Skip to main content

Cognitive Deficits in Parkinson’s Disease

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Cortico-Subcortical Dynamics in Parkinson's Disease

Part of the book series: Contemporary Neuroscience ((CNEURO))

  • 736 Accesses

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive age-related neurodegenerative disorder characterized primarily by motor symptoms such as tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia. These clinical manifestations do not emerge until the progressive damage of the dopamine (DA) system reaches critical level such as ˜70% reduction of striatal DA terminals and ˜50% decrease of DA neurons in the substantia nigra. It has been proposed that the delayed appearance of motor deficits associated with DA depletion is due to compensatory neuroadaptational mechanisms that normally takes place at presynaptic and postsynaptic levels after DA lesion [1].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Zgaljardic DJ, Borod JC, Foldi NS, Mattis P. A review of the cognitive and behavioral sequelae of Parkinson's disease: relationship to frontostriatal circuitry. Cogn Behav Neurol 2003;16(4):193–210.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Brown RG, Marsden CD. How common is dementia in Parkinson's disease? Lancet 1984;2(8414):1262–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Brown RG, Marsden CD. Internal versus external cues and the control of attention in Parkinson's disease. Brain 1988;111 ( Pt 2):323–45.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Brown RG, Marsden CD. An investigation of the phenomenon of “set” in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 1988;3(2):152–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Cooper JA, Sagar HJ, Jordan N, Harvey NS, Sullivan EV. Cognitive impairment in early, untreated Parkinson's disease and its relationship to motor disability. Brain 1991;114 (Pt 5):2095–122.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Dubois B, Pillon B. Cognitive deficits in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol 1997;244(1):2–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Lees AJ, Smith E. Cognitive deficits in the early stages of Parkinson's disease. Brain 1983;106 (Pt 2):257–70.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Owen AM, Beksinska M, James M, et al. Visuospatial memory deficits at different stages of Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychologia 1993;31(7):627–44.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Owen AM, James M, Leigh PN, et al. Fronto-striatal cognitive deficits at different stages of Parkinson's disease. Brain 1992;115 (Pt 6):1727–51.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Partiot A, Verin M, Pillon B, Teixeira-Ferreira C, Agid Y, Dubois B. Delayed response tasks in basal ganglia lesions in man: further evidence for a striato-frontal cooperation in behavioural adaptation. Neuropsychologia 1996;34(7):709–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Taylor AE, Saint-Cyr JA. The neuropsychology of Parkinson's disease. Brain Cogn 1995;28(3):281–96.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Taylor AE, Saint-Cyr JA, Lang AE. Frontal lobe dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. The cortical focus of neostriatal outflow. Brain 1986;109 ( Pt 5):845–83.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Pillon B, Czernecki V, Dubois B. Dopamine and cognitive function. Curr Opin Neurol 2003;16 Suppl 2:S17–22.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Brown P. Oscillatory nature of human basal ganglia activity: relationship to the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2003;18(4):357–63.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. DeLong MR, Wichmann T. Circuits and circuit disorders of the basal ganglia. Arch Neurol 2007;64(1):20–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Scatton B, Javoy-Agid F, Rouquier L, Dubois B, Agid Y. Reduction of cortical dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin and their metabolites in Parkinson's disease. Brain Res 1983;275(2):321–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Scatton B, Rouquier L, Javoy-Agid F, Agid Y. Dopamine deficiency in the cerebral cortex in Parkinson disease. Neurology 1982;32(9):1039–40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Caballol N, Marti MJ, Tolosa E. Cognitive dysfunction and dementia in Parkinson disease. Mov Disord 2007;22 Suppl 17:S358–66.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Levy G, Tang MX, Louis ED, et al. The association of incident dementia with mortality in PD. Neurology 2002;59(11):1708–13.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. McKeith IG, Dickson DW, Lowe J, et al. Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies: third report of the DLB Consortium. Neurology 2005;65(12):1863–72.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Aarsland D, Zaccai J, Brayne C. A systematic review of prevalence studies of dementia in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2005;20(10):1255–63.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Marder K, Tang MX, Cote L, Stern Y, Mayeux R. The frequency and associated risk factors for dementia in patients with Parkinson's disease. Arch Neurol 1995;52(7):695–701.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Hely MA, Morris JG, Reid WG, Trafficante R. Sydney Multicenter Study of Parkinson's disease: non-l-dopa-responsive problems dominate at 15 years. Mov Disord 2005;20(2):190–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Portin R, Rinne UK. Predictive factors for cognitive deterioration and dementia in Parkinson's disease. Adv Neurol 1987;45:413–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Aarsland D, Andersen K, Larsen JP, Lolk A, Kragh-Sorensen P. Prevalence and characteristics of dementia in Parkinson disease: an 8-year prospective study. Arch Neurol 2003;60(3):387–92.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Hughes TA, Ross HF, Musa S, et al. A 10-year study of the incidence of and factors predicting dementia in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 2000;54(8):1596–602.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Schrag A, Ben-Shlomo Y, Brown R, Marsden CD, Quinn N. Young-onset Parkinson's disease revisited--clinical features, natural history, and mortality. Mov Disord 1998;13(6):885–94.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Aarsland D, Andersen K, Larsen JP, Lolk A, Nielsen H, Kragh-Sorensen P. Risk of dementia in Parkinson's disease: a community-based, prospective study. Neurology 2001;56(6):730–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. de Lau LM, Schipper CM, Hofman A, Koudstaal PJ, Breteler MM. Prognosis of Parkinson disease: risk of dementia and mortality: the Rotterdam Study. Arch Neurol 2005;62(8):1265–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Hobson P, Meara J. Risk and incidence of dementia in a cohort of older subjects with Parkinson's disease in the United Kingdom. Mov Disord 2004;19(9):1043–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Canavan AG, Passingham RE, Marsden CD, Quinn N, Wyke M, Polkey CE. The performance on learning tasks of patients in the early stages of Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychologia 1989;27(2):141–56.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Dubois B, Burn D, Goetz C, et al. Diagnostic procedures for Parkinson's disease dementia: recommendations from the movement disorder society task force. Mov Disord 2007;22(16):2314–24.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Lewis SJ, Foltynie T, Blackwell AD, Robbins TW, Owen AM, Barker RA. Heterogeneity of Parkinson's disease in the early clinical stages using a data driven approach. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005;76(3):343–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Lewis SJ, Slabosz A, Robbins TW, Barker RA, Owen AM. Dopaminergic basis for deficits in working memory but not attentional set-shifting in Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychologia 2005;43(6):823–32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Owen AM, Sahakian BJ, Semple J, Polkey CE, Robbins TW. Visuo-spatial short-term recognition memory and learning after temporal lobe excisions, frontal lobe excisions or amygdalo-hippocampectomy in man. Neuropsychologia 1995;33(1):1–24.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Aarsland D, Litvan I, Salmon D, Galasko D, Wentzel-Larsen T, Larsen JP. Performance on the dementia rating scale in Parkinson's disease with dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies: comparison with progressive supranuclear palsy and Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003;74(9):1215–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Cahn-Weiner DA, Grace J, Ott BR, Fernandez HH, Friedman JH. Cognitive and behavioral features discriminate between Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol 2002;15(2):79–87.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Litvan I, Mohr E, Williams J, Gomez C, Chase TN. Differential memory and executive functions in demented patients with Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1991;54(1):25–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Paolo AM, Troster AI, Glatt SL, Hubble JP, Koller WC. Differentiation of the dementias of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease with the dementia rating scale. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1995;8(3):184–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Noe E, Marder K, Bell KL, Jacobs DM, Manly JJ, Stern Y. Comparison of dementia with Lewy bodies to Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease with dementia. Mov Disord 2004;19(1):60–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Starkstein SE, Sabe L, Petracca G, et al. Neuropsychological and psychiatric differences between Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease with dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1996;61(4):381–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. “Mini-mental state”. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res 1975;12(3):189–98.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Ballard CG, Aarsland D, McKeith I, et al. Fluctuations in attention: PD dementia vs DLB with parkinsonism. Neurology 2002;59(11):1714–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Emre M, Aarsland D, Albanese A, et al. Rivastigmine for dementia associated with Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med 2004;351(24):2509–18.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Beatty WW, Ryder KA, Gontkovsky ST, Scott JG, McSwan KL, Bharucha KJ. Analyzing the subcortical dementia syndrome of Parkinson's disease using the RBANS. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2003;18(5):509–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Cormack F, Aarsland D, Ballard C, Tovee MJ. Pentagon drawing and neuropsychological performance in Dementia with Lewy Bodies, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Parkinson's disease with dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2004;19(4):371–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Mosimann UP, Mather G, Wesnes KA, O'Brien JT, Burn DJ, McKeith IG. Visual perception in Parkinson disease dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurology 2004;63(11):2091–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Aarsland D, Larsen JP, Karlsen K, Lim NG, Tandberg E. Mental symptoms in Parkinson's disease are important contributors to caregiver distress. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1999;14(10):866–74.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Aarsland D, Larsen JP, Lim NG, et al. Range of neuropsychiatric disturbances in patients with Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1999;67(4):492–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Aarsland D, Cummings JL, Larsen JP. Neuropsychiatric differences between Parkinson's disease with dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2001;16(2):184–91.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Aarsland D, Bronnick K, Ehrt U, et al. Neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease and dementia: frequency, profile and associated care giver stress. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2007;78(1):36–42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Benoit M, Robert PH, Staccini P, et al. One-year longitudinal evaluation of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease. The REAL.FR Study. J Nutr Health Aging 2005;9(2):95–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Bronnick K, Aarsland D, Larsen JP. Neuropsychiatric disturbances in Parkinson's disease clusters in five groups with different prevalence of dementia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2005;112(3):201–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Engelborghs S, Maertens K, Nagels G, et al. Neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia: cross-sectional analysis from a prospective, longitudinal Belgian study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2005;20(11):1028–37.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Hirono N, Mori E, Imamura T, Shimomura T, Hashimoto M. [Neuropsychiatric features in Dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer's disease]. No To Shinkei 1998;50(1):45–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Menza MA, Robertson-Hoffman DE, Bonapace AS. Parkinson's disease and anxiety: comorbidity with depression. Biol Psychiatry 1993;34(7):465–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Aarsland D, Litvan I, Larsen JP. Neuropsychiatric symptoms of patients with progressive supranuclear palsy and Parkinson's disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2001;13(1):42–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Fenelon G, Mahieux F, Huon R, Ziegler M. Hallucinations in Parkinson's disease: prevalence, phenomenology and risk factors. Brain 2000;123 (Pt 4):733–45.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Aarsland D, Ballard C, Larsen JP, McKeith I. A comparative study of psychiatric symptoms in dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease with and without dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2001;16(5):528–36.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Hirono N, Mori E, Tanimukai S, et al. Distinctive neurobehavioral features among neurodegenerative dementias. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1999;11(4):498–503.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Ballard C, Holmes C, McKeith I, et al. Psychiatric morbidity in dementia with Lewy bodies: a prospective clinical and neuropathological comparative study with Alzheimer's disease. Am J Psychiatry 1999;156(7):1039–45.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Ferreri F, Agbokou C, Gauthier S. Recognition and management of neuropsychiatric complications in Parkinson's disease. Cmaj 2006;175(12):1545–52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Almeida OP, Burton EJ, McKeith I, Gholkar A, Burn D, O'Brien JT. MRI study of caudate nucleus volume in Parkinson's disease with and without dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer's disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2003;16(2):57–63.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Burton EJ, McKeith IG, Burn DJ, O'Brien JT. Brain atrophy rates in Parkinson's disease with and without dementia using serial magnetic resonance imaging. Mov Disord 2005;20(12):1571–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Burton EJ, McKeith IG, Burn DJ, Williams ED, O'Brien JT. Cerebral atrophy in Parkinson's disease with and without dementia: a comparison with Alzheimer's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies and controls. Brain 2004;127(Pt 4):791–800.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Beyer MK, Aarsland D, Greve OJ, Larsen JP. Visual rating of white matter hyperintensities in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2006;21(2):223–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Camicioli R, Moore MM, Kinney A, Corbridge E, Glassberg K, Kaye JA. Parkinson's disease is associated with hippocampal atrophy. Mov Disord 2003;18(7):784–90.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Junque C, Ramirez-Ruiz B, Tolosa E, et al. Amygdalar and hippocampal MRI volumetric reductions in Parkinson's disease with dementia. Mov Disord 2005;20(5):540–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Summerfield C, Junque C, Tolosa E, et al. Structural brain changes in Parkinson disease with dementia: a voxel-based morphometry study. Arch Neurol 2005;62(2):281–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Tam CW, Burton EJ, McKeith IG, Burn DJ, O'Brien JT. Temporal lobe atrophy on MRI in Parkinson disease with dementia: a comparison with Alzheimer disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurology 2005;64(5):861–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Bowen BC, Block RE, Sanchez-Ramos J, et al. Proton MR spectroscopy of the brain in 14 patients with Parkinson disease. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1995;16(1):61–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Antonini A, De Notaris R, Benti R, De Gaspari D, Pezzoli G. Perfusion ECD/SPECT in the characterization of cognitive deficits in Parkinson's disease. Neurol Sci 2001;22(1):45–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Firbank MJ, Colloby SJ, Burn DJ, McKeith IG, O'Brien JT. Regional cerebral blood flow in Parkinson's disease with and without dementia. Neuroimage 2003;20(2):1309–19.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Kasama S, Tachibana H, Kawabata K, Yoshikawa H. Cerebral blood flow in Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and Alzheimer's disease according to three-dimensional stereotactic surface projection imaging. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2005;19(5–6):266–75.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Kawabata K, Tachibana H, Sugita M. Cerebral blood flow and dementia in Parkinson's disease. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1991;4(4):194–203.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Liu RS, Lin KN, Wang SJ, et al. Cognition and 99Tcm-HMPAO SPECT in Parkinson's disease. Nucl Med Commun 1992;13(10):744–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Mito Y, Yoshida K, Yabe I, et al. Brain 3D-SSP SPECT analysis in dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson's disease with and without dementia, and Alzheimer's disease. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2005;107(5):396–403.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Osaki Y, Morita Y, Fukumoto M, Akagi N, Yoshida S, Doi Y. Three-dimensional stereotactic surface projection SPECT analysis in Parkinson's disease with and without dementia. Mov Disord 2005;20(8):999–1005.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Sawada H, Udaka F, Kameyama M, et al. SPECT findings in Parkinson's disease associated with dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1992;55(10):960–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Spampinato U, Habert MO, Mas JL, et al. (99mTc)-HM-PAO SPECT and cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease: a comparison with dementia of the Alzheimer type. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1991;54(9):787–92.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Volkow ND, Gur RC, Wang GJ, et al. Association between decline in brain dopamine activity with age and cognitive and motor impairment in healthy individuals. Am J Psychiatry 1998;155(3):344–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, et al. Parallel loss of presynaptic and postsynaptic dopamine markers in normal aging. Ann Neurol 1998;44(1):143–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Rinne JO, Portin R, Ruottinen H, et al. Cognitive impairment and the brain dopaminergic system in Parkinson disease: [18F]fluorodopa positron emission tomographic study. Arch Neurol 2000;57(4):470–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Cohen JD, Braver TS, Brown JW. Computational perspectives on dopamine function in prefrontal cortex. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2002;12(2):223–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Horvitz JC. Mesolimbocortical and nigrostriatal dopamine responses to salient non-reward events. Neuroscience 2000;96(4):651–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Schultz W. Getting formal with dopamine and reward. Neuron 2002;36(2):241–63.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Kori A, Miyashita N, Kato M, Hikosaka O, Usui S, Matsumura M. Eye movements in monkeys with local dopamine depletion in the caudate nucleus. II. Deficits in voluntary saccades. J Neurosci 1995;15(1 Pt 2):928–41.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Miyoshi E, Wietzikoski S, Camplessei M, Silveira R, Takahashi RN, Da Cunha C. Impaired learning in a spatial working memory version and in a cued version of the water maze in rats with MPTP-induced mesencephalic dopaminergic lesions. Brain Res Bull 2002;58(1):41–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Sawaguchi T, Goldman-Rakic PS. The role of D1-dopamine receptor in working memory: local injections of dopamine antagonists into the prefrontal cortex of rhesus monkeys performing an oculomotor delayed-response task. J Neurophysiol 1994;71(2):515–28.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Dagher A. Functional imaging in Parkinson's disease. Semin Neurol 2001;21(1):23–32.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Monchi O, Petrides M, Doyon J, Postuma RB, Worsley K, Dagher A. Neural bases of set-shifting deficits in Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci 2004;24(3):702–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Monchi O, Petrides M, Mejia-Constain B, Strafella AP. Cortical activity in Parkinson's disease during executive processing depends on striatal involvement. Brain 2007;130(Pt 1):233–44.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Harhangi BS, Menovsky T, Wurzer HA. Hemothorax as a complication after anterior cervical discectomy: case report. Neurosurgery 2005;56(4):E871; discussion E.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Camicioli R, Rajput A, Rajput M, et al. Apolipoprotein E epsilon4 and catechol-O-methyltransferase alleles in autopsy-proven Parkinson's disease: relationship to dementia and hallucinations. Mov Disord 2005;20(8):989–94.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Inzelberg R, Chapman J, Treves TA, et al. Apolipoprotein E4 in Parkinson disease and dementia: new data and meta-analysis of published studies. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1998;12(1):45–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Koller WC, Glatt SL, Hubble JP, et al. Apolipoprotein E genotypes in Parkinson's disease with and without dementia. Ann Neurol 1995;37(2):242–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Marder K, Maestre G, Cote L, et al. The apolipoprotein epsilon 4 allele in Parkinson's disease with and without dementia. Neurology 1994;44(7):1330–1.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Gasser T, Muller-Myhsok B, Wszolek ZK, et al. Genetic complexity and Parkinson's disease. Science 1997;277(5324):388–9; author reply 9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Polymeropoulos MH, Lavedan C, Leroy E, et al. Mutation in the alpha-synuclein gene identified in families with Parkinson's disease. Science 1997;276(5321):2045–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Singleton AB, Farrer M, Johnson J, et al. alpha-Synuclein locus triplication causes Parkinson's disease. Science 2003;302(5646):841.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Zarranz JJ, Alegre J, Gomez-Esteban JC, et al. The new mutation, E46K, of alpha-synuclein causes Parkinson and Lewy body dementia. Ann Neurol 2004;55(2):164–73.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Golbe LI, Di Iorio G, Sanges G, et al. Clinical genetic analysis of Parkinson's disease in the Contursi kindred. Ann Neurol 1996;40(5):767–75.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Marder K, Tang MX, Alfaro B, et al. Risk of Alzheimer's disease in relatives of Parkinson's disease patients with and without dementia. Neurology 1999;52(4):719–24.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Kurz M, Alves G, Aarsland D, Larsen JP. Familial Parkinson's disease: a community-based study. Eur J Neurol 2003;10(2):159–63.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Levy G, Louis ED, Mejia-Santana H, et al. Lack of familial aggregation of Parkinson disease and Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 2004;61(7):1033–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Lippa CF, Duda JE, Grossman M, et al. DLB and PDD boundary issues: diagnosis, treatment, molecular pathology, and biomarkers. Neurology 2007;68(11):812–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Chartier-Harlin MC, Kachergus J, Roumier C, et al. Alpha-synuclein locus duplication as a cause of familial Parkinson's disease. Lancet 2004;364(9440):1167–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Langston JW, Sastry S, Chan P, Forno LS, Bolin LM, Di Monte DA. Novel alpha-synuclein-immunoreactive proteins in brain samples from the Contursi kindred, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's disease. Exp Neurol 1998;154(2):684–90.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Nishioka K, Hayashi S, Farrer MJ, et al. Clinical heterogeneity of alpha-synuclein gene duplication in Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 2006;59(2):298–309.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Forman MS, Lee VM, Trojanowski JQ. Nosology of Parkinson's disease: looking for the way out of a quagmire. Neuron 2005;47(4):479–82.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Spillantini MG, Schmidt ML, Lee VM, Trojanowski JQ, Jakes R, Goedert M. Alpha-synuclein in Lewy bodies. Nature 1997;388(6645):839–40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Lippa CF, Fujiwara H, Mann DM, et al. Lewy bodies contain altered alpha-synuclein in brains of many familial Alzheimer's disease patients with mutations in presenilin and amyloid precursor protein genes. Am J Pathol 1998;153(5):1365–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Lippa CF, Schmidt ML, Lee VM, Trojanowski JQ. Antibodies to alpha-synuclein detect Lewy bodies in many Down's syndrome brains with Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol 1999;45(3):353–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Zimprich A, Biskup S, Leitner P, et al. Mutations in LRRK2 cause autosomal-dominant parkinsonism with pleomorphic pathology. Neuron 2004;44(4):601–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Farrer MJ. Genetics of Parkinson disease: paradigm shifts and future prospects. Nat Rev Genet 2006;7(4):306–18.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Baba Y, Baker MC, Le Ber I, et al. Clinical and genetic features of families with frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 with a P301S tau mutation. J Neural Transm 2007;114(7):947–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Aarsland D, Perry R, Brown A, Larsen JP, Ballard C. Neuropathology of dementia in Parkinson's disease: a prospective, community-based study. Ann Neurol 2005;58(5):773–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Hurtig HI, Trojanowski JQ, Galvin J, et al. Alpha-synuclein cortical Lewy bodies correlate with dementia in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 2000;54(10):1916–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. McKeel DW, Jr., Price JL, Miller JP, et al. Neuropathologic criteria for diagnosing Alzheimer disease in persons with pure dementia of Alzheimer type. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2004;63(10):1028–37.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Del Ser T, Hachinski V, Merskey H, Munoz DG. Clinical and pathologic features of two groups of patients with dementia with Lewy bodies: effect of coexisting Alzheimer-type lesion load. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2001;15(1):31–44.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Merdes AR, Hansen LA, Jeste DV, et al. Influence of Alzheimer pathology on clinical diagnostic accuracy in dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurology 2003;60(10):1586–90.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Baba M, Nakajo S, Tu PH, et al. Aggregation of alpha-synuclein in Lewy bodies of sporadic Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Am J Pathol 1998;152(4):879–84.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Aarsland D, Kvaloy JT, Andersen K, et al. The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia. J Neurol 2007;254(1):38–45.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Harding AJ, Broe GA, Halliday GM. Visual hallucinations in Lewy body disease relate to Lewy bodies in the temporal lobe. Brain 2002;125(Pt 2):391–403.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Duda JE, Giasson BI, Mabon ME, Lee VM, Trojanowski JQ. Novel antibodies to synuclein show abundant striatal pathology in Lewy body diseases. Ann Neurol 2002;52(2):205–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Jellinger KA. Neuropathological spectrum of synucleinopathies. Mov Disord 2003;18 Suppl 6:S2–12.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Norris EH, Giasson BI, Lee VM. Alpha-synuclein: normal function and role in neurodegenerative diseases. Curr Top Dev Biol 2004;60:17–54.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. McNaught KS, Perl DP, Brownell AL, Olanow CW. Systemic exposure to proteasome inhibitors causes a progressive model of Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 2004;56(1):149–62.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Olanow CW, Perl DP, DeMartino GN, McNaught KS. Lewy-body formation is an aggresome-related process: a hypothesis. Lancet Neurol 2004;3(8):496–503.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Fujiwara H, Hasegawa M, Dohmae N, et al. alpha-Synuclein is phosphorylated in synucleinopathy lesions. Nat Cell Biol 2002;4(2):160–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Cappai R, Leck SL, Tew DJ, et al. Dopamine promotes alpha-synuclein aggregation into SDS-resistant soluble oligomers via a distinct folding pathway. Faseb J 2005;19(10):1377–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Li J, Zhu M, Manning-Bog AB, Di Monte DA, Fink AL. Dopamine and l-dopa disaggregate amyloid fibrils: implications for Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. Faseb J 2004;18(9):962–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Li W, West N, Colla E, et al. Aggregation promoting C-terminal truncation of alpha-synuclein is a normal cellular process and is enhanced by the familial Parkinson's disease-linked mutations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005;102(6):2162–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Klucken J, Ingelsson M, Shin Y, et al. Clinical and biochemical correlates of insoluble alpha-synuclein in dementia with Lewy bodies. Acta Neuropathol 2006;111(2):101–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Deramecourt V, Bombois S, Maurage CA, et al. Biochemical staging of synucleinopathy and amyloid deposition in dementia with Lewy bodies. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2006;65(3):278–88.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kuei Y. Tseng .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Humana Press, a part of Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Gerschcovich, E.R., Tseng, K.Y. (2009). Cognitive Deficits in Parkinson’s Disease. In: Tseng, KY. (eds) Cortico-Subcortical Dynamics in Parkinson's Disease. Contemporary Neuroscience. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-252-0_19

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics