Abstract
Magnesium plays a very important role in wide-range biochemical metabolism, especially fundamental cellular reactions. It is explained that magnesium is essential ion for cofactors of over 300 enzyme systems, for example, as a part of the magnesium—adenosine triphosphate (Mg-ATP) complex or as an enzyme activator in experimental and clinical observations.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
McCollum EV, Orent ER. Effects on the rat of deprivation of magnesium. J Biol Chem 1931;92.
Shils ME. Magnesium. In: ME Shils, Olson JA, Shik M, eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 8th edn. Lea & FEBIGER; 1994:164–184.
Hauary VG, Cantarow A. Variations of serum magnesium in 52 normal and 440 pathologic patients. J Lab Clin Med 1942;27:616–622.
Flink EB, Stutzman FL, Anderson AR, Konig T, Fraser R. Magnesium deficiency after prolonged parenteral fluid administration and after chronic alcoholism complicated by delirium tremens. J Lab Clin Med 1954;43:169–183.
Wallach S. Effects of magnesium on skeletal metabolism. Magnes Trace E lem 1990;9:1–14.
Gupta RK, Moore RD. 31P NMR studies of intracellular free Mg 2 in intact frog skeletal muscle. J Biol Chem 1980;255:3987.
Fleet JC, Cashman KD. Magnesium. In: Bowman BA, Russell RM, eds. Present Knowledge in Nutrition.8th ed. International Life Sciences; 2001:292–301.
Frausto de Silva JJR, Williams RJP. The Biological Chemistry of Magnesium: Phosphate Metabolism. The Biochemical Chemistry of the Elements. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1991:241–267.
Wacker WE, Parisi AF. Magnesium metabolism. N Engl J Med 1968;45:658–663, 712–717.
Garfinkel L, Garfinkel D. Magnesium regulation of the glycolytic pathway and the enzymes involved. Magnesium 1985;4:60–72.
Mildvan AS. Role of magnesium and other divalent cations in ATP-utilizing enzymes. Magnesium 1987;6:28–33.
Gunther T. Magnesium and regulation of Mg2+ efflux and Mg2+ influx. Miner Electrolyte Metab 1993;19:259–265.
White RE, Hartzell HC. Magnesium ions in cardiac function. Regulator of ion channels and second messengers. Biochem Pharmacol 1989;38:859–867.
Kayne LH, Lee DB. Intestinal magnesium absorption. Miner Electrolyte Metab 1993;19:210–217.
Meneely R, Leeper L, Chishan FK. Intestinal maturation: in vivo magnesium transport. Pediatr Res 1982;16:295–298.
Graham LA, Caesae JJ, Burgen ASV. Gastrointestinal absorption and excretion of Mg26 in man. Metabolism 1960;9:646–659.
Schwartz R, Spencer H, Welsh JJ. Magnesium absorption in human subjects from leafy vegetables, intrinsically labeled with stable 26Mg. Am J Clin Nutr 1984;39:571–576.
Fine KD, Santa Ana CA, Porter JI, Fordtran JS. Diagnosis of magnesium-induced diarrhea. J Clin Invest 1991;88:396–402.
Roth P, Werner E. Intestinal absorption of magnesium in man. Int J Appl Radiat Isot 1979;30:523–526.
Brannan OB, Vergne-Marini P, Pak CVC. Magnesium absorption in the human small intestine: results in normal subjects, patients with chronic renal disease, and patients with absorption hypercalciuria. J Clin Invest 1976;57:1412–1428.
Ross DB. In vitro studies on the transport of magnesium across the intestinal wall of the rat. J Physiol 1962;160:417–428.
Meneely R, Leeper L, Chishan FK. Intestinal maturation: in vivo magnesium transport. Pediatr Res 1982;16:295–298.
Krejs GJ, Nicar MJ, Zerwekh HE, Normal DA, Kane MG, Pak CY. Effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on calcium and magnesium absorption in the healthy human jejunum and ileum. Am J Med 1985;75:975–976.
Hardwick LL, Jones MR, Brautbar N, Lee DB. Magnesium absorption: metabolisms and the influence of vitamin D, calcium and phosphate. J Nutr 1991;121: 13–23.
Levine BS, Brautbar N, Walling MW, Lee DB, Cobum JW. Effects of vitamin D and diet magnesium on magnesium metabolism. Am J Physiol 1980; 239: E515–E523.
Leichsenring JM, Norris LM, Lamison SA. Magnesium metabolism in college women; observations on the effect of calcium and phosphorus intake levels. J Nutr 1991;45:477–485.
Hendix JZ, Alcock NW, Archibald RM. Compertition between calcium, strontium, and magnesium for absorption in the isolated rat intestine. Clin Chem 1963;9:734–744.
O’Dell BL, Morris ER, Regan WO. Magnesium requirement of guinea pigs and rats: effect of calcium and phosphorus and symptoms of magnesium deficiency. J Nutr 1960;70:103–110.
Siener R, Hesse A. Influence of a mixed and vegetarian deit on urinary magnesium excretion and concentration. Br J Nutr 1995;73:783–790.
Quamme GA, Dirks JH. The physiology of renal magnesium handling. Renal Physiol 1986;9:257–269.
Quamme GA. Renal magnesium handling: new insights in understanding old problems. Kidney Int 1997;52:1180–1195.
Quamme GA. Control of magnesium transport in the thick limb. Am J Physiol 1989;256:F197–F210.
Brown EM, Herbert SC. A cloned Ca2+-sensing receptor; a mediator of direct effects of extracellular Ca2+ on renal function. J Am Soc Nephrol 1996;6:1530–1540.
Simon DB, Lu Y, Choate KA, et al. Paracellin-1, a renal tight junction protein required for paracellular Mg2+ resorption. Science 1999;285:103–106.
Quamme GA, Dirks JH. The physiology of renal magnesium handling. Renal Physiol 1986;9:257–269.
De Rouffignac C, Quamme GA. Renal magnesium handling and its hormonal control. Physiol Rev 1994;74:305–322.
Fitzgerald MG, Fourman P. An experimental study of magnesium deficiency in man. Clin Sci 1956;15:635.
Rude RK, Bethune JE, Singer FR. Renal tubular maximum for magnesium in normal, hyper-parathyroid and hypo-parathyroid man. J Clin Endocinol Metab 1980;51:1425–1451.
Abbott L, Nadler J, Rude RK. Magnesium deficiency in alcoholism: Possible contribution to osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease in alcoholics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1994;18:1976–1082.
Ryan MP. Diuretics and potassium/magnesium depletion. Diuretics for treatment. Am J Med 1987;82:38–47.
Kunkei HO, Pearson PB. Magnesium in the nutrition of the rabbit. J Nutr 1948;36:1948.
Orent E, Kruse HD, McCollum EV. Studies on magnesium deficiency in animals. II. Species variation in symptomatology of magnesium deprivation. Am J Physiol 1931;101:454.
Blaxter KL, Rook JAF, MacDonald AM. Experimental magnesium deficiency in calves. J Comp Pathol Therap 1954;64:157.
Alcock NW, Shils ME. Comparsion of magnesium deficiency in the rat and mouse. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1974;146:137–141.
Kimura M, Harada T, Itokawa Y. Changes in blood pressure, body temperature, serotonin metabolism and tissue mineral levels in magnesium deficient rats. JJSMgR 1983;2:7–13.
Kimura M, Yokoi T, Hayase M, Itokawa Y. Effects of iron intake on serum biochemical parameters in magnesium deficient rats. JJSMgR 1992;11:19–29.
Alcock NW, Shils ME, Lieberman PH, Erlandson RA. Thymic changes in the magnesium-depleted rat. Cancer Res 1973;33:2196–2204.
Rude RK. Magnesium deficiency: a cause of heterogeneous disease in humans. J Bone Miner Res 1998;13:749–758.
Al-Ghamdi SMG, Cameron EC, Sutton RAL. Magnesium deficiency: pathophysiologic and clinical overview. Am J Kidney Dis 1994;24:737–752.
Milla PJ, Aggett PJ, Wolff OH, Harries JT. Studies in primary hypomagnesaemia: evidence for defective carrier-mediated small intestinal transport of magnesium. Gut 1979;20:1028–1033.
National Institute for Biotechnology Information. Online Mendelian genetics in man (OMIM). Available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim. Accessed 19 January 2001.
Fleet JC, Cashman KD. Magnesium. In: Bowman BA, Russell RM, eds. Present Knowledge in Nutrition, 8th edn. International Life Sciences; 2001:292–301.
Flink EB. Magnesium deficiency in alcoholism. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1986;10:590–594.
Altura BM, Altura BT. Biochemistry and pathophysiology of congestive heart failure: is there a role for magnesium? Magnesium 1986;5:134–143.
Dyckner T. Relation of cardiovascular disease to potassium and magnesium deficiencies. Am J Cardiol 1990;65:44K–46K.
Seelig M. Cardiovascular consequences of magnesium deficiency and loss: pathogenesis, prevalence and manifestations-magnesium and chloride loss in refractory potassium repletion. Am J Cardiol 1989;63:4G–21G.
Kobayashi J. On geographical relationship between the chemical nature of river water and death-rate from apoplexy. Ber Ohara Inst 1957;11:13–21.
Marier JR, Neri LC. Quantifying the role of magnesium in the interrelationship between human mortality/morbidity and water hardness. Magnesium 1985;4:53–59.
Schroeder HA. Relationship between mortality from cardiovascular diseases and treated water supplies. J Am Med Assoc 1960;172:1902–1908.
Karppanen H, Pennanen R, Passinen L. Minerals, coronary heart diseases and sudden coronary death. Adv Cardiol 1978;25:9–24.
Davis WH, et al. Monotherapy with magnesium increases abnormally low/high density lipoprotein cholesterol. A clinical assay Curr Therap Res 1984;36: 341–346.
Seelig MS. ISIS 4: clinical controversy regarding magnesium infusion, thrombolytic therapy, and acute myocardial infarction. Nutr Rev 1995;53:261–264.
Seelig MS, Elin RJ, Antman EM. Magnesium in acute myocardial infarction: still an open question. Can J Cardiol 1998;14:745–749.
Seelig MS. Interrelationship of magnesium and congestive heart failure. Wien Med Wochenschr 2000;150:335–341.
Cunnane SC, Soma M, McAdoo KR, Horrobin DF. Magnesium deficiency in the rat increases tissue levels of docosahexaenoic acid. J Nutr 1985;115:1498–1503.
Gueux E, Mazur A, Cardot P, Rayssiguier Y. Magnesium deficiency affects plasma lipoprotein composition in rats. J Nutr 1991;121:1222–1227.
Nigam S, Averdunk R, Gunther T. Alteration of prostanoid metabolism in rats with magnesium deficiency. Prostaglandins Leukot Med 1986;23:1–10.
Soma M, Cunnane SC, Horrobin DF, Manku MS, Honda M, Hatano M. Effects of low magnesium diet on the vascular prostaglandin and fatty acid metabolism in rats. Prostaglandins 1988;36:431–441.
Wallach S. Availability of body magnesium during magnesium deficiency. Magnesium 1988;7:262–270.
Altura BM, Altura BJ, Gebrewold J, Bloom S. Magnesium deficiency and hypertension: correlation between magnesium-deficient diets and microcirculatory changes in situ. Science 1984;223:1315–1317.
Mizushima S, Cappuccio FP, Nichols R, Elliot P. Dietary magnesium intake and blood pressure: a qualitative overview of calcium, potassium, and magnesium intake and risk of stroke in women. Stroke 1999;30:1772–1779.
Tillman DM, Semple PF. Calcium and magnesium in essential hypertension. Clin Sci (Lond) 1988;75:395–402.
Rude R, Manoogian C, Ehrlich L, DeRusso P, Ryzen E, Nadler J. Mechanisms of blood pressure regulation by magnesium in man. Magnesium 1989;8:266–273.
Nadler JL, Goodson S, Rude RK. Evidence that prostacyclin mediates the vascular action of magnesium in humans. Hypertension 1987;9:379–383.
Dechaux M, Kindermans C, Laborde K, Blazy I, Sachs C. Magnesium and plasma renin concentration. Kidney Int Suppl 1988;25:S12–S13.
Sanjuliani AF, de Abreu Fagundes VG, Francischetti EA. Effects of magnesium on blood pressure and intracellular ion levels of Brazilian hypertensive patients. Int J Cardiol 1996;56:177–183.
Touyz RM, Panz V, Milne FJ. Relations between magnesium, calcium, and plasma renin activity in black and white hypertensive patients. Miner Electrolyte Metab 1995;21:417–422.
Dyckner T, Wester PO. Effect of magnesium on blood pressure. Br Med J 1983;286:1847–1849.
Zemel PC, Zemel MB, Urberg M, Douglas FL, Geiser R, Sowers JR. Metabolic and hemodynamic effects of magnesium supplementation in patients with essential hypertension. Am J Clin Nutr 1990;51:665–669.
Overlack A, Zenzen JG, Ressel C, Muller HM, Stumpe KO. Influence of magnesium on blood pressure and the effect of nifedipine in rats. Hypertension 1987;9:139–143.
Rayssinguier Y, Mbega JD, Durlach V, et al. Magnesium and blood pressure. I. Animal studies Magnes Res 1992;5:139–146.
