Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Multivariable Evaluation of Candidates for Cardiovascular Disease

  • Chapter
Essential Cardiology

  • 2061 Accesses

Abstract

A preventive approach to management of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) is needed because once CVD becomes manifest, it is often immediately lethal and those fortunate enough to survive seldom can be restored to full function. Prevention of the major atherosclerotic CVD events is now feasible because several modifiable predisposing risk factors have been ascertained that when corrected, can reduce the likelihood of such events occurring (1,2). Multivariate risk formulations for estimating the probability of cardiovascular events conditional on the burden of a number of specified risk factors have been produced to facilitate evaluation of candidates for CVD in need of preventive management (3–6).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Manson JE, Tosteson H, Ridker PM, et al. The primary prevention of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1992;326:1406–1416.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Kannel WB. Contribution of the Framingham Study to preventive cardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990;15:206–211.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Anderson KM, Wilson PWF, Odell PM, et al. An updated coronary risk profile: a statement for health professionals. Circulation 1991;83:357–363.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Wolf PA, D’Agostino RB, Belanger AJ, et al. Probability of stroke: a risk profile from the Framingham Study. Stroke 1991;22:312–318.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Murabito JM, D’Agostino RB, Silbershatz H, Wilson PWF. Intermittent claudication: a risk profile from the Framingham Study. Circulation 1997;96:44–49.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Kannel WB, D’Agostino RB, Silbershatz H, et al. Profile for estimating risk of heart failure. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:1197–1204.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Kannel WB, Sytkowski PA. Atherosclerosis risk factors. Pharmacol Ther 1987;32:207–235.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Kannel WB, McGee DL. Diabetes and glucose tolerance as risk factors for cardiovascular disease: The Framingham Study. Diabetes Care 1979;2:120–126.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Kannel WB, Wilson PWF. Risk factors that attenuate the female coronary disease advantage. Arch Intern Med 1995;155:57–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. NIH Consensus Development Panel. Triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein and coronary heart disease. JAMA 1993;269:505–510.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Kannel WB. High-density lipoproteins: epidemiologic profile and risks of coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1983;52:9B–12B.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Wilson PWF, Kannel WB. Hypercholesterolemia and coronary risk in the elderly: The Framingham Study. Am J Geriat Cardiol 1993;2:52–56.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Corti MC, Guralnic JM, Salive ME, et al. HDL cholesterol predicts coronary heart disease mortality in older persons. JAMA 1995;274:539–544.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Kannel WB, Dawber TR, McGee DL, et al. Perspectives on systolic blood hypertension: The Framingham Study. Circulation 1980;61:1179–1182.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Franklin SS, Kahn SA, Wong ND, et al. Is pulse pressure useful in predicting risk for coronary heart disease? The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 1999;100:354–360.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Reaven GM. Banting Lecture 1988: role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 1988;37:1595–1607.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (ATP III). JAMA 2001;285:2486–2497.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among U.S. adults. JAMA 2002;287:356–259.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Castelli WP, Wilson PWF, Levy D, Anderson K. Cardiovascular risk factors in the elderly. Am J Cardiol 1989;63:12H–19H.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Kannel WB. Epidemiologic relationship of disease among the different vascular territories. In: Fuster V, Ross R, Topol EJ, eds. Atherosclerosis and Coronary Artery Disease, vol. II. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, 1996, pp. 1591–1599.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Cupples LA, Gagnon DR, Wong ND, et al. Preexisting cardiovascular conditions and long-term prognosis after initial myocardial infarction. The Framingham Study. Am Heart J 1993;125:863–872.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Koenig W. Haemostatic risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J 1998;19(Suppl C):C39–C43.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Ridker PM, Cushman M, Stampfer MJ, et al. Inflammation, aspirin and the risk of cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 1997;336:973–979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Welch GN, Loscalzo J. Homocysteine and atherothrombosis. N Engl J Med 1998;338:1042–1050.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Leaverton PE, Sorlie PD, Kleinman JC, et al. Representativeness of the Framingham risk model for coronary heart disease mortality: a comparison with a national cohort study. J Chronic Dis 1987;40:775–784.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Brand RJ, Rosenmann RH, Sholtz RI, et al. Multivariate prediction of coronary heart disease in the Western Collaborative Group Study compared to the findings of the Framingham Study. Circulation 1976;53:348–355.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Schulte H, Assmann G. CHD risk equations obtained from the Framingham Heart Study applied to PRO-CAM Study. Cardiovascular Risk Factors 1991;1:126–133.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Wilson PWF, D’Agostino RB, Levy D, et al. Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories. Circulation 1998;97:1837–1847.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Ho KL, Anderson KM, Grossman W, Levy D. Survival after onset of congestive heart failure in the Framingham Study. Circulation 1993;88:107–115.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Kannel WB, Belanger AJ. Epidemiology of heart failure. Am Heart J 1994;121:951–957.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Califf RM, Armstrong PW, Carver JR, et al. 27th Bethesda Conference: Matching the intensity of risk factor management with the hazard for coronary disease events. Task Force 5. Stratification of patients into high, medium and low risk subgroups for purposes of risk factor management. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;5:1007–1019.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Manson JE, Tosteson H, Ridker PM, et al. The primary prevention of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1992;326:1406–1416.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Rich-Edwards JW, Manson JE, Hennekens CH, et al. The primary prevention of coronary heart disease in women. N Engl J Med 1995;332:1758–1766.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Sacks FM, Pfeffer MA, Moye LA, et al. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med 1996;335:1001–1009.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Downs JR, Clearfield M, Weis S, et al. For the AFCAPS/TexCAPS Research Group. Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels: results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS. JAMA 1998;279:1615–1622.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program Cooperative Research Group. Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension: Final results of the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). JAMA 1991;265:3255–3264.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Stassen JA, Fagard R, Thijs L, et al. Randomized double-blind comparison of placebo and active treatment for older patients with isolated systolic hypertension. The Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) Trial investigators. Lancet 1997;350:757–764.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women. Principal results from the Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Trial. Writing group for the Women’s Health Initiative investigators. JAMA 2002;288:321–333.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Hulley S, Grady D, Bush T, Furberg C, et al. Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. For the Heart and Estrogen Progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group. JAMA 1998;280:605–613.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Wilson PWF, Garrison RJ, Castelli WP. Postmenopausal estrogen, cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease. The Framingham Study. N Engl J Med 1985;313:1038–1043.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Kannel WB, Wilson PWF. Comparison of risk profiles for cardiovascular events: implications for prevention. In: Abboud FM, ed. Advances in Internal Medicine. Mosby Yearbook, Chicago, 1997, pp. 39–66.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Kannel WB, Wilson PWF. Efficacy of lipid profiles in prediction of coronary disease. Am Heart J 1992;124:768–774.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Kannel WB. Elevated systolic blood pressure as a cardiovascular risk factor. Am J Cardiol 2000;85:251–255.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Kannel WB. Epidemiologic contributions to preventive cardiology and challenges for the 21st century. In: Wong, Black, Gardin, eds. Practical Strategies in Preventing Heart Disease. McGraw Hill, New York, 2000, pp. 3–20.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Wilson PW, D’Agostino RB, Levy D, et al. Prediction of coronary heart disease. Circulation 1998;97:1837.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Medicine and Public Health, Framingham Study/Boston University School of Medicine, Framingham, MA

    William B. Kannel MD, MPH, FACC (Professor)

Authors
  1. William B. Kannel MD, MPH, FACC
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Medicine, Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY

    Clive Rosendorff MD, PhD, FRCP (Professor) (Professor)

  2. Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY

    Clive Rosendorff MD, PhD, FRCP (Professor) (Professor)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2005 Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kannel, W.B. (2005). Multivariable Evaluation of Candidates for Cardiovascular Disease. In: Rosendorff, C. (eds) Essential Cardiology. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-918-9_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-918-9_1

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-370-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-918-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation