Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Mitral Valve Surgery

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Heart Valve Surgery

  • 2022 Accesses

Abstract

Closed-heart mitral commissurotomies followed later by open-heart commissurotomies and mitral valve replacements were the most frequent valve procedures from the 1950s to the 1970s. Aortic valve surgery gradually has become the more frequent procedure and the number of mitral procedures has slowly decreased. Presently, operation for a rheumatic mitral stenosis is relatively rare. Th e reason is that rheumatic mitral stenosis is becoming very rare in developed countries, and when it does occur, the patients who were formerly candidates for surgical commissurotomy are now treated by percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty. Only the relatively few patients who do not meet the echocardiographic criteria for percutaneous intervention, because of heavy calcifi cations and/or coexistent mitral incompetence, are indicated for surgical treatment. Nevertheless, mitral valve surgery has been constantly developing, due mainly to the increasing number of patients who need surgical treatment for a signifi cant mitral regurgitation. Th e etiology of mitral regurgitation is predominantly degenerative or ischemic, and the majority of these valves are eligible for repair.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Galloway AC, Schwartz CF, Ribakove GH et al. (2009) A decade of minimally invasive mitral repair: long-term outcomes. Ann Thorac Surg 88:1180–1184

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Modi P, Hassan A, Chitwood WR Jr (2008) Minimally invasive mitral valve surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 34:943–952

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Seeburger J, Borger MA, Falk V et al. (2008) Minimal invasive mitral valve repair for mitral regurgitation: results of 1339 consecutive patients. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 34:760–765

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Suzuki Y, Pagani FD, Bolling SF (2008) Left thoracotomy for multiple-time redo mitral valve surgery using on-pump beating heart technique. Ann Thorac Surg 86:466–471

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Thompson MJ, Behranwala A, Campanella C et al. (2003) Immediate and long-term results of mitral prosthetic replacement using a right thoracotomy beating heart technique. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 24:47–51

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Loulmet DF, Patel NC, Jennings JM et al. (2008) Less invasive intracardiac surgery performed without aortic clamping. Ann Thorac Surg 85:1551–1555

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Umakanthan R, Leacche M, Petracek MR et al. (2008) Safety of minimally invasive mitral valve surgery without aortic crossclamp. Ann Thorac Surg 85:1544–1550

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Lazzara RR, Kidwell FE (1998) Right parasternal incision: a uniform minimally invasive approach for valve operations. Ann Thorac Surg 65:271–272

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Nair RU, Sharpe DA (1998) Limited lower sternotomy for minimally invasive mitral valve replacement. Ann Thorac Surg 65:273–274

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Pifarre R, Balderman S, Sullivan HJ et al. (1982) Technique to facilitate mitral valve exposure. Ann Thorac Surg 33:92–93

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Alfieri O, Sandrelli L, Pardini A et al. (1991) Optimal exposure of the mitral valve through an extended vertical transeptal approach. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 5:294–299

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Guiraudon GM, Ofiesh JG, Kaushik R (1991) Extended vertical transatrial septal approach to the mitral valve. Ann Thorac Surg 52:1058–1062

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Smith CR (1992) Septal–superior exposure of the mitral valve. The transplant approach. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 103:623– 628

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Berreklouw E, Ercan H, Schonberger JP (1991) Combined superior–transseptal approach to the left atrium. Ann Thorac Surg 51:293–295

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Garcia-Villarreal OA, Gonzalez-Oviedo R, Rodriguez-Gonzalez H et al. (2003) Superior septal approach for mitral valve surgery: a word of caution. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 24:862–867

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Gaudino M, Alessandrini F, Glieca F et al. (1997) Conventional left atrial versus superior septal approach for mitral valve replacement. Ann Thorac Surg 63:1123–1127

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Misawa Y, Fuse K, Kawahito K et al. (1999) Conduction disturbances after superior septal approach for mitral valve repair. Ann Thorac Surg 68:1262–1265

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Dubost C, Guilmet D, Parades B de et al. (1966) New technic of opening of the left auricle in open-heart surgery: the transseptal bi-auricular approach. Presse Med 74:1607–1608 [in French]

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Khonsari S, Sintek CF (1990) Transatrial approach revisited. Ann Thorac Surg 50:1002–1003

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Zacek P, Harrer J, Dominik J et al. (2010) Modified hockeystick approach to the mitral valve. J Card Surg 25:26–27

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Legare JF, Buth KJ, Arora RC et al. (2003) The dome of the left atrium: an alternative approach for mitral valve repair. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 23:272–276

