced by N-methyl-N’-nitro-N-nitroso-guanidine. Gann 1983(74):28–34

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Correa P: Precursors of gastric and esophageal cancer. Cancer 1982 (50):2554–2565

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Snowdon DA, Phillips RJ: Coffee consumption and risk of fatal concers. Am J Publ Health 1984 (74):820–826

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Jacobson BD, Bjelke E, Kvale G et al: Coffee drinking mortality, and cancer incidence: results from a Norwegian prospective study. JNCI 1986 (76):823–831

    Google Scholar 

  131. Nomura A, Heilbrun LK, Stemmermann GN: Prospective study of coffee consumption and the risk of bladder cancer. JNCI 1986 (76) 587–590

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Cole P: Coffee drinking and cancer of the lower urinary tract. Lancet 1971 (1):1335–1337

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Fraumeni JF, Scotto J, Dunham LJ: Coffee drinking and bladder cancer. Lancet 1971 (2): 1204

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Simon D, Yen S, Cole P: Coffee drinking and cancer of the lower urinary tract. JNCI 1975 (54):587–591

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Howe GR, Burch JD, Miller AB et al: Tobacco use, occupation, coffee, various nutrients, and bladder cancer. JNCI 1980 (64):701–713

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Mettlin C, Graham S: Dietary risk factors in human bladder cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1979 (110):255– 263

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Morrison AS, Buring JE, Verhoek WG et al: Coffee drinking and cancer of the lower urinary tract. JNCI 1982(68):91–94

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Jensen OM, Wahrendorf J, Knudsen JB, Sorenson BL: The Copenhagen case-control study of bladder cancer. II. The effect of coffee and other beverages. Int J Cancer 1986 (37):651–657

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Ohno Y, Aoki K, Obata K et al: Case-control study of urinary bladder cancer in metropolitan Nagoya. NCI Monogr 1985 (69):229–234

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Risch HA, Burch JD, Miller AB et al: Dietary factors and the incidence of cancer of the urinary bladder. Am J Epidemiol 1988 (127):1179–1191

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Kabat GF, Diech GS, Wynder EL: Bladder cancer in nonsmokers. Cancer 1986 (57):362–367

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Rebelakos A, Trichopoulos E, Tzonouo A et al: Tobacco smoking, coffee drinking, and occupation as risk factors for bladder cancer in Greece. JNCI 1985(75):455–461

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Marrett LD, Walter SD, Meigs JW: Coffee drinking and bladder cancer in Connecticut. Am J Epidemiol 1983 (117):113–122

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Hartge P, Hoover R, West DW et al: Coffee drinking and risk of bladder cancer. JNCI 1983 (70):1021– 1026

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Binstock M, Krakow D, Stamler J et ai: Coffee and pancreatic cancer: an analysis of international mortality data. Am J Epidemiol 1983 (118):680–684

    Google Scholar 

  146. Whittemore AS, Paffenbarger RS, Anderson K et al: Early precursors of pancreatic cancer in college men. J Chron Dis 1983 (36):251–256

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Heuch I, Kvale G, Jacobsen BK et al: Use of alcohol, tobacco and coffee. Br J Cancer 1983 (48):637–643

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. MacMahon B, Yen S, Trichopoulos D et al: Coffee and cancer of the pancreas. N Eng J Med 1981 (304):630–633

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Hsieh C, MacMahon B, Yen S et al: Coffee and pancreatic cancer, chapter 2. N Eng J Med 1986 (315):584–588

    Article  Google Scholar 

  150. Gold LN, Gordis L, Diener MD et al: Diet and other risk factors for cancer of the pancreas. Cancer 1985(55):460–467

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Mack TM, Yu MC, Hanisch R et al: Pancreas cancer and smoking, beverage consumption, and past medical history. JNCI 1986 (74):569–573

    Google Scholar 

  152. Norrell SE, Ahlbom A, Erwald R et al: Diet and pancreatic cancer: a case-control study. Am J Epidemiol 1986 (124):894–902

    Google Scholar 

  153. Wynder EL, Hall NE, Polansky M: Epidemiology of coffee and pancreatic cancer. Cancer Res 1983 (43):3300–3306

    Google Scholar 

  154. Lubin F, Ron E, Wax Y: Coffee and methylxanthines and breast cancer: A casecontrol study. JNCI 1985 (74):569–573

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Rosenberg L, Miller DR, Helmrich SP et al: Breast cancer and the consumption of coffee. Am J Epidemiol 1980 (122):391–399

    Google Scholar 

  156. Le MG: Coffee consumption, benign breast disease, and breast cancer (Letter to the editor). Am J Epidemiol 1985 (122):721

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. La Vecchia CS, Franceschi S, Decarli A et al: Coffee drinking and risk of epithelial overian cancer. Int J Cancer 1984 (33):559–562

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Trichopoulos D, Papapostolou M, Polychronopoulou A: Coffee and ovarian cancer. Int J Cancer 1981 (28):691–693

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Byers T, Marshall J, Graham S et al: A casecontrol study of dietary and nondietary factors in ovarian cancer. JNCI 1983 (71):681–686

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Miller DR, Rosenberg L, Kaufman DL et al: Epithelial ovarian cancer and coffee drinking. Int J Epidemiol 1987 (16):13–17

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Heilbrun LK, Nomura A, Stemmermann GN: Black tea consumption and cancer risk: A prospective study. Br J Cancer 1986 (54):677–683

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Kinlen LJ, McPherson K: Pancreas cancer and coffee and tea consumption. A case control study. Br J Cancer 1984(49):93

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Miller CT, Neutel CI, Nair RC et al: Relative importance of risk factors in bladder carcinogenesis. J Chron Dis 1978 (31):51–56

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Morgan RW, Jain MG: Bladder cancer: Smoking, beverages and artificial sweeteners. Can Med Assoc J 1974 (111 ):1067–1070

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Sullivan JW: Epidemiologic survey of bladder cancer in greater New Orleans. J Urol 1982 (128):281–283

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Stocks P: Cancer mortality in relation to national consumption of cigarettes, solid food, tea and coffee. Br J Cancer 1970 (24):215

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Phillips RL, Snowdon DA: Dietary relationship with fatal colorectal cancer among Seventh-Day Adventists. JNCI 1985 (74):307

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Tajima A, Tominaga S: Dietary habits and gastrointestinal cancers: a comparative casecontrol study of stomach and large intestinal cancers in Nagoya, Japan. Jap J Cancer Res 1985 (76):705

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Burbank F, Fraumeni JF: Synthetic sweetener consumption and bladder cancer trends in the United States. Nature 1970 (227):296–297

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Armstrong B, Doll R: Bladder cancer mortality in England and Wales in relation to cigarette smoking and saccharin consumption. Br J Prev Soc Med 1974(28):233–240

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Kessler II: Cancer Mortality among diabetics. JNCI 1970(44):673–686

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Kessler II: Non-nutritive sweeteners and human bladder cancer. Preliminary findings. J Urol 1976 (115):143–146

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Kessler II, Clark JP: Saccharin, cyclamate, and human bladder cancer: no evidence of an association. J Am Med Assoc 1978 (240):349–355

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Howe GR, Burch JD, Miller AB et al: Artificial sweeteners and human bladder cancer. Lancet 1977(2):578–581

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Hoover RN, Strasser P: Artificial sweeteners in human bladder cancer. Preliminary results. Lancet 1980(91):837–840

    Article  Google Scholar 

  176. Cartwright RA, Adib R, Glashan R, Gray BK: The epidemiology of bladder cancer in West Yorkshire. A preliminary report on non-occupational aetiologies. Carcinogenesis 1981 (2):343–347

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Jensen OM, Knudsen JB, Sorensen BL et al: Artificial sweeteners and absence of bladder risk in Copenhagen. Int J Cancer 1983 (32):577–582

    Article  Google Scholar 

  178. Morrison AS, Buring JE: Artificial sweeteners and cancer of the lower urinary tract. N Eng J Med 1980 (302):537–541

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Morrison AS, Verhoek WG, Leck I et al: Artificial sweeteners and bladder cancer in Manchester, U.K. and Nagoya, Japan. Br J Cancer 1982 (45):332–336

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Najem GR, Louris DB, Seebode JJ et al: Lifetime occupation, smoking, caffeine, saccharin, hair dyes, and bladder carcinogenesis. Int J Epidemiol 1982(11):212–217

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Wynder EL, Stellman SD: Artificial sweetener use and bladder cancer: a case control study. Science 1980(207):1214–1216

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. National Research Council. The Health Effects of Nitrate, Nitrite, and N-Nitroso Compounds-Part I of a 2-Part Study. Washington, DC: National Academy Press 1981

    Google Scholar 

  183. Magee PN, Barnes JM: Carcinogenic nitroso compounds. Adv Cancer Res 1967 (10):163–246

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Rao TK, Lijinsky W, Epler JL (eds) Genotoxicology of N-nitroso Compounds. New York: Plenum Press 1984

    Google Scholar 

  185. Lijinsky W: The significance of N-nitroso compounds as environmental carcinogens. J Env Sci Health 1986 (C4):1–45

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Armijo R, Coulson AH: Epidemiology of stomach cancer in Chile -The role of nitrogen fertilizers. Int J Epidemiol 1975 (4):301–309

    Article  Google Scholar 

  187. Armijo R, Gonzalez A, Orellana M et al: Epidemology of gastric cancer in Chile. II. Nitrate exposures and stomach cancer frequency. Int J Epidemiol 1981 (10):57–62

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Cuello C, Correa P, Haenszel W et al: Gastric cancer in Columbia. I. Cancer risk and suspect environmental agents. JNCI 1976 (57):1015–1020

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Haenszel W, Kurihara M, Segi M, Lee RKC: Stomach cancer among Japanese in Hawaii. JNCI 1972(49):969–988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Wynder EL, Onderdonk J, Mantel N: An epidemiology investigation of cancer of the bladder. Cancer 1963 (16):1388–1407

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Radomski JL, Greenwald D, Hearn WL et al: Nitrosamine formation in the bladder infections and its role in the etiology of bladder cancer. J Urol 1978(120):48–58

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Yang CS: Research on esophageal cancer in China. Cancer Res 1980 (40):2633–2644

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Lu SH, Montesano R, Zhang MW et al: Relevance of N-nitrosamines to esophageal cancer in China. J Clin Physiol 1986 (4):51 -58

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Choi NW, Entwistle DW, Michaluk W: Gastric cancer in Icelanders in Manitoba. Isr J Med Sci (7):1500-1508

    Google Scholar 

  195. Kriebel D, Jowett D: Stomach cancer mortality in the north central states -high risk is not limited to the foreign-born. Nutr Cancer 1979 (1):8–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  196. Lijinsky W, Shubik P: Benzo[a]pyrene and other polynuclear hydrocarbons in charcoal-broiled meat. Science 1964 (145):53–55

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Correa P, Fontham E, Pickle LW et al: Dietary determinants of gastric cancer in South Louisiana inhabitants. JNCI 1985 (75):645–654

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Linsell CA, Peers FG: Aflatoxin and liver cell cancer. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1977 (71):471– 473

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Oettle AG: The etiology of primary carcinoma of the liver in Africa: A critical appraisal of previous ideas with an outline of the mycotoxin hypothesis. S Afr Med J 1965 (39):817–825

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. Keen P, Martin P: The toxicity and fungal infestation of food-stuffs in Swaziland in relation to harvesting and storage. Trop Geogr Med 1971 (23):35–43

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Alpert ME, Hutt MSR, Wogan GN, Davidson CS: Association between aflatoxin content of food and hepatoma frequency in Uganda. Cancer 1971 (28):253–260

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Peers FG, Gilman GA, Linsell CA: Dietary aflatoxins and human liver cancer: A study in Swaziland. Int J Cancer 1976 (17):167–176

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Peers F, Bosch X, Kaldor J et al: Aflatoxin exposure, hepatitus B virus infection and liver cancer in Swaziland. Int J Cancer 1987 (150):545– 553

    Article  Google Scholar 

  204. Peers FG, Linsell CA: Dietary aflatoxins and liver cancer. A population-based study in Kenya. Br J Cancer 1973 (27):473–484

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. van Rensburg SJ, van der Watt, Purchase IFH et al: Primary liver cancer rate and aflatoxin intake in a high cancer area. S Afr Med J 1974 (48):2508a 2508d

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  206. van Rensburg SJ, Cook-Mozaffari P, Van Schalkwyk DJ et al: Hepatocellular carcinoma and dietary aflatoxin in Mozambique and Transkei. Br J Cancer 1985 (51):713–726

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  207. Shank RC, Bhamarapravati N, Gordon JE, Wogan GN: Dietary aflatoxins and human liver cancer. IV. Incidence of primary liver cancer in the municipal populations of Thailand. Food Cosmet Toxicol 1972 (10):171–179

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Shank RC, Gordan JE, Wogan GN et al: Dietary aflatoxins and human liver cancer. III. Field survey or rural Thai families for ingested aflatoxins. Food Cosmet Toxicol 1972 (10):71 -84

    Article  Google Scholar 

  209. Wogan GN: Dietary factors and special epidemiological situations of liver cancer in Thailand and Africa. Cancer Res 1975 (35):3499– 3502

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Armstrong B: The epidemiology of cancer in the People’s Republic of China. Int J Epidemiol 1980 (9):305–315

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Tung TC, Ling K.H: Study on aflatoxin of food stuffs in Taiwan. Vitaminol J 1968 (14 Suppl):48–52

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Yen FS, Shen KN: Epidemiology and early diagnosis of primary liver cancer in China. Adv Cancer Res 1986 (47):297–329

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Bulatao-Jame J, Almero EM, Castro MC et al: A case-control study of primary liver cancer risk from aflatoxin exposure. Int J Epidemiol 1982 (11):112– 119

    Article  Google Scholar 

  214. Ayoola EA: Synergism between hepatitis B virus and aflatoxin in hepatocellular carcinoma. IARC Sci Publ 1984 (63): 167–179

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  215. Beasley RP, Hwang L, Lin C et al: Hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatitis B virus. Lancet 1981 (2):1129–1133

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. Chien MC, Tong MJ, Lo KJ et al: Hepatitis B viral markers in patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma in Taiwan. JNCI 1981 (66):475–479

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  217. Prince AN, Szumess W, Michon J et al: A casecontrol study of the association between primary liver cancer and hepatitis B infection in Senegal. Int J Cancer 1975 (16):376–383

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  218. Stora C, Dvorackova I: Aflatoxin viral hepatitis and primary liver cancer. J Med Clin Exp Theor 1987 (18):23–41

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. Sun T, Chu J: Carcinogenesis and prevention strategy of liver cancer in areas differing in prevalence. J Cell Physiol 1984 (3 Suppl):39–44

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. Yeh FS, Mo CC, Yen RC: Risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in Guangxi Peoples Republic of China. NCI Monogr 1985 (69):47–48

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada

    A. B. Miller

Authors
  1. A. B. Miller
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, University of Toronto, 12 Queens Park Cres. West 4th Floor McMurrich Building, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada

    Anthony B. Miller

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1989 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Miller, A.B. (1989). Vitamins, Minerals and Other Dietary Factors. In: Miller, A.B. (eds) Diet and the Aetiology of Cancer. ESO Monographs. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74376-4_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74376-4_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-74378-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-74376-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation