Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Pathogenesis of Some Controversial Non-arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy Clinical Entities

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Ischemic Optic Neuropathies

Abstract

There are some cases of non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NA-AION) whose very existence, nature and pathogeneses have been controversial and require detailed discussion.

For a complete bibliography and detailed review of previously published studies in the literature on the subject, please refer to bibliography in previous publications listed here.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Hayreh SS. Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. V: optic disc edema an early sign. Arch Ophthalmol. 1981;99(6):1030–40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Hayreh SS, Zimmerman MB. Incipient nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Ophthalmology. 2007;114(9):1763–72.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Hayreh SS. Fluids in the anterior part of the optic nerve in health and disease. Surv Ophthalmol. 1978;23(1):1–25.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Tso MOM, Hayreh SS. Optic disc edema in raised intracranial pressure. IV: axoplasmic transport in experimental papilledema. Arch Ophthalmol. 1977;95(8):1458–62.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Hayreh SS. Optic disc edema in raised intracranial pressure. V: pathogenesis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1977;95(9):1553–65.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. McLeod D, Oji EO, Kohner EM, Marshall J. Fundus signs in temporal arteritis. Br J Ophthalmol. 1978;62(9):591–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Fink BR, Byers MR, Middaugh ME. Dynamics of colchicine effects on rapid axonal transport and axonal morphology. Brain Res. 1973;56:299–311.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Hayreh SS, Podhajsky P. Visual field defects in anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Doc Ophthalmol Proc Ser. 1979;19:53–71.

    Google Scholar 

  9. The Ischemic Optic Neuropathy Decompression Trial Research Group. Optic nerve decompression surgery for nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) is not effective and may be harmful. JAMA. 1995;273(8):625–32.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Hayreh SS. Posterior ischaemic optic neuropathy: clinical features, pathogenesis, and management. Eye. 2004;18(11):1188–206.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Hayreh SS, Zimmerman MB. Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy: natural history of visual outcome. Ophthalmology. 2008;115(2):298–305.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Hayreh SS. Acute ischemic disorders of the optic nerve: pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and management. Ophthalmol Clin North Am. 1996;9(3):407–42.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Hayreh SS. Ischemic optic neuropathy. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2009;28(1):34–62.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Georgiadès G, Konstas P, Stangos N. Réflexions issues de l’étude de nombreux cas de pseudo-papillite vasculaire (Study of numerous cases of vascular pseudopapillitis). Bull Mém Soc Fr Ophtalmol. 1966;79:506–39.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Foulds WS. Ischaemic optic neuropathy. In: Cant JS, editor. Proceedings, William Mackenzie Centenary Symposium on the ocular circulation in health and disease (1968: Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons, Glasgow) London: Kimpton; 1968. p. 136–141.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Sanders MD. Ischaemic papillopathy. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK. 1971;91:369–86.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Boghen DR, Glaser JS. Ischaemic optic neuropathy: the clinical profile and history. Brain. 1975;98(4):689–708.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Hayreh SS. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. II: retinal and other ocular manifestations. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1981;21(2):270–81.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Hayreh SS, Zimmerman MB, Podhajsky P, Alward WL. Nocturnal arterial hypotension and its role in optic nerve head and ocular ischemic disorders. Am J Ophthalmol. 1994;117(5):603–24.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Hayreh SS, Joos KM, Podhajsky PA, Long CR. Systemic diseases associated with nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1994;118(6):766–80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Hayreh SS, Podhajsky PA, Zimmerman B. Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy: time of onset of visual loss. Am J Ophthalmol. 1997;124(5):641–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Hayreh SS, Podhajsky P, Zimmerman MB. Role of nocturnal arterial hypotension in optic nerve head ischemic disorders. Ophthalmologica. 1999;213(2):76–96.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Beck RW, Servais GE, Hayreh SS. Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. IX: cup-to-disc ratio and its role in pathogenesis. Ophthalmology. 1987;94(11):1503–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Hayreh SS, Zimmerman MB. Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy: refractive error and its relationship to cup/disc ratio. Ophthalmology. 2008;115(12):2275–81.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Hayreh SS. Erectile dysfunction drugs and non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy: is there a cause and effect relationship? J Neuroophthalmol. 2005;25(4):295–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Hayreh SS. Non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy and phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors. Br J Ophthalmol. 2008;92(12):1577–80.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Hayreh SS. Amiodarone, erectile dysfunction drugs, and non-arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy. J Neuroophthalmol. 2006;26(2):154–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Hayreh SS. Blood flow in the optic nerve head and factors that may influence it. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2001;20(5):595–624.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Beavo JA. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases: functional implications of multiple isoforms. Physiol Rev. 1995;75(4):725–48.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Zusmcan RM, Morales A, Glasser DB, Osterloh IH. Overall cardiovascular profile of sildenafil citrate. Am J Cardiol. 1999;83(5A):35C–44C.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Mahmud A, Hennessy M, Feely J. Effect of sildenafil on blood pressure and arterial wave reflection in treated hypertensive men. J Hum Hypertens. 2001;15(10):707–13.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. US Food and Drug Administration. Information for healthcare professionals: sildenafil (marketed as Viagra and Revatio), Vardenafil (marketed as Levitra), Tadalafil (marketed as Cialis). 2007 [updated 8/19/2009; cited 2010 July 11];Available from: www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ucm124841.htm.

  33. Kloner RA. Pharmacology and drug interaction effects of the phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors: focus on alpha-blocker interactions. Am J Cardiol. 2005;96(12B):42M–6M.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Hayreh SS. Evaluation of optic nerve head circulation: review of the methods used. J Glaucoma. 1997;6(5):319–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Pomeranz HD, Bhavsar AR. Nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy developing soon after use of sildenafil (Viagra): a report of seven new cases. J Neuroophthalmol. 2005;25(1):9–13.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Grunwald JE, Siu KK, Jacob SS, Dupont J. Effect of sildenafil citrate (Viagra) on the ocular circulation. Am J Ophthalmol. 2001;131(6):751–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Petrig BL, Riva CE, Hayreh SS. Laser Doppler flowmetry and optic nerve head blood flow. Am J Ophthalmol. 1999;127(4):413–25.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Hayreh SS. Effect of sildenafil citrate (Viagra) on the ocular circulation (correspondence). Am J Ophthalmol. 2002;133(1):169–70.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Bollinger K, Lee MS. Recurrent visual field defect and ischemic optic neuropathy associated with tadalafil rechallenge. Arch Ophthalmol. 2005;123(3):400–1.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Morgan JC, Alhatou M, Oberlies J, Johnston KC. Transient ischemic attack and stroke associated with sildenafil (Viagra) use. Neurology. 2001;57(9):1730–1.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. McCulley TJ, Lam BL, Marmor MF, Hoffman KB, Luu JK, Feuer WJ. Acute effects of sildenafil (viagra) on blue-on-yellow and white-on-white Humphrey perimetry. J Neuroophthalmol. 2000;20(4):227–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Sivaswamy L, Vanstavern GP. Ischemic optic neuropathy in a child. Pediatr Neurol. 2007;37(5):371–2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Hayreh SS. Duke-Elder lecture: systemic arterial blood pressure and the eye. Eye. 1996;10(1):5–28.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Hayreh SS. Role of nocturnal arterial hypotension in the development of ocular manifestations of systemic arterial hypertension. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 1999;10(6):474–82.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Gerometta R, Alvarez LJ, Candia OA. Effects of sildenafil and tadalafil on intraocular pressure in sheep: implications for aqueous humor dynamics. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010;51(6):3139–44.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Phillips BG, Kato M, Pesek CA, Winnicki M, Narkiewicz K, Davison D, et al. Sympathetic activation by sildenafil. Circulation. 2000;102(25):3068–73.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Hayreh SS, Servais GE, Virdi PS. Fundus lesions in malignant hypertension. V: hypertensive optic neuropathy. Ophthalmology. 1986;93(1):74–87.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Pomeranz HD, Smith KH, Hart Jr WM, Egan RA. Sildenafil-associated nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Ophthalmology. 2002;109(3):584–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Harris A, Kagemann L, Ehrlich R, Ehrlich Y, Lopez CR, Purvin VA. The effect of sildenafil on ocular blood flow. Br J Ophthalmol. 2008;92(4):469–73.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Beri M, Klugman MR, Kohler JA, Hayreh SS. Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. VII: incidence of bilaterality and various influencing factors. Ophthalmology. 1987;94(8):1020–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Beck RW, Hayreh SS, Podhajsky PA, Tan ES, Moke PS. Aspirin therapy in nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1997;123(2):212–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Newman NJ, Scherer R, Langenberg P, Kelman S, Feldon S, Kaufman D, et al. The fellow eye in NAION: report from the ischemic optic neuropathy decompression trial follow-up study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002;134(3):317–28.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Hayreh SS, Podhajsky PA, Zimmerman B. Ipsilateral recurrence of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2001;132(5):734–42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Hayreh SS. Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. IV: occurrence after cataract extraction. Arch Ophthalmol. 1980;98(8):1410–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Hayreh SS. The blood supply of the optic nerve head and the evaluation of it: myth and reality. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2001;20(5):563–93.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Hayreh SS. Management of non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2009;247(12):1595–600.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Enos WF, Holmes RH, Beyer J. Coronary disease among United States soldiers killed in action in Korea; preliminary report. J Am Med Assoc. 1953;152(12):1090–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Gittinger Jr JW, Asdourian GK. Papillopathy caused by amiodarone. Arch Ophthalmol. 1987;105(3):349–51.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Feiner LA, Younge BR, Kazmier FJ, Stricker BH, Fraunfelder FT. Optic neuropathy and amiodarone therapy. Mayo Clin Proc. 1987;62(8):702–17.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Mindel JS, Anderson J, Hellkamp A, Johnson G, Poole JE, Mark DB, et al. Absence of bilateral vision loss from ­amiodarone: a randomized trial. Am Heart J. 2007;153(5):837–42;erratum in Am Heart J. 2007 Jul;2154(2001):2053.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Turdumambetova G, Bredehorn T, Duncker GI. Okulare Nebenwirkungen der Amiodaron-Therapie (Ocular side-effects associated with amiodarone therapy). Klin Monbl Augenheilkd. 2005;222(6):485–92.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Murphy MA, Murphy JF. Amiodarone and optic neuropathy: the heart of the matter. J Neuroophthalmol. 2005;25(3):232–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Hayreh SS, Zimmerman MB. Optic disc edema in non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2007;245(8):1107–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Berggren L, Thorburn W, Fodstad H. Three cases of non-inflammatory ischemic optic neuropathy occurring in the same family. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh). 1974;52(5):589–95.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Manor RS. Nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy in identical female twins: improvement of visual outcome in one by optic nerve decompression. Arch Ophthalmol. 1990;108(8):1067–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Wang MY, Sadun F, Levin LB, LaBree L, Feldon SE. Occurrence of familial nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy in a case series. J Neuroophthalmol. 1999;19(2):144–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Fingert JH, Grassi MA, Janutka JC, East JS, Howard JG, Sheffield VC, et al. Mitochondrial variant G4132A is associated with familial non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy in one large pedigree. Ophthalmic Genet. 2007;28(1):1–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Hayreh SS, Fingert JH, Stone E, Jacobson DM. Familial non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2008;246(9):1295–305.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Leibowitz HM, Krueger DE, Maunder LR, Milton RC, Kini MM, Kahn HA, et al. The Framingham Eye Study monograph: an ophthalmological and epidemiological study of cataract, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, and visual acuity in a general population of 2631 adults, 1973–1975. Surv Ophthalmol. 1980;24(Suppl):335–610.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Hayreh SS. Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy and thrombophilia. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2009;247(5):577–81.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Hayreh SS, Zimmerman MB. Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy: clinical characteristics in diabetic patients versus nondiabetic patients. Ophthalmology. 2008;115(10):1818–25.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Glueck CJ, Wang P, Bell H, Rangaraj V, Goldenberg N. Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy: associations with homozygosity for the C677T methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase mutation. J Lab Clin Med. 2004;143(3):184–92.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Salomon O, Huna-Baron R, Kurtz S, Steinberg DM, Moisseiev J, Rosenberg N, et al. Analysis of prothrombotic and vascular risk factors in patients with nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Ophthalmology. 1999;106(4):739–42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Salomon O, Rosenberg N, Steinberg DM, Huna-Baron R, Moisseiev J, Dardik R, et al. Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy is associated with a specific platelet polymorphism located on the glycoprotein Ibα gene. Ophthalmology. 2004;111(1):184–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Sakai T, Shikishima K, Matsushima M, Kitahara K. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphisms in non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2007;245(2):288–92.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Hayreh SS. Risk factors in AION. Ophthalmology. 2001;108(10):1717–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Abu-Amero KK, Bosley TM. Prothrombotic and atherosclerotic risk factors lack significance in NAION patients harbouring mitochondrial DNA mutations. Br J Ophthalmol. 2006;90(1):119–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Hayreh SS, Jonas JB, Zimmerman MB. Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy and tobacco smoking. Ophthalmology. 2007;114(4):804–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Dagenais GR, Yi Q, Lonn E, Sleight P, Ostergren J, Yusuf S. Impact of cigarette smoking in high-risk patients participating in a clinical trial: a substudy from the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) trial. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2005;12(1):75–81.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Bull GM. Meteorological correlates with myocardial and cerebral infarction and respiratory disease. Br J Prev Soc Med. 1973;27(2):108–13.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Bull GM, Morton J. Environment, temperature and death rates. Age Ageing. 1978;7(4):210–24.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Clark CV. Seasonal variation in incidence of brachial and femoral emboli. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1983;287(6399):1109.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Ischemic Optic Neuropathy Decompression Trial Study Group. Characteristics of patients with nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy eligible for the Ischemic Optic Neuropathy Decompression Trial. Arch Ophthalmol. 1996;114(11):1366–74.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Brandon MC, Lott MT, Nguyen KC, Spolim S, Navathe SB, Baldi P, et al. MITOMAP: a human mitochondrial genome database–2004 update. Nucleic Acids Res. 2005;33(Database issue):D611–3.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Hippocrates. Oeuvres complètes d’Hippocrates. In Littre E, ed. Traduction nouvelle avec le texte grec en regard, collationné sur les manuscrits et toutes les éditions: accompagnée d’une introduction, de commentaires médicaux, de variantes et de notes philologiques; suivie d’une table générale des matières. Paris: Chez J.B. Baillière; 1939–61. p. 110–3.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Fontanus N. Observationum rariorum analecta. Amstelodami: sumptibus Henrici Laurentii; 1641.

    Google Scholar 

  87. von Kržowitz T. Historia amauroseos omnis aevi observata medica continens. Vienna: R. Graeffer; 1781.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Hayreh SS. Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. VIII: clinical features and pathogenesis of post-hemorrhagic amaurosis. Ophthalmology. 1987;94(11):1488–502.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Singer K. Über Sehstörungen nach Blutverlust. Beitr Augenheilkd. 1904;6:1–30.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Locket S. Blindness associated with haemorrhage. Br J Ophthalmol. 1949;33(9):543–55.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Hartmann E, Parfonry J. Cécité par perte de sang améliorée par l’acétylcholine mais conservant un rétrécissement binasal du champ visuel. Bull Mém Soc Fr Ophtalmol. 1934;52:56–67.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Hollenhorst RW, Wegener HP. Loss of vision after distant hemorrhage. Am J Med Sci. 1950;219(2):209–18.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Ballen PH, Fox MJ, Weissman GS. Ischemic optic neuropathy secondary to intestinal hemorrhage. Ann Ophthalmol. 1985;17(8):486–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Caballero Presencia A, Martinez Hernandez A, Diaz Guia E. Amaurosis following blood loss. Ophthalmologica. 1985;191(2):119–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Hodge RL, Lowe RD, Vane JR. The effect of acute increases in blood volume on the concentration of circulating angiotensin in dogs. J Physiol. 1965;181:59–60P.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Bunag RD, Page IH, McCubbin JW. Neural stimulation of release of renin. Circ Res. 1966;19(4):851–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Huidobro F, Braun-Menendez E. Secretion of renin by intact kidney. Am J Physiol. 1942;137(1):47–55.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Zanchetti A, Stella A. Neural control of renin release. Clin Sci Mol Med. 1975;2(Suppl):215s–23.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Zanchetti A, Stella A, Leonetti G, Morganti A, Terzoli L. Control of renin release: a review of experimental evidence and clinical implications. Am J Cardiol. 1976;37(4):675–91.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Hodge RL, Lowe RD, Vane JR. Increased angiotensin formation in response to carotid occlusion in the dog. Nature. 1966;211(5048):491–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Thames MD. Renin release: reflex control and adrenergic mechanisms. J Hypertens. 1984;2 Suppl 1:57–77.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Kopp U, DiBona GF. Catecholamines and neurosympathetic control of renal function. In: Fisher JW, editor. Kidney hormones. 3rd ed. London: Fisher-Duncan Ltd; 1986. p. 621–60.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Bennett JL, Thomas S, Olson JL, Mandava N. Treatment of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy with intravitreal bevacizumab. J Neuroophthalmol. 2007;27(3):238–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Pece A, Querques G, Quinto A, Isola V. Intravitreal ranibizumab injection for nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2010;26(5):523–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Hosseini H, Razeghinejad MR. Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy after intravitreal injection of bevacizumab. J Neuroophthalmol. 2009;29(2):160–1.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Ganssauge M, Wilhelm H, Bartz-Schmidt KU, Aisenbrey S. Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NA-AION) after intravitreal injection of bevacizumab (Avastin) for treatment of angoid streaks in pseudoxanthoma elasticum. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2009;247(12):1707–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Bodla AA, Rao P. Non-arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy followed by intravitreal bevacizumab injection: is there an association? Indian J Ophthalmol. 2010;58(4):349–50.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Kim JE, Mantravadi AV, Hur EY, Covert DJ. Short-term intraocular pressure changes immediately after intravitreal injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents. Am J Ophthalmol. 2008;146(6):930–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Falkenstein IA, Cheng L, Freeman WR. Changes of intraocular pressure after intravitreal injection of bevacizumab (Avastin). Retina. 2007;27(8):1044–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Hollands H, Wong J, Bruen R, Campbell RJ, Sharma S, Gale J. Short-term intraocular pressure changes after intravitreal injection of bevacizumab. Can J Ophthalmol. 2007;42(6):807–11.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Semoun O, Blumen-Ohana E, de Preobrajensky N, Nordmann JP. Glaucome aigu par fermeture de l’angle compliquant une injection intravitreenne de bevacizumab (Acute angle-closure glaucoma complicating an intravitreal injection of bevacizumab). J Fr Ophtalmol. 2009;32(1):58.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Jalil A, Fenerty C, Charles S. Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) causing acute glaucoma: an unreported complication. Eye (Lond). 2007;21(12):1541.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Bakri SJ, McCannel CA, Edwards AO, Moshfeghi DM. Persisent ocular hypertension following intravitreal ranibizumab. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2008;246(7):955–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Kahook MY, Kimura AE, Wong LJ, Ammar DA, Maycotte MA, Mandava N. Sustained elevation in intraocular pressure associated with intravitreal bevacizumab injections. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging. 2009;40(3):293–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Adelman RA, Zheng Q, Mayer HR. Persistent ocular hypertension following intravitreal bevacizumab and ranibizumab injections. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2010;26(1):105–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Good TJ, Kimura AE, Mandava N, Kahook MY. Sustained elevation of intraocular pressure after intravitreal injections of anti-VEGF agents. Br J Ophthalmol. 2010 Aug 11. [Epub ahead of print]

