Skip to main content

Late Effects After Treatment for Leukemia

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Leukemia and Related Disorders

Abstract

As of January 2007, it is estimated that there were nearly 12 million ­people with a previous diagnosis of cancer living in the United States. Due to the fact that leukemia comprises only a small portion of all cancers, individuals successfully treated for leukemia account for approximately 2% of these survivors. Due to advances in leukemia treatment, over 50% of individuals diagnosed with leukemia today will be alive 5 years after diagnosis. Issues related to long-term effects of treatment are important to understand. Patients with acute leukemia are treated aggressively with chemotherapy and frequently hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) and are at higher risk for long-term consequences.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Neyman N, Aminou R, Waldron W, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z, Cho H, Mariotto A, Eisner MP, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA, Edwards BK, editors. SEER cancer statistics review, 1975–2008. Bethesda: National Cancer Institute. http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2008/, based on November 2010 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, 2011.

  2. Baker KS, Bresters D, Sande JE. The burden of cure: long-term side effects following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in children. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2010;57:323–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Shimasaki N, Mori T, Torii C, et al. Influence of MTHFR and RFC1 polymorphisms on toxicities during maintenance chemotherapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia or lymphoma. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2008;30:347–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Carver JR, Shapiro CL, Ng A, et al. American society of clinical oncology clinical evidence review on the ongoing care of adult cancer survivors: cardiac and pulmonary late effects. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:3991–4008.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Doyle JJ, Neugut AI, Jacobson JS, Grann VR, Hershman DL. Chemotherapy and cardiotoxicity in older breast cancer patients: a population-based study. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:8597–605.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Shapiro CL, Hardenbergh PH, Gelman R, et al. Cardiac effects of adjuvant doxorubicin and radiation therapy in breast cancer patients. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16:3493–501.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Hequet O, Le QH, Moullet I, et al. Subclinical late cardiomyopathy after doxorubicin therapy for lymphoma in adults. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:1864–71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Lipshultz SE, Colan SD, Gelber RD, Perez-Atayde AR, Sallan SE, Sanders SP. Late cardiac effects of doxorubicin therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood. N Engl J Med. 1991;324:808–15.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Lipshultz SE, Lipsitz SR, Mone SM, et al. Female sex and drug dose as risk factors for late cardiotoxic effects of doxorubicin therapy for childhood cancer. N Engl J Med. 1995;332:1738–43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Braverman AC, Antin JH, Plappert MT, Cook EF, Lee RT. Cyclophosphamide cardiotoxicity in bone marrow transplantation: a prospective evaluation of new dosing regimens. J Clin Oncol. 1991;9:1215–23.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Sakata-Yanagimoto M, Kanda Y, Nakagawa M, et al. Predictors for severe cardiac complications after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2004;33:1043–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Reusch JE. Current concepts in insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and the metabolic syndrome. Am J Cardiol. 2002;90:19G–26.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Trevisan M, Liu J, Bahsas FB, Menotti A. Syndrome X and mortality: a population-based study. Risk Factor and Life Expectancy Research Group. Am J Epidemiol. 1998;148:958–66.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Lakka HM, Laaksonen DE, Lakka TA, et al. The metabolic syndrome and total and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men. JAMA. 2002;288:2709–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Nuver J, van den Belt-Dusebout AW, Gietema JA. Long-term survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:1973. author reply 1973.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Talvensaari K, Knip M. Childhood cancer and later development of the metabolic syndrome. Ann Med. 1997;29:353–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Talvensaari KK, Lanning M, Tapanainen P, Knip M. Long-term survivors of childhood cancer have an increased risk of manifesting the metabolic syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996;81:3051–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Oeffinger KC, Mertens AC, Sklar CA, et al. Obesity in adult survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a report from the childhood cancer survivor study. J Clin Oncol. 2003;17:1359–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Högler W, Shaw N. Bone mineral density in young adult survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer. 2009;115:4885. author reply 4885–4886.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Reilly JJ, Brougham M, Montgomery C, Richardson F, Kelly A, Gibson BE. Effect of glucocorticoid therapy on energy intake in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:3742–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Sklar CA, Mertens AC, Walter A, et al. Changes in body mass index and prevalence of overweight in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: role of cranial irradiation. Med Pediatr Oncol. 2000;35:91–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Down JD, Boudewijn A, van Os R, Thames HD, Ploemacher RE. Variations in radiation sensitivity and repair among different hematopoietic stem cell subsets following fractionated irradiation. Blood. 1995;86:122–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Taskinen M, Saarinen-Pihkala UM, Hovi L, Lipsanen-Nyman M. Impaired glucose tolerance and dyslipidaemia as late effects after bone-marrow transplantation in childhood. Lancet. 2000;356:993–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Lorini R, Cortona L, Scaramuzza A, et al. Hyperinsulinemia in children and adolescents after bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1995;15:873–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Sorensen K, Levitt G, Bull C, Chessells J, Sullivan I. Anthracycline dose in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: issues of early survival versus late cardiotoxicity. J Clin Oncol. 1997;15:61–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Colvin M, Hilton J. Pharmacology of cyclophosphamide and metabolites. Cancer Treat Rep. 1981;65 Suppl 3:89–95.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Nuver J, Smit AJ, Postma A, Sleijfer DT, Gietema JA. The metabolic syndrome in long-term cancer survivors, an important target for secondary preventive measures. Cancer Treat Rev. 2002;28:195–214.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Mody R, Li S, Dover DC, et al. Twenty-five-year follow-up among survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a report from the childhood cancer survivor study. Blood. 2008;111:5515–23.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Bongers ME, Francken AB, Rouwe C, Kamps WA, Postma A. Reduction of adult height in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia survivors after prophylactic cranial irradiation. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2005;45:139–43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Brownstein CM, Mertens AC, Mitby PA, et al. Factors that affect final height and change in height standard deviation scores in survivors of childhood cancer treated with growth hormone: a report from the childhood cancer survivor study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:4422–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Huma Z, Boulad F, Black P, Heller G, Sklar C. Growth in children after bone marrow transplantation for acute leukemia. Blood. 1995;86:819–24.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Gurney JG, Ness KK, Sibley SD, et al. Metabolic syndrome and growth hormone deficiency in adult survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer. 2006;107:1303–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Baker KS, Gurney JG, Ness KK, et al. Late effects in survivors of chronic myeloid leukemia treated with hematopoietic cell transplantation: results from the bone marrow transplant survivor study. Blood. 2004;104:1898–906.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Baker KS, Ness K, Weisdorf D, et al. Late effects in survivors of acute leukemia treated with hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT): a report from the bone marrow transplant survivor study (BMT-SS). Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2007;13:21–2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Thomas IH, Donohue JE, Ness KK, Dengel DR, Baker KS, Gurney JG. Bone mineral density in young adult survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer. 2008;113:3248–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Rizzo JD, Wingard JR, Tichelli A, et al. Recommended screening and preventive practices for long-term survivors after hematopoietic cell transplantation: joint recommendations of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation, the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research, and the American Society of Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2006;12:138–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Syrjala KL, Langer SL, Abrams JR, et al. Recovery and long-term function after hematopoietic cell transplantation for leukemia or lymphoma. JAMA. 2004;291:2335–43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Pirl WF. Evidence report on the occurrence, assessment, and treatment of depression in cancer patients. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 2004;32:32–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Pasquini M, Biondi M. Depression in cancer patients: a critical review. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2007;3:2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Kangas M, Henry JL, Bryant RA. Posttraumatic stress disorder following cancer. A conceptual and empirical review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2002;22:499–524.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Black EK, White CA. Fear of recurrence, sense of coherence and posttraumatic stress disorder in haematological cancer survivors. Psychooncology. 2005;14:510–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Lee-Jones C, Humphris G, Dixon R, Hatcher MB. Fear of cancer recurrence – a literature review and proposed cognitive formulation to explain exacerbation of recurrence fears. Psychooncology. 1997;6:95–105.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Deeg HJ, Socie G, Schoch G, et al. Malignancies after marrow transplantation for aplastic anemia and fanconi anemia: a joint Seattle and Paris analysis of results in 700 patients. Blood. 1996;87:386–92.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Andersen MK, Christiansen DH, Jensen BA, Ernst P, Hauge G, Pedersen-Bjergaard J. Therapy-related acute lymphoblastic leukaemia with MLL rearrangements following DNA topoisomerase II inhibitors, an increasing problem: report on two new cases and review of the literature since 1992. Br J Haematol. 2001;114:539–43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Kantidze OL, Razin SV. Chemotherapy-related secondary leukemias: a role for DNA repair by error-prone non-homologous end joining in topoisomerase II – induced chromosomal rearrangements. Gene. 2007;391:76–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Hawkins MM, Wilson LM, Stovall MA, et al. Epipodophyllotoxins, alkylating agents, and radiation and risk of secondary leukaemia after childhood cancer. BMJ. 1992;304:951–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Kantarjian HM, Keating MJ, Walters RS, et al. Therapy-related leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome: clinical, cytogenetic, and prognostic features. J Clin Oncol. 1986;4:1748–57.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Tucker MA, Meadows AT, Boice Jr JD, et al. Leukemia after therapy with alkylating agents for childhood cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1987;78:459–64.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Baker KS, DeFor TE, Burns LJ, Ramsay NK, Neglia JP, Robison LL. New malignancies after blood or marrow stem-cell transplantation in children and adults: incidence and risk factors. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:1352–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Fraser CJ, Hirsch BA, Dayton V, et al. First report of donor cell-derived acute leukemia as a complication of umbilical cord blood transplantation. Blood. 2005;106:4377–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Rizzo JD, Curtis RE, Socie G, et al. Solid cancers after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Blood. 2009;113:1175–83.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Bhatia S, Francisco L, Carter A, et al. Late mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation and functional status of long-term survivors: report from the bone marrow transplant survivor study. Blood. 2007;110:3784–92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Martin PJ, Counts Jr GW, Appelbaum FR, et al. Life expectancy in patients surviving more than 5 years after hematopoietic cell transplantation. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:1011–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Reuben SH. Living beyond cancer: finding a new balance. President’s Cancer panel 2003–2004 annual report, vol. 2010. Bethesda: National Cancer Institute. 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  55. National Cancer Policy Board Committee on Cancer Survivorship: Improving Care and Quality of Life. From cancer patient to cancer survivor: lost in transition. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Landier W, Bhatia S, Eshelman DA, et al. Development of risk-based guidelines for pediatric cancer survivors: the Children’s Oncology Group Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines from the Children’s Oncology Group Late Effects Committee and Nursing Discipline. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:4979–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to K. Scott Baker M.D., M.S. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Baker, K.S., Rajotte, E.J. (2012). Late Effects After Treatment for Leukemia. In: Estey, E., Appelbaum, F. (eds) Leukemia and Related Disorders. Contemporary Hematology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-565-1_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-565-1_10

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-60761-564-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-60761-565-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics