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Long-Term Geological Evolution and Mass-Flow Balance of the South-Central Andes

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The Andes

Part of the book series: Frontiers in Earth Sciences ((FRONTIERS))

Abstract

In south-central Chile (36–42° S), the western edge of South America has evolved as an active margin since the Pennsylvanian (∼305 Ma). Active margins are considered as sites of both potential continental growth and continental destruction. Continental growth in a margin setting can proceed by accretionary offscraping of juvenile material from the oceanic plate and by magmatic additions, whereas net mass loss can be achieved by subducting continental material, delamination, and chemical weathering. In southcentral Chile, margin evolution was never interrupted by island-arc accretion or continental collision. Thus, the area provides an excellent field laboratory for studying mass flux through a long-term, persistent, convergent-margin system.

Using new isotopic age data, we summarize the current knowledge of the geological evolution of the south-central Chilean margin, from subduction initiation to the ongoing Andean morphotectonic processes, with emphasis on mechanisms of mass transfer. It is inferred that net crustal growth and mass losses alternated in time and space, and that dominance of one of the other process might have even occurred contemporaneously within a short distance along the same margin, controlled by factors such as sediment availability in the trench, lower-plate morphology, upper-plate tectonics, and climate.

In south-central Chile, the margin north of 38° S is characterized by a landward trench migration of ∼100 km that occured mainly in the early Permian, whereas farther south, the modern and the late Paleozoic magmatic arcs are superimposed. For most of its lifetime, the margin evolved in a delicate balance between constructive and destructive processes. Over the long term, the south-central Chilean continental margin has not been a site of net growth, but, rather, a site of continental mass wasting, crustal recycling and crustal rejuvenation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Telegrafenberg, 14473, Potsdam, Germany

    Johannes Glodny, Kirsten Gräfe & Helga Kemnitz

  2. Department 3 Geodynamik, GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Telegrafenberg, 14473, Potsdam, Germany

    Helmut Echtler, Wolfgang Kramer, Charlotte Krawczyk, Jo Lohrmann, Daniel Melnick, Matthias Rosenau & Wolfgang Seifert

  3. Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160 C, Concepción, Chile

    Oscar Figueroa

  4. Petrologie, Institut für Angewandte Geowissenschaften, Technische Universität Berlin, Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1, 10587, Berlin, Germany

    Gerhard Franz

  5. Department 4 Chemie der Erde, GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Telegrafenberg, 14473, Potsdam, Germany

    Friedrich Lucassen

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department 3 Geodynamik, GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Telegrafenberg, 14473, Potsdam, Germany

    Onno Oncken

  2. Departamento de Geología, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avenida Angamos 610, Antofagasta, Chile

    Guillermo Chong

  3. Petrologie, Institut für Angewandte Geowissenschaften, Technische Universität Berlin, Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1, 10587, Berlin, Germany

    Gerhard Franz

  4. Abteilung Geophysik, Institut für Geowissenschaften, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 1, 24118, Kiel, Germany

    Hans-Jürgen Götze

  5. Departamento Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Victor A. Ramos

  6. Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24, 14476, Potsdam, Germany

    Manfred R. Strecker

  7. Fachrichtung Geophysik, Institut für Geologische Wissenschaften, Freie Universität Berlin, Malteserstrasse 74-100, 12249, Berlin, Germany

    Peter Wigger

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Glodny, J. et al. (2006). Long-Term Geological Evolution and Mass-Flow Balance of the South-Central Andes. In: Oncken, O., et al. The Andes. Frontiers in Earth Sciences. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg . https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-48684-8_19

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