Mark SD, Wang W, Fraumeni JF Jr, et al. Lowered risks of hypertension and cerebrovascular disease after vitamin/mineral supplementation: the Linxian Nutrition Intervention Trial. Am J Epidemiol 1996;143:658–664.
Moore TJ, Vollmer WM, Appel LJ, et al. Effect of dietary patterns on ambulatory blood pressure: results from the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Trial. DASH Collaborative Research Group. Hypertension 1999;34: 472–477.
Butler AM. Diabetic coma. N Engl J Med 1950;243:648–659.
Kato WH, Folsom AR, Nieto FJ, et al. Serum and dietary magnesium and the risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus: the Atheroaclerosis Risk in Community Study. Arch Inter Med 1999;159:2151–2159.
Rosolova H, Mayer O Jr, Reaven G. Effect of variations in plasma magnesium concentration on resistance to insulin-mediated glucose disposal in nondiabetic subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:3783–3785.
Paolisso G, Scheen A, Cozzolino D, et al. Changes in glucose turnover parameters and improvement of glucose oxidation after 4-week magnesium administration in elderly noninsulin-dependent (type II) diabetic patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;78:1510–1514.
Mimouni F, Miodovnik M, Tsang RC, Holroyde J, Dignan PS, Siddiqi TA. Decreased maternal serum magnesium concentration and adverse fetal outcome in insulin-dependent diabetic women. Obstet Gynecol 1987;70:85–88.
Balon TW, Gu JL, Tokuyama Y, Jasman AP, Nadler JL. Magnesium supplementation reduces development of diabetes in a rat model of spontaneous NIDDM. Am J Physiol 1995;269:E745–E752.
Wallach S. Effects of magnesium on skeletal metabolism. Magnes Trace E lem 1990;9:1–14.
Wallach S. Relation of magnesium to osteoporosis and calcium urolithiasis. Magnes Trace Elem 1991-1992;10:281–286.
Boncimino K, McMahon DJ, Addesso V, Bilezikian JP, Shane E. Magnesium deficiency and bone loss after cardiac transplantation. J Bone Miner Res 1999;14: 295–303.
Stendig-Lindberg G, Tepper R, Leichter I. Trabecular bone density in a two year controlled trial of peroral magnesium in osteoporosis. Magnes Res 1993;6: 155–163.
New SA, Bolton-Smith C, Grubb DA, Reid DM. Nutritional influences on bone mineral density: a cross-sectional study in premenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65:1831–1839.
Angus RM, Sambrook PN, Pocock NA, Eisman JA. Dietary intake and bone mineral density. Bone Miner 1988;4:265–277.
Tucker KL, Hannan MT, Chen H, Cupples LA, Wilson PW, Kiel DP. Potassium, magnesium, and fruit and vegetable intakes are associated with greater bone mineral density in elderly men and women. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:727–736.
Doyle L, Flynn A, Cashman K. The effect of magnesium supplementation on biochemical markers of bone metabolism or blood pressure in healthy young adult females. Eur J Clin Nutr 1999;53:255–261.
Anast CS, Winnacker JL, Forte LR, Burns TW. Impaired release of parathyroid hormone in magnesium deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1976;42:707–717.
Shils ME. Magnesium, calcium, and parathyroid hormone interactions. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1980;355:165–180.
Rayssiguier Y, Thomasset M, Garel JM, Barlet JP. Plasma parathyroid hormone levels and intestinal calcium binding protein in magnesium deficient rats. Horm Metab Res 1982;14:379–382.
Anast CS, Forte LF. Parathyroid function and magnesium depletion in the rat. Endocrinology 1983;113:184–189.
Levi J, Massry SG, Coburn JW, Llach F, Kleeman CR. Hypocalcemia in magnesiumdepleted dogs: evidence for reduced responsiveness to parathyroid hormone and relative failure of parathyroid gland function. Metabolism 1974;23:323–335.
MacManus J, Heaton FW, Lucas PW. A decreased response to parathyroid hormone in magnesium deficiency. J Endocrinol 1971;49:253–258.
Freitag JJ, Martin KJ, Conrades MB, et al. Evidence for skeletal resistance to parathyroid hormone in magnesium deficiency. Studies in isolated perfused bone. J Clin Invest 1979;64:1238–1244.
Johannesson AJ, Raisz LG. Effects of low medium magnesium concentration on bone resorption in response to parathyroid hormone and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in organ culture. Endocrinology 1983;113:2294–2298.
Johannesson AJ, Raisz LG. Effects of low medium magnesium concentration on bone resorption in response to parathyroid hormone and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in organ culture. Endocrinology 1983;113:2294–2298.
Anast CS, Winnacker JL, Forte LR, Burns TW. Impaired release of parathyroid hormone in magnesium deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1976;42:707–717.
Anast CS, Forte LF. Parathyroid function and magnesium depletion in the rat. Endocrinology 1983;113:184–189.
Fleet JC, Cashman KD. Magnesium. In: Bowman BA, Russell RM, eds. Present Knowledge in Nutrition, 8th edn. International Life Sciences; 2001:292–301.
Fleet JC, Cashman KD. Magnesium. In: Bowman BA, Russell RM, eds. Present Knowledge in Nutrition, 8th edn. International Life Sciences; 2001:292–301.
Hirtz DG, Nelson K. Magnesium sulfate and cerebral palsy in premature infants. Curr Opin Pediatr 1998;10:131–137.
Paneth N, Jetton J, Pinto-Martin J, Susser M. Magnesium sulfate in labor and risk of neonatal brain lesions and cerebral palsy in low birth weight infants. The Neonatal Brain Hemorrhage Study Analysis Group. Pediatrics 1997;99:E1.
Mauskop A, Altura BM. Role of magnesium in the pathogenesis and treatment of migraines. Clin Neurosci 1998;5:24–27.
Pfaffenrath V, Wessely P, Meyer C, et al. Magnesium in the prophylaxis of migraine-a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Cephalalgia 1996;16:436–440.
Rowe BH, Bretzlaff JA, Bourdon C, Bota GW, Camargo CA Jr. Intravenous magnesium sulfate treatment for acute asthma in the emergency department: a systematic review of the literature. Ann Emerg Med 2000;36:181–190,234–236. Ann Emerg Med 37:552–553.
de Onis M, Villar J, Gulmezoglu M. Nutritional interventions to prevent intrauterine growth retardation: evidence from randomized controlled trials. Eur J Clin Nutr 1998;52(Suppl 1):S83–93.
Rudman D, Dedonis JL, Fountain MT, Chandler JB, Gerron GG, Fleming GA, Kutner MH. Hypocitraturia in patients with gastrointestinal malabsorption. N Engl J Med 1980;303:657–661.
Quamme GA. Laboratory evaluation of magnesium status. Renal function and free intracellular magnesium concentration. Clin Lab Med 1993;13:209–223.
Elin RJ. Assessment of magnesium status. Clin Chem 1987;33:1965–1970.
Fatemi S, Ryzen E, Flores J, Endres DB, Rude RK. Effect of experimental human magnesium depletion on parathyroid hormone secretion and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991;73:1067–1072.
Nadler JL, Malayan S, Luong H, Shaw S, Natarajan RD, Rude RK. Intracellular free magnesium deficiency plays a key role in increased platelet reactivity in type II diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 1992;15:835–841.
Abbott L, Nadler J, Rude RK. Magnesium deficiency in alcoholism: possible contribution to osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease in alcoholics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1994;18:1076–1082.
Rude RK, Olerich M. Magnesium deficiency: possible role in osteoporosis associated with gluten-sensitive enteropathy. Osteoporos Int 1996;6:453–461.
Reinhart RA. Magnesium metabolism. A review with special reference to the relationship between intracellular content and serum levels. Arch Intern Med 1988;148:2415–2420.
Food and Nutrition Board. Magnesium. Dietary Reference Intakes: Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Vitamin D, and Fluoride. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1997:190–249.
Ryzen E, Elkayam U, Rude RK. Low blood mononuclear cell magnesium in intensive cardiac care unit patients. Am Heart J 1986;111:475–480.
Gartside PS, Glueck CJ. The important role of modifiable dietary and behavioral characteristics in the causation and prevention of coronary heart disease hospitalization and mortality: the prospective NHANES I follow-up study. J Am Coll Nutr 1995;14:71–79.
Elin RJ. Assessment of magnesium status. Clin Chem 1987;33:1965–1970.
Mimouni FB. The ion-selective magnesium electrode: a new tool for clinicians and investigators. J Am Coll Nutr 1996;15:4–5.
Altura BT, Shirey TL, Young CC, et al. A new method for the rapid determination of ionized Mg2+ in whole blood, serum and plasma. Methods Find Exp Clin 1992;14:297–304.
Schuette SA, Ziegler EE, Nelson SE, Janghorbani M. Feasibility of using the stable isotope 25Mg to study Mg metabolism in infants. Pediatr Res 1990;27:36–40.
Nadler JL, Malayan S, Luong H, Shaw S, Natarajan RD, Rude RK. Intracellular free magnesium deficiency plays a key role in increased platelet reactivity in type II diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 1992;15:835–841.
Abbott L, Nadler J, Rude RK. Magnesium deficiency in alcoholism: possible contribution to osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease in alcoholics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1994;18:1076–1082.
Rude RK, Olerich M. Magnesium deficiency: possible role in osteoporosis associated with glutensensitive enteropathy. Osteoporos Int 1996;6:453–461.
Ryzen E, Elkayam U, Rude RK. Low blood mononuclear cell magnesium in intensive cardiac care unit patients. Am Heart J 1986;11:475–480.
Elin RJ, Hosseini JM. Magnesium content of mononuclear blood cells. Clin Chem 1985;31:377–380.
Reinhart RA. Magnesium metabolism. A review with special reference to the relationship between intracellular content and serum levels. Arch Intern Med 1988;148:2415–2420.
Ryzen E. Magnesium homeostasis in critically ill patients. Magnesium 1989;8: 201–212.
Alfrey AC, Miller NL, Butkus D. Evaluation of body magnesium stores. J Lab Clin Med 1974;84(2):153–162.
Wester PO, Dyckner T. Diuretictreatment and magnesium losses. Acta Med SCAND 1980;647:145–152.
Dyckner T, Wester PO. Skeletal muscle magnesium and potassium determinations: correlation with lymphocyte contents of magnesium and potassium. J Am Coll Nutr 1985;4:619–625.
Ralston MA, Murnane MR, Kelley RE, Altschuld RA, Unverferth DV, Leier VC. Magnesium content of serum, circulating mononuclear cells, skeletal muscle, and myocardium in congestive heart failure. Circulation 1989;80:573–580.
Fatemi S, Ryzen E, Flores J, Endres DB, Rude RK. Effect of experimental human magnesium depletion on parathyroid hormone secretion and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991;73:1067–1072.
Hua H, Gonzales J, Rude RK. Magnesium transport induced ex vivo by a pharmacological dose of insulin is impaired in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Magnes Res 1995;8:359–366.
Rude RK. Magnesium deficiency: a cause of heterogeneous disease in humans. J Bone Miner Res 1998;13:749–758.
Gullestad L, Dolva LO, Waage A, Falch D, Fagerthun H, Kjekshus J. Magnesium deficiency diagnosed by an intravenous loading test. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1992;52:245–253.
Greger JL, Baier MJ. Effect of dietary aluminum on mineral metabolism of adult males. Am J Clin Nutr 1983;38:411–419.
Hunt MS, Schofield FA. Magnesium balance and protein intake level in adult human female. Am J Clin Nutr 1969;22:367–373.
Mahalko JR, Sandstead HH, Johnson LK, Milne DB. Effect of a moderate increase in dietary protein on the retention and excretion of Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, P, and Zn by adult males. Am J Clin Nutr 1983;37:8–14.
Schwartz R, Spencer H, Welsh JJ. Magnesium absorption in human subjects from leafy vegetables, intrinsically labeled with stable 26Mg. Am J Clin Nutr 1984;39:571–576.
Schwartz R, Apgar BJ, Wien EM. Apparent absorption and retention of Ca, Cu, Mg, Mn, and Zn from a diet containing bran. Am J Clin Nutr 1986;43:444–455.
Clarkson PM, Haymes EM. Exercise and mineral status of athletes: calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and iron. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1995;27:831–843.
Niekamp RA, Baer JT. In-season dietary adequacy of trained male cross-country runners. Int J Sport Nutr 1995;5:45–55.
Cleveland LE, Goldman JD, Borrud LG. Data tables: results from USDA’s 1994 Continuing Survey of food intakes by Individuals and 1994 Diet and Health Knowleges Survey. Beltsville, MD: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1996.
Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare, Japan. Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese, 2005.
Rude RK, Bethune JE, Singer FR. Renal tubular maximum for magnesium in normal, hyperparathyroid, and hypoparathyroid man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1980;51:1425–1431.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2007 Springer-Verlag London Limited
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kimura, M. (2007). Overview of Magnesium Nutrition. In: Nishizawa, Y., Morii, H., Durlach, J. (eds) New Perspectives in Magnesium Research. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-483-0_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-483-0_7
Publisher Name: Springer, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-84628-388-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-84628-483-0
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)