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Meyer BW, Verska JJ, Lindesmith GG et al. (1965) Open repair of mitral valve lesions: the superior approach. Ann Thorac Surg 92:453–457

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Richi AA, Sade RM, May MG et al. (1981) Repair of left atrial abnormalities in children by the superior approach. Ann Thorac Surg 31:433–436

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Vijayanagar R, Bognolo DA, Eckstein PF et al. (1985) Advantages of superior approach for mitral valve surgery. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 26:426–432

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Carmichael MJ, Cooley DA, Favor AS (1983) Aortic and mitral valve replacement through a single transverse aortotomy: a useful approach in difficult mitral valve exposure. Tex Heart Inst J 10:415–419

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Kanu C et al. (2006) ACC/AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease. A report of the American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (writing committee to revise the 1998 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease); developed in collaboration with the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists; endorsed by the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Circulation 114:e84–e231

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Vahanian A, Baumgartner H, Bax J et al. (2007) Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease: The Task Force on the Management of Valvular Heart Disease of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 28:230–268

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Westaby S (1997) Development of surgery for valvular heart disease. In: Westaby S (ed) Landmarks in cardiac surgery. ISIS Medical Media, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  29. John S, Bashi VV, Jairaj PS et al. (1983) Closed mitral valvotomy: early results and long-term follow-up of 3724 consecutive patients. Circulation 68:891–896

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Tutun U, Ulus AT, Aksoyek AI et al. (2003) The place of closed mitral valvotomy in the modern cardiac surgery era. J Heart Valve Dis 12:585–591

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Carpentier A (1983) Cardiac valve surgery: the “French correction.” J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 86:323–337

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Lillehei CW, Levy MJ, Bonnabeau RC Jr (1964) Mitral valve replacement with preservation of papillary muscles and chordae tendinae. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 47:532–543

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. David TE, Strauss HD, Mesher E et al. (1981) Is it important to preserve the chordae tendinae and papillary muscles during mitral valve replacement? Can J Surg 24:236–239

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Hetzer R, Bougioukas G, Franz M et al. (1983) Mitral valve replacement with preservation of papillary muscles and chordae tendinae: revival of a seemingly forgotten concept. I. Preliminary clinical report. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 31:291–296

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Choh JH (1997) Preservation of anterior and posterior leaflet in mitral valve replacement with a tilting-disc valve. Ann Thorac Surg 64:271–273

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Kuralay E, Demirkilic U, Gunay C et al. (2002) Mitral valve replacement with bileaflet preservation: a modified technique. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 22:630–632

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Miki S, Kusuhara K, Ueda Y et al. (1988) Mitral valve replacement with preservation of chordae tendinae and papillary muscles. Ann Thorac Surg 45:28–34

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Sasaki H, Ihashi K (2003) Chordal-sparing mitral valve replacement: pitfalls and techniques to prevent complications. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 24:650–652

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Soga Y, Nishimura K, Yamazaki K et al. (2003) Simplified chordal reconstruction: “oblique” placement of artificial chordae tendinae in mitral valve replacement. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 24:653–655

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Vucinic M (1993) Suspension of the papillary muscles during valve replacement for mitral stenosis. J Heart Valve Dis 2:311–314

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Dumesnil JG, Pibarot P (2006) Prosthesis–patient mismatch and clinical outcomes: the evidence continues to accumulate. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 131:952–955

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Magne J, Mathieu P, Dumesnil JG et al. (2007) Impact of prosthesis–patient mismatch on survival after mitral valve replacement. Circulation 115:1417–1425

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Azariades M, Lennox SC (1988) Rupture of the posterior wall of the left ventricle after mitral valve replacement: etiological and technical considerations. Ann Thorac Surg 46:491–494

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Fuente A de la, Agudo O, Sanchez R et al. (1999) Repair of left ventricular rupture after mitral valve replacement: use of a Teflon patch and glue. Ann Thorac Surg 67:1802–1803

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Gosalbez F, Linera FA de, Cofino JL et al. (1981) Isolated mitral valve replacement and ventricular rupture: presentation of 6 patients. Ann Thorac Surg 31:105–110

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Bortolotti U, Livi U, Mazzucco A et al. (1981) Successful treatment of intraoperative rupture of the left ventricle after mitral valve replacement: report of a case and review of the literature. Int Surg 66:345–347

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Deniz H, Sokullu O, Sanioglu S et al. (2008) Risk factors for posterior ventricular rupture after mitral valve replacement: results of 2560 patients. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 34:780–784

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Carpentier AF, Pellerin M, Fuzellier JF et al. (1996) Extensive calcification of the mitral valve anulus: pathology and surgical management. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 111:718–730

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. d'Alessandro C, Vistarini N, Aubert S et al. (2007) Mitral annulus calcification: determinants of repair feasibility, early and late surgical outcome. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 32:596–603

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Nili M, Salomon J, Halevi A et al. (1981) Left ventricular rupture after mitral valve replacement. Report of two cases and a review of the literature. Scand J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 15:235–238

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Craver JM, Jones EL, Guyton RA et al. (1985) Avoidance of transverse midventricular disruption following mitral valve replacement. Ann Thorac Surg 40:163–171

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Levine RA, Schwammenthal E (2005) Ischemic mitral regurgitation on the threshold of a solution: from paradoxes to unifying concepts. Circulation 112:745–758

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Yamaguchi H, Eishi K (2007) Surgical treatment of active infective mitral valve endocarditis. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 13:150–155

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Chenot F, Montant P, Vancraeynest D et al. (2009) Long-term clinical outcome of mitral valve repair in asymptomatic severe mitral regurgitation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 36:539–545

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Kang DH, Kim MJ, Kang SJ et al. (2006) Mitral valve repair versus revascularization alone in the treatment of ischemic mitral regurgitation. Circulation 114:1499–1503

    Google Scholar 

  56. Srivastava AR, Banerjee A, Jacob S et al. (2007) Should patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting with mild to moderate ischaemic mitral regurgitation also undergo mitral valve repair or replacement? Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 6:538–546

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Enriquez-Sarano M, Avierinos JF, Messika-Zeitoun D et al. (2005) Quantitative determinants of the outcome of asymptomatic mitral regurgitation. N Engl J Med 352:875–883

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Otto CM, Salerno CT (2005) Timing of surgery in asymptomatic mitral regurgitation. N Engl J Med 352:928–929

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Suri RM, Grewal J, Mankad S et al. (2009) Is the anterior intertrigonal distance increased in patients with mitral regurgitation due to leaflet prolapse? Ann Thorac Surg 88:1202–1208

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Adams DH, Anyanwu AC, Rahmanian PB et al. (2006) Large annuloplasty rings facilitate mitral valve repair in Barlow's disease. Ann Thorac Surg 82:2096–2101

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Silberman S, Klutstein MW, Sabag T et al. (2009) Repair of ischemic mitral regurgitation: comparison between flexible and rigid annuloplasty rings. Ann Thorac Surg 87:1721–1727

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Fasol R, Meinhart J, Deutsch M et al. (2004) Mitral valve repair with the Colvin–Galloway Future Band. Ann Thorac Surg 77:1985–1988

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Gorton ME, Piehler JM, Killen DA et al. (1993) Mitral valve repair using a flexible and adjustable annuloplasty ring. Ann Thorac Surg 55:860–863

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. McCarthy PM, McGee EC, Rigolin VH et al. (2008) Initial clinical experience with Myxo-ETlogix mitral valve repair ring. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 136:73–81

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Gillinov AM, Tantiwongkosri K, Blackstone EH et al. (2009) Is prosthetic annuloplasty necessary for durable mitral valve repair? Ann Thorac Surg 88:76–82

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Burr LH, Krayenbuhl C, Sutton MS (1977) The mitral plication suture: a new technique of mitral valve repair. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 73:589–595

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Matsuda H, Shintani H, Taniguchi K et al. (1997) Semicircular suture annuloplasty for mitral regurgitation: appraisal of the Paneth–Burr method. J Heart Valve Dis 6:48–53

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Nagy ZL, Peterffy A (2000) Mitral annuloplasty with a suture technique. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 18:739–741

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Kay EB, Nogueira C, Head LR et al. (1958) Surgical treatment of mitral insufficiency. J Thorac Surg 36:677–690

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Wooler GH, Nixon PG, Grimshaw VA et al. (1962) Experiences with the repair of the mitral valve in mitral incompetence. Thorax 17:49–57

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Gillinov AM, Cosgrove DM III (2001) Modified quadrangular resection for mitral valve repair. Ann Thorac Surg 72:2153–2154

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Gillinov AM, Cosgrove DM III (1999) Modified sliding leaflet technique for repair of the mitral valve. Ann Thorac Surg 68:2356–2357

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Calafiore AM, Mauro M di, Actis-Dato G et al. (2006) Longitudinal plication of the posterior leaflet in myxomatous disease of the mitral valve. Ann Thorac Surg 81:1909–1910

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Perier P, Hohenberger W, Lakew F et al. (2008) Toward a new paradigm for the reconstruction of posterior leaflet prolapse: midterm results of the “respect rather than resect” approach. Ann Thorac Surg 86:718–725

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Tabata M, Ghanta RK, Shekar PS et al. (2008) Early and midterm outcomes of folding valvuloplasty without leaflet resection for myxomatous mitral valve disease. Ann Thorac Surg 86:1388–1390

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Crescenzi G, Landoni G, Zangrillo A et al. (2009) Management and decision-making strategy for systolic anterior motion after mitral valve repair. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 137:320–325

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Filsoufi F, Carpentier A (2007) Systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 134:265–266

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Zegdi R, Carpentier A, Doguet F et al. (2005) Systolic anterior motion after mitral valve repair: an exceptional cause of late failure. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 130:1453–1454

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Quigley RL (2005) Prevention of systolic anterior motion after repair of the severely myxomatous mitral valve with an anterior leaflet valvuloplasty. Ann Thorac Surg 80:179–182

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Brown ML, Abel MD, Click RL et al. (2007) Systolic anterior motion after mitral valve repair: Is surgical intervention necessary? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 133:136–143

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. George KM, Gillinov AM (2008) Posterior leaflet shortening to correct systolic anterior motion after mitral valve repair. Ann Thorac Surg 86:1699–1700

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Mascagni R, Al Attar N, Lamarra M et al. (2005) Edge-to-edge technique to treat post-mitral valve repair systolic anterior motion and left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Ann Thorac Surg 79:471–474

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Alfieri O, Bonis M de, Lapenna E et al. (2004) “Edge-to-edge” repair for anterior mitral leaflet prolapse. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 16:182–187

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Maisano F, Torracca L, Oppizzi M et al. (1998) The edge-to-edge technique: a simplified method to correct mitral insufficiency. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 13:240–246

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Fundaro P, Mattia DG di, Salati M et al. (1997) Free edge suture plication and remodeling: a technique for anterior mitral leaflet prolapse repair. Ann Thorac Surg 63:1186–1188

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Fundaro P, Moneta A, Villa E et al. (2001) Chordal plication and free edge remodeling for mitral anterior leaflet prolapse repair: 8-year follow-up. Ann Thorac Surg 72:1515–1519

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Fattouch K, Bianco G, Sbraga F et al. (2007) Simple, safe and easy technique to ensure the correct length of artificial chordae in mitral valve repair. Ann Thorac Surg 83:1902–1903

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Kasegawa H, Shimokawa T, Shibazaki I et al. (2006) Mitral valve repair for anterior leaflet prolapse with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene sutures. Ann Thorac Surg 81:1625–1631

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Kuntze T, Borger MA, Falk V et al. (2008) Early and mid-term results of mitral valve repair using premeasured Gore-Tex loops (“loop technique”). Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 33:566–572

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Ishikawa S, Ueda K, Kawasaki A et al. (2008) Papillary muscle sandwich plasty for ischemic mitral regurgitation: a new simple technique. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 135:1384–1386

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Tanemoto K (2005) Surgical treatment of ischemic mitral valve regurgitation. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 11:228–231

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Acar C, Ibarra JS de, Lansac E (2004) Anterior leaflet augmentation with autologous pericardium for mitral repair in rheumatic valve insufficiency. J Heart Valve Dis 13:741–746

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Aubert S, Flecher E, Rubin S et al. (2007) Anterior mitral leaflet augmentation with autologous pericardium. Ann Thorac Surg 83:1560–1561

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Chauvaud S, Fuzellier JF, Berrebi A et al. (2001) Long-term (29 years) results of reconstructive surgery in rheumatic mitral valve insufficiency. Circulation 104:112–115

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. Romano MA, Patel HJ, Pagani FD et al. (2005) Anterior leaflet repair with patch augmentation for mitral regurgitation. Ann Thorac Surg 79:1500–1504

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Cardiac Surgery, Charles University in Prague, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic

    Dr. Jan Dominik & Dr. Pavel Zacek

Authors
  1. Dr. Jan Dominik
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Dr. Pavel Zacek
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Pavel Zacek .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Dominik, J., Zacek, P. (2010). Mitral Valve Surgery. In: Heart Valve Surgery. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12206-4_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12206-4_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-12205-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-12206-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation