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Cancer Stem Cells: Hepatocellular Carcinoma

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Stem Cells and Cancer

Part of the book series: Cancer Drug Discovery and Development ((CDD&D))

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Abstract

It has been hypothesized that cancer stem cells result from the initiation of normal tissue stem cells by mutagens. These cells give rise to a population of growth and differentiation dysregulated transient amplifying cells that represent the bulk of the tumor. Fifty years of research has provided a relatively large knowledge base on adult liver stem cells termed “oval cells” in rodents and hepatic progenitor cells in humans. Despite this fact, information regarding liver cancer stem cells remains scarce. Abundant circumstantial evidence suggests that bipotential liver progenitor cells may act as targets for carcinogens, giving rise to liver cancer. Evidence is also beginning to indicate that these mutated progenitor cells, or their derivatives, may act as cancer stem cells. These cells maintain themselves through self-renewal and give rise to the transient amplifying cells that comprise a majority of the liver tumor volume. Putative liver cancer stem cells likely escape chemotherapeutic treatment, both by limiting time in the cell cycle, and by up-regulating membrane transporters. It is also likely that the ability to establish metastasis is limited to the liver cancer stem cell population. Because regrowth of tumors following unsuccessful cytoreductive therapy is mediated by tumor stem cells, careful consideration must be paid to this cell population when developing future liver cancer therapies. Several potential markers for the identification of liver cancer stem cells are currently under investigation. CD133 and CD90 show particular promise as discriminators of human liver cancer stem cells. These markers are being used to help unravel the mystery of tumor reoccurrence following treatment of the original tumor by surgery and cytoreductive drug/radio therapy, and may someday lead to a true cure for this ominous form of cancer. The following chapter presents evidence for both the stem cell origin of liver tumors, and the presence of altered stem cells within the tumors themselves.

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  1. Department of Pathology/Immunology & Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, 641H Medical Science Building, Gainsville, 32610-0275, FL

    Thomas Shupe & Bryon E. Petersen

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    Shupe, T., Petersen, B.E. (2009). Cancer Stem Cells: Hepatocellular Carcinoma. In: Teicher, B., Bagley, R. (eds) Stem Cells and Cancer. Cancer Drug Discovery and Development. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-933-8_13

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