Transoral surgery is a procedure performed through the mouth to gain midline access from the sphenoid sinus rostrally to the third cervical vertebral body cau-dally [1], and it is particularly useful for lesions at the anterior aspect of the craniocervical junction [2, 3].
It has been used with varying degrees of success by numerous authors over the past century. The transoral approach, first described by Kanaval in 1919 [4] to remove a bullet locked between atlas and the base of the skull, was successively used by Scoville and Sherman in 1951 [5] for the removal of the odontoid process in basilar impression. Southwick and Robinson [6] and Mosberg and Lippman [7] described the transoral treatment of lesions of the second cervical vertebra.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Crockard HA (1995) Transoral surgery: some lessons learned. Br J Neurosurg 9:283–293
Crockard HA (1985) The transoral approach to the base of the brain and upper cervical cord. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 67:321–325
Crockard HA (1991) Ventral approaches to the upper cervical spine. Orthopade 20:140–146
Kanavel AB (1919) Bullet locked between atlas and the base of the skull: technique for removal through the mouth. Surg Clin 1:361–366
Scoville WB, Sherman IJ (1951) Platybasia, report of. 10 cases with comments on familial tendency, a special diagnostic sign, and the end results of operation. Ann Surg 133:496–502
Southwick WO, Robinson RA (1957) Surgical approaches to the vertebral bodies in the cervical and lumbar regions. J Bone Joint Surg Am 39-A:631–644
Mosberg WH Jr, Lippman EM (1960) Anterior approach to the cervical vertebral bodies. Bull Sch Med Univ Md 45:10–17
Fang HSY, Ong GB (1962) Direct anterior approach to the upper cervical spine. J Bone joint Surg Am 44-A: 1588–1604
Greenberg AD, Scoville WB, Davey LM (1968) Transoral decompression of atlanto-axial dislocation due to odontoid hypoplasia. Report of two cases. J Neurosurg 28:266–269
Menezes AH, VanGilder JC, Graf CJ et al (1980) Craniocervical abnormalities. A comprehensive surgical approach. J Neurosurg 53:444–455
Crockard HA, Pozo JL, Ransford AO et al (1986) Transoral decompression and posterior fusion for rheumatoid atlanto-axial subluxation. J Bone Joint Surg Br 68:350–356
Di Lorenzo N, Fortuna A, Guidetti B (1982) Craniovertebral junction malformations. Clinicoradiological findings, longterm results, and surgical indications in 63 cases. J Neurosurg 57:603–608
Hayakawa T, Kamikawa K, Ohnishi T et al (1981) Prevention of postoperative complications after a transoral transclival approach to basilar aneurysms. Technical note. J Neurosurg 54:699–703
Tuite GF, Veres R, Crockard HA et al (1996) Pediatric transoral surgery: indications, complications, and long-term outcome. J Neurosurg 84:573–583
de Andrade JR, Macnab I (1969) Anterior occipito-cervical fusion using an extra-pharyngeal exposure. J Bone Joint Surg Am 51:1621–1626
Southwick WO, Robinson RA (1957) Surgical approaches to the vertebral bodies in the cervical and lumbar regions. J Bone Joint Surg Am 39:631–644
Hardy J (1969) Transphenoidal microsurgery of the normal and pathological pituitary. Clin Neurosurg 16:185–217
Kaibara T, Hurlbert RJ, Sutherland GR (2001) Intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging-augmented transoral resection of axial disease. Neurosurg Focus 10:E4
Menezes AH (2008) Surgical approaches: postoperative care and complications “transoral-transpalatopharyngeal approach to the craniocervical junction”. Childs Nerv Syst 24(10): 1187–1193
Crockard HA, Johnston F (1993) Development of transoral approaches to lesions of the skull base and craniocervical junction. Neurosurg Q 3:61–82
Denaro V (1991) Stenosis of the cervical spine. Springer, Berlin
MenezesAH,VanGilderJC(1988)Transoral-transpharyngeal approach to the anterior craniocervical junction. Ten-year experience with 72 patients. J Neurosurg 69:895–903
Roy-Camille R, Judet TH, Saillant G et al (1981) Tumeurs du rachis. Techniques chirugucales, Orthopedie. Encycl Med Chir Paris 44165:4.06.04
Apuzzo ML, Weiss MH, Heiden JS (1978) Transoral exposure of the atlantoaxial region. Neurosurgery 3:201–207
Ashraf J, Crockard HA (1990) Transoral fusion for high cervical fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Br 72:76–79
Ashraf J, Crockard HA, Ransford AO et al (1991) Transoral decompression and posterior stabilisation in Morquio's disease. Arch Dis Child 66:1318–1321
Bhangoo RS, Crockard HA (1999) Transmaxillary anterior decompressions in patients with severe basilar impression. Clin Orthop Relat Res 359:115–125
Boni M, Denaro V (1982) The cervical stenosis syndrome with a review of. 83 patients treated by operation. Int Orthop 6:185–195
Boni M, Denaro V (1982) Surgical treatment of cervical arthrosis. Follow-up review (2–13 years) of the 1st 100 cases operated on by anterior approach. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot 68:269–280