    Google Scholar 

  117. Tao Y, Jonas JB. Intravitreal Triamcinolone. Ophthalmo­logica. 2010;225(1):1–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Hayreh SS, Zimmerman MB. Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy: Role of systemic corticosteroid therapy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2008;246:1029–46.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Hayreh SS. Submacular choroidal vascular pattern-experimental fluorescein fundus angiographic studies. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1974;192:181–96.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Ross RD, Barofsky JM, Cohen G, Baber WB, et al. Presumed macular choroidal watershed vascular filling, choroidal neovascularization, and systemic vascular disease in patients with age-related macular degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol. 1998;125:71–80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Xu W, Grunwald JE, Metelitsina TI, DuPont JC, et al. Association of risk factors for choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration with decreased foveolar choroidal circulation. Am J Ophthalmol. 2010;150(2):40–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Hayreh SS. Submacular Choroidal Vascular Bed Watershed Zones and Their Clinical Importance. Am J Ophthalmol. 2010;150(6):940–1; author reply 941–2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Age-Related Eye Disease Study Group. Risk factors associated with age-related macular degeneration: a case-control study in the age related eye disease study: Age-Related Eye Disease Study Report Number 3. Ophthalmology. 2000;107(12):2224–32.

    Google Scholar 

  124. Hyman L, Schachat AP, He Q, et al. Hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and age-related macular degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol. 2000;118(3):351–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Klein R, Klein BE, Tomany SC, Cruickshanks KJ. The association of cardiovascular disease with the long-term incidence of age-related maculopathy. Ophthalmology. 2003;110(6):1273–80.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Tomany SC, Wang JJ, van Leeuwen R, et al. Risk factors for incident age-related macular degeneration: pooled findings from 3 continents. Ophthalmology. 2004;111(7):1280–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Hogg RE, Woodside JV, Gilchrist SE, et al. Cardiovascular disease and hypertension are strong risk factors for choroidal neovascularization. Ophthalmology. 2008;115(6):1046–52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Nitsch D, Evans J, Roderick PJ, Smeeth L, Fletcher AE. Associations between chronic kidney disease and age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2009;16(3):181–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Wu L, Martinez-Castellanos MA, Quiroz-Mercado H, Arevalo JF, Berrocal MH, Farah ME, et al. Twelve-month safety of intravitreal injections of bevacizumab (Avastin): results of the Pan-American Collaborative Retina Study Group (PACORES). Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2008;246(1):81–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Iowa Hospital and Clinics College of Medicine, Hawkins Dr. 200, Iowa City, IA, 52242–1091, USA

    Dr. Sohan Singh Hayreh

Authors
  1. Dr. Sohan Singh Hayreh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sohan Singh Hayreh .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hayreh, S.S. (2011). Pathogenesis of Some Controversial Non-arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy Clinical Entities. In: Ischemic Optic Neuropathies. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11852-4_15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11852-4_15

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-11849-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-11852-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation