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Subduction Erosion — the “Normal” Mode of Fore-Arc Material Transfer along the Chilean Margin?

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The Andes

Part of the book series: Frontiers in Earth Sciences ((FRONTIERS))

Abstract

Subduction erosion shapes at least half of the world’s convergent margins. However, its rates, and modes as well as spatial and temporal variation are poorly understood. Based on a compilation of published and newly derived estimates of subduction erosion along the Chilean part of the Andean margin, we discuss possible loci and modes of subduction erosion and also address the potential of subducting topographic highs for accelerating subduction erosion.

We also evaluate different approaches for estimating subduction erosion. Rates of subduction erosion computed from the offshore subsidence record and geometry of the margin are robust and, thus, reveal information on the regional variation in the efficiency of subduction erosion. Estimates of subduction erosion rates based on the migration of the volcanic arc front may be erroneous over short (neotectonic) timescales owing to the episodic nature of the volcanic-arc-front migration.

Information about the processes underlying subduction erosion comes from both natural observations and scaled physical experiments. Hydrofracturing at the base of the overriding fore-arc crust was identified as a process most convincingly explaining basal subduction erosion.

Subduction erosion off northern Chile is faster than that off Peru and Central America, and also faster than magmatic addition, thus making the central Andean subduction zone a site of net crustal loss. Consequently, the north Chilean part of the Andean margin is inferred to be a site of net destruction of continental crust.

From the geological record, we demonstrate that the south Chilean subduction zone, which has been in accretive mode since the Pliocene, has experienced subduction erosion since at least the middle Miocene at rates similar to the north. The change in mode is related to the doubling of sediment flux into the trench after the onset of continental glaciation of southern Chile at ∼5 Ma. Hence, we identify sediment flux as the key variable controlling the mode of long-term material transfer, whereas ridge collision causes subduction erosion rates to exceed background values.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department 3 Geodynamik, GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Telegrafenberg, 14473, Potsdam, Germany

    Nina Kukowski & Onno Oncken

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  1. Nina Kukowski
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  2. Onno Oncken
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department 3 Geodynamik, GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Telegrafenberg, 14473, Potsdam, Germany

    Onno Oncken

  2. Departamento de Geología, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avenida Angamos 610, Antofagasta, Chile

    Guillermo Chong

  3. Petrologie, Institut für Angewandte Geowissenschaften, Technische Universität Berlin, Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1, 10587, Berlin, Germany

    Gerhard Franz

  4. Abteilung Geophysik, Institut für Geowissenschaften, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 1, 24118, Kiel, Germany

    Hans-Jürgen Götze

  5. Departamento Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Victor A. Ramos

  6. Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24, 14476, Potsdam, Germany

    Manfred R. Strecker

  7. Fachrichtung Geophysik, Institut für Geologische Wissenschaften, Freie Universität Berlin, Malteserstrasse 74-100, 12249, Berlin, Germany

    Peter Wigger

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Kukowski, N., Oncken, O. (2006). Subduction Erosion — the “Normal” Mode of Fore-Arc Material Transfer along the Chilean Margin?. In: Oncken, O., et al. The Andes. Frontiers in Earth Sciences. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg . https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-48684-8_10

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