Crockard HA (1988) Anterior approaches to lesions of the upper cervical spine. Clin Neurosurg 34:389–416
Crockard HA (1995) Surgical management of cervical rheumatoid problems. Spine 20:2584–2590
Crockard HA, Essigman WK, Stevens JM et al (1985) Surgical treatment of cervical cord compression in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 44:809–816
Crockard HA, Sen CN (1991) The transoral approach for the management of intradural lesions at the craniovertebral junction: review of. 7 cases. Neurosurgery 28:88–97; discussion 97–88
D'Alpa F, Scandurra L, Savuto R et al (1989) Pre-, intra- and postoperative somatosensory evoked potentials in cervical vertebral and spinal cord injuries. Minerva Anestesiol 55:115–118
Crockard HA, Bradford R (1985) Transoral transclival removal of a schwannoma anterior to the craniocervical junction. Case report. J Neurosurg 62:293–295
Delgado TE, Garrido E, Harwick RD (1981) Labiomandibular, transoral approach to chordomas in the clivus and upper cervical spine. Neurosurgery 8:675–679
Di Lorenzo N (1989) Transoral approach to extradural lesions of the lower clivus and upper cervical spine: an experience of. 19 cases. Neurosurgery 24:37–42
Estridge MN, Smith RA (1967) Transoral fusion of odontoid fracture. Case report. J Neurosurg 27:462–465
Vougioukas VI, Hubbe U, Schipper J et al (2003) Navigated transoral approach to the cranial base and the craniocervical junction: technical note. Neurosurgery 52:247–250; discussion 251
Jones DC, Hayter JP, Vaughan ED et al (1998) Oropharyngeal morbidity following transoral approaches to the upper cervical spine. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 27:295–298
Harkey HL, Crockard HA, Stevens JM et al (1990) The operative management of basilar impression in osteogenesis imperfecta. Neurosurgery 27:782–786; discussion 786
Ibrahim AG, Crockard HA (2007) Basilar impression and osteogenesis imperfecta: a. 21-year retrospective review of outcomes in 20 patients. J Neurosurg Spine 7:594–600
Bonney G, Williams JP (1985) Trans-oral approach to the upper cervical spine. A report of 16 cases. J Bone Joint Surg Br 67:691–698
Lamas E, Estevez J, Castillo R et al (1977) Os odontoideum removed by a transoral approach. Surg Neurol 7:312–314
Pasztor E, Vajda J, Piffko P et al (1980) Transoral surgery for basilar impression. Surg Neurol 14:473–476
Gilsbach J, Eggert HR (1983) Transoral operations for cran-iospinal malformations. Neurosurg Rev 6:199–209
Boni M, Denaro V (1980) Surgical treatment of traumatic lesions of the middle and lower cervical spine (C3–C7). Ital J Orthop Traumatol 6:305–320
Spetzler RF, Selman WR, Nash CL Jr et al (1979) Transoral microsurgical odontoid resection and spinal cord monitoring. Spine 4:506–510
O'Reilly G, Crockard HA, Lightman S et al (1993) Excision of a clival and upper cervical pheochromocytoma by an extended maxillotomy approach: a case report. Skull Base Surg 3:87–90
Merwin GE, Post JC, Sypert GW (1991) Transoral approach to the upper cervical spine. Laryngoscope 101:780–784
Denaro V, Denaro L, Gulino G et al (1998) Complicanze nella chirurgia cervicale. Giornale Italiano di Ortopedia e Traumatologia 24:681–688
Denaro V, Gulino G, Papapietro N et al (1998) Treatment of metastases of the cervical spine. Chir Organi Mov 83:127–137
Windle-Taylor PC (1977) Cervical chordoma: report of a case and the technique of transoral removal. Br J Surg 64:438–441
Arvin B, Panchmatia JR, Casey AT (2008) Cervical C2 osteoma, unusual presentation and transoral approach for complete excision. Spine J 9(3):e9–e11
Crockard HA, Calder I, Ransford AO (1990) One-stage transoral decompression and posterior fixation in rheumatoid atlanto-axial subluxation. J Bone Joint Surg Br 72:682–685
Mummaneni PV, Haid RW (2005) Transoral odontoidec-tomy. Neurosurgery 56:1045–1050; discussion 1045–1050
Di Lorenzo N (1992) Craniocervical junction malformation treated by transoral approach. A survey of 25 cases with emphasis on postoperative instability and outcome. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 118:112–116
Cantarella G, Mazzola RF, Benincasa A (1998) A possible sequela of transoral approach to the upper cervical spine. Velopharyngeal incompetence. J Neurosurg Sci 42:51–55
Louis R (1992) Anterior surgery of the upper cervical spine. Chir Organi Mov 77:75–80
James D, Crockard HA (1991) Surgical access to the base of skull and upper cervical spine by extended maxillotomy. Neurosurgery 29:411–416
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Denaro, L., D'Avella, D., Longo, U.G., Denaro, V. (2010). Complications Related to Anterior Approaches. In: Denaro, L., D'Avella, D., Denaro, V. (eds) Pitfalls in Cervical Spine Surgery. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85019-9_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85019-9_7
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-85018-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-85019-9
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)