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Long-Term Signals in the Present-Day Deformation Field of the Central and Southern Andes and Constraints on the Viscosity of the Earth’s Upper Mantle

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The Andes

Part of the book series: Frontiers in Earth Sciences ((FRONTIERS))

Abstract

As part of the South American Geodynamic Activities project we observed the present day deformation field in the territories of Chile and Argentina using the Global Positioning System. The results clearly show that the earthquake cycle dominates the contemporary surface deformation of the central and southern Andes. Compared to geological timescales, the transient elastic deformation related to subduction earthquakes presents a short-term signal which can be explained by interseismic, coseismic, and postseismic phases of interplate thrust earthquakes. We constructed the Andean Elastic Dislocation Model (AEDM) in order to subtract the interseismic loading from the observed velocities. The estimated parameters of the AEDM, and the amount and depth of coupling between the subducting Nazca and overriding South American Plates, represent long-term features and show that the seismogenic interface between both plates is fully locked and that the depth of coupling increases from north to south.

The prominent signals in the residual velocity field (i.e. observed velocities minus AEDM) are obviously due to postseismic relaxation processes; they are visible in the area of the 1995 M w 8.0 Antofagasta earthquake and in the area of the 1960 M w 9.5 Valdivia earthquake. Although postseismic deformations, compared to geologic timescales, are short-term signals, those signals are valuable constraints on important long-term features of Andean evolution, i.e., the viscosity of the upper mantle and lower crust. The observed surface data are best fitted with a three-dimensional finite element model in which we incorporate a mantle viscosity of 4 × 1019 Pa s.

The most obvious long-term deformation signal is manifested in the back-arc of the subduction zone where the Brazilian Shield thrusts beneath the Subandean zone. The style and amount of backarc shortening changes along strike of the orogen, increasing from zero in the south (latitude < −38° S) to values in the order of 10 mm yr−1 close to the Bolivian Orocline. In the fore-arc, whilst we see indications for long-term E-W extension, we did not find any apparent slip partitioning. In addition to this long-term signal, we suggest that the asymmetry of interseismic and coseismic deformation may lead to tectonic structures in the fore-arc. If the coseismic deformation does not release all of the accumulated deformation, then, over many earthquake cycles, part of the interseismic deformation may be transformed into permanent long-term plastic deformation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department 1 Geodäsie und Fernerkundung, GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Telegrafenberg, 14473, Potsdam, Germany

    Jürgen Klotz

  2. Institut für Geologie, Universität Hannover, Appelstrasse 11A, 30167, Hannover, Germany

    Amir Abolghasem

  3. Universidad de Barcelona, 08003, Barcelona, Spain

    Giorgi Khazaradze

  4. Helmholtz Association, German-Russian House Moscow, Malaya Pirogovskaya 5, 119435, Moscow, Russian Federation

    Bertram Heinze

  5. GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Telegrafenberg, 14473, Potsdam, Germany

    Tim Vietor

  6. Abteilung Geophysik, Institut für Geowissenschaften, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 1, 24118, Kiel, Germany

    Ron Hackney

  7. Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile

    Klaus Bataille

  8. Instituto Geográfico Militar, Nueva Santa Isabel 1640, Santiago, Chile

    Rodrigo Maturana

  9. Instituto de Geología del Noroeste Argentino, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Av. Buenos Aires 177, 4400, Salta, Argentina

    Jose Viramonte

  10. Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina

    Raul Perdomo

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department 3 Geodynamik, GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Telegrafenberg, 14473, Potsdam, Germany

    Onno Oncken

  2. Departamento de Geología, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avenida Angamos 610, Antofagasta, Chile

    Guillermo Chong

  3. Petrologie, Institut für Angewandte Geowissenschaften, Technische Universität Berlin, Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1, 10587, Berlin, Germany

    Gerhard Franz

  4. Abteilung Geophysik, Institut für Geowissenschaften, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 1, 24118, Kiel, Germany

    Hans-Jürgen Götze

  5. Departamento Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Victor A. Ramos

  6. Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24, 14476, Potsdam, Germany

    Manfred R. Strecker

  7. Fachrichtung Geophysik, Institut für Geologische Wissenschaften, Freie Universität Berlin, Malteserstrasse 74-100, 12249, Berlin, Germany

    Peter Wigger

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Klotz, J. et al. (2006). Long-Term Signals in the Present-Day Deformation Field of the Central and Southern Andes and Constraints on the Viscosity of the Earth’s Upper Mantle. In: Oncken, O., et al. The Andes. Frontiers in Earth Sciences. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg . https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-48684-8_4

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