Skip to main content

Structure of the Microsporidia

  • Chapter
Biology of the Microsporidia

Part of the book series: Comparative Pathobiology ((CPATH,volume 1))

Abstract

Considerable knowledge of microsporidian structure has been accumulated during 150 years of research. Critical evaluation of this knowledge reveals, however, that most progress has been achieved during the past fifteen years after electron microscopic application. Although some light microscope observations have contributed amazingly accurate data on microsporidian structure, the extreme smallness of microsporidia (the spores of which are probably the smallest eukaryotic cells) as well as the compactness and complexity of their structural organization requires better resolution than that obtained with the light microscope.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Akao, S. (1969). Studies on the ultrastructure of Nosema cuniculi, a microsporidian parasite of rodents. Jap. J. Parasitol. 18, 8–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barker, R. J. (1975). Ultrastructural observations on Encephalitozoon cuniculi Levaditi,Nicolau & Schoen 1923, from mouse peritoneal macrophages. Folia Parasitol. (Praha) 22, 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burges, H. D., Canning, E. U. and Hulls, I. K. (197A). Ultra-structure of Nosema oryzaephili and the taxonomic value of the polar filament. J. Invert. Pathol. 16, 135–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burke, J. M. (1970). A microsporidian in the epidermis of Eisenia foetida (Oligochaeta). J. Invert. Pathol. 16, 145–147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burnett, R. G. and King, R. C. (1962). Observations on a microsporidian parasite of Drosophila willistoni Sturtevant. J. Insect Pathol. 4, 104–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cali, Ann (1971). Morphogenesis in the genus Nosema. Proc. Int. Colloq. Insect Pathol., 4th, College Park, Maryland, 1970, pp. 431–438.

    Google Scholar 

  • Canning, E. U. and Nicholas, J. P. (1974). Light and electron microscope observations on Unihxryon legeri (Microsporida, Nosematidae), a parasite of the metacercaria of Meigymnophallus minutus in Cardium edule. J. Invert. Pathol. 23, 92–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Canning, E. U. and Sinden, R. E. (1973). Ultrastructural observations on the development of Nosema algevae Vavra and Undeen (Microsporida, Nosematidae) in the mosquito Anopheles stephensi Liston. Protistologica 9, 405–415.

    Google Scholar 

  • Codreanu, R. (1961). Sur la structure bicellulaire des spores de Telomyxa cf. glugeifovmis Léger et Hesse, 1910, parasite des nymphes d’Ephemera (France, Roumanie) et les nouveaux sous-ordres des microsporidies Monocytosporea et Polycytosporea. C.R. Acad. Sci., Paris, 253, 1613–1615.

    Google Scholar 

  • Codreanu, R, (1964). On the occurrence of spore or sporont appendages in the microsporidia and their taxonomic significance. Proc. Int. Cong. Parasitol., 1st, Rome, Italy, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  • Codreanu, R., Popa, A. and Voiculescu, R. (1965). Donneés sur 1’ultrastructure des spores de microsporidies. Bull. Apicole. 8, 5–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Codreanu, R. and Vavra, J. (1970). The structure and ultrastructure of the microsporidian Telomyxa glugeiformis Léger and Hesse, 1910, parasite of Ephemera danioa (Mifll) nymphs, J. Frotozool. 17, 374 - 384.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cossins, A. R. and Bowler, K. (1974). A histological and ultra-structural study of Thelohania conteôeani Henneguy, 1892 (Nosematidae), microsporidian parasite of the crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes Lereboullet. Parasitology. 68, 81–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coste-Mathiez, F. and Manier, J. F. (1968). Nosema orthocladii n. sp. (Microsporidie-Nosematidae) parasite des larves d’Orthocladius lignioola Kieffer (Diptère, Chironomide). Bull. Soo. Zool. France. 3, 127–133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Devauchelle, G., Vinckier, D. and Prensier, G. (1970). Origine et formation du filament polaire chez Nosema vivieri. J. Protozool. 17, (Suppl.), 33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dissanaike, A. S. and Canning, E. U. (1957). The mode of emergence of the sporoplasm in microspiridia and its relation to the structure of the spore. Parasitology. 47, 92–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doby, J. M. and Saguez, F. (1964). Weiseria, genre nouveau de microsporidies et Weiseria laurenti n. sp., parasite de larves de Prosimulium inflatum Davies, 1957 (Diptères Paranématocèras). C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 259, 3614–3617.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doby, J. M., Vvra, J., Weiser, J. and Beaucournu-Saguez, F. (1965). Complement a l’étude de la morphologie et du cycle évolutif de Caudospora simulii Weiser 1947. Bull. Soc. Zool. France. 90, 393–399.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dwyer, D. M. and Weidner, E. (1973). Microsporidian extrasporular microtubules. Ultrastructure, isolation and electrophoretic characterization. Z. Zellforsch. 140, 177–186.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Erickson, B. W. Jr. and Blanquet, R. S. (1969). The occurrence of chitin in the spore wall of Glugea weissenhergi, J. Invert. Fathol. 14, 358–364.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Erickson, B. and Sprague, V. (1970). Summary of the contributions of cytochemical reactions to our knowledge of microsporidian spores. SIP Newsletter. 2, 11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erickson, B. W. Jr., Vernick, S. H. and Sprague, V. (1968). Electron microscope study of the everted polar filament of Glugea weissenbergi (Microsporida, Nosematidae). J. Frotozool. 15, 758–761.

    Google Scholar 

  • Favard, P. (1969). The Golgi apparatus. In “Handbook of Molecular Cytology”. ( A. Lima-de-Faria, ed.), pp. 1130–1158, North-Holland, Amsterdam, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frost, S. and Nolan, R. A. (1972). The occurrence and morphology of Caudosipova spp. (Protozoa: Microsporida) in Newfoundland and Labrador blackfly larvae (Diptera:Simuliidae). Can. J. Zool. 50, 1363–1366.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gassouma, M. S. S. and Ellis, D. S. (1973). The ultrastructure of sporogonie stages and spores of Thelohania and Plistophora (Kicrosporida, Nosematidae) from Sirnulivm omatum larvae. J. Gen. Microbiol. 74, 33–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Götz, P. (1974). Homology of the manubrium of Mrazekia brevicauda (Microsporida) and the polar filament of Nosematidae (Microsporida). Proc. Int. Cong. Parasitol. 3rd, München Germany, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hazard, E. I. and Anthony, D. W. (1974). A redescription of the genus Parathelohania Codreanu 1966 (Microsporida: Protozoa) with a reexamination of previously described species of Thelohania Henneguy 1892 and descriptions of two new species of Parathelohania from anopheline mosquitoes. U.S. Dept. Agricul., Agricul. Res. Serv., Washington, D. C., Tech. Bull. No. 1505, 26 pages.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hazard, E. and Fukuda, T. (1974). Stempellia milleri sp. n. (Microsporida: Nosematidae) in the mosquito Culex ipipiens quinquefasciatus. J. Protozool. 21, 497–504.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hildebrand, H. F. (1974). Observations ultrastructurales sur le stade plasmodial de Metohnikovella wohlfarthi Hildebrand et Vivier 1971, microsporidie hyperparasite de la gregarine Leeudina tuzetae. Protistologica. 10, 5–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hildebrand, H. F. and Vivier, E. (1971). Observations ultra-structurales sur le sporoblaste de Metohnikovella wohlfarthi, n. sp. (Microsporidies), parasite de la gregarine Leeudina tuzetae. Protistologica. 7, 131–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollande, A. (1972). Le déroulement de la cryptomitose et les modalités de la ségrégation des chromatides dans quelques groupes de Protozoaires. Anneè Biologique. 11, 427–466.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huger, A. (1960a). Electron microscope study on the cytology of a microsporidian spore by means of ultrathin sectioning. J. Insect. Pathol. 2, 84–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huger, A. (1960b). Elektronenmikroskopische Analyse der In-nenstruktur von Mikrosporidiensporen. Naturwiss. 47, 68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huger, A. (1961). Sporentierchen als Insektenfeinde. I. Elektronenmikroskop is che Untersuchungen über Bau-und Lebensweise der Mikrosporiden. Umschau. 9, 270 - 272.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ishihara, R. (1968). Some observations on the fine structure of sporoplasm discharged from spores of a microsporidian, Nosema homhyois. J. Invent. Fathol. 245 - 257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ishihara, R. (1970). Fine structure of Nosema homhyois

    Google Scholar 

  • Microsporidia, Nosematidae). Developing in the Silkworm (Bombyx mori)-L. Bull. Coll. Agr. & Vet. Med. Nihon. Univ. 84-91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ishihara, R. and Hayashi, Y. (1968). Some properties of ribosomes from the sporoplasm of Nosema homhyois. J. Invert. Fathol. 11, 377–385.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, H. M. and Wellings, S. R. (1970). The formation of the polar filament of a microsporidian parasite. Anat. Rec. 166, 324.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, H. M. and Wellings, S. R. (1972). Development of the polar filament-polaroplast complex in a microsporidian parasite. J. Protozool. 19, 297–306.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jirovec, 0. (1932). Ergebnisse der Nuclealfärbung an den Sporen der Mikrosporidien nebst einigen Bemerkungen über Lymhooystis. Aroh. Frotistenk. 77, 379–390.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kahazi-Pakdel. (1970). Ultrastructure des spores de Nosema melolonthae Krieg. Proc. Int. Colloq. Insect Pathol. 4th, College Park, Maryland, 1970, pp. 410–414.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koehler, A. (1921). Ueber die chemische Zusammensetzung der Sporenschale von Nosema apis. Zool. Anz. (Leipzig) 53, 85–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Komarek, J. and Vavra, J. (1968). In memoriam of Marsoniella Lemm. 1900. Aroh. Protistenk. 111, 12–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kudo, R. (1921). On the nature of structures characteristic of cnidosporidian spores. Trans. Amer, mioroso. Soc. 40, 59–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kudo, R. (1924). A biologic and taxonomic study of the microsporidia. Illinois Biol. Monograph. 9, 268 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kudo, R. R. and Daniels, E. W. (1963). An electron microscope study of the spore of a microsporidian Thelohania oalifornioa. J. Frotozool. 10, 112–120.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krieg, A. (1955). Ueber Infektionskrankheiten bei Engerlingen von Melolontha spec, unter besonderer Berücksichtigung einer Mikrosporidien-Erkrankung. Zbl. Bakt., Abt. II 108, 535–538.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leger, L. (1926). Une microsporidie nouvelle a sporontes épineux. C. R. Aoad. Sci. Paris 182, 727–729.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, T. P. (1972). A freeze-etching study on the nuclear envelope during development in microsporidian Thelohania hraoteata (Strickland, 1913). J. Parasitol. 58, 1151–1161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, T. P. (1973a). The fine structure of the frozen etched spore of Nosema apis Zander. Tissue Cell 5, 315–322.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, T. P. (1973b). Effects of Fumidil B on the spore of tiosema apis and on lipids of the host cell as revealed by freeze-etching. J. Invert. Pathol. 22, 364–368.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, T. P. and Davies, D. M. (1972a). Fine structure of frozen- etched spores of Thelohania hracteata emphasizing the formation of the polaroplast. Tissue Cell 4, 1–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, T. P. and Davies, D. M. (1972b). Fine structure of developing spores of Thelohania bratteata (Strickland, 1913) (Microsporida, Nosematidae) emphasizing polar-filament formation. J. Protozool. 19, 461–469.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, T. P. and Davies, D. M. (1972c). Organization of frozen-etched Thelohania bmoteata (Strickland, 1913) (Microsporida, Nosematidae) emphasizing the fine structure of the posterior vacuole. Parasitology. 64, 341–345.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, T. P. and Davies, D. M. (1972d). Ultrastructure of the cytoplasm in fat body cells of the black-fly, Simulium vittatum with microsporidian infection; a freeze-etching study. J. Invert. Pathol. 19, 208–214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, T. P. and Davies, D. M. (1973a). Ultrastructural architecture and organization of the spore envelope during development in Thelohania hraoteata (Strickland, 1913) after freeze-etching. J. Protozool. 20, 622–630.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, T. P. and Davies, D. M. (1973b). Ultrastructure of the frozen-etched polar filament in a microsporidan Thelohania bratteata (Strickland, 1913). Can. J. Zool. 51, 217–219.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, T. P., Darley, J. H. and Davies, D. M. (1971). Preliminary observations on the fine structure of the the pansporoblast of Thelohania bracteata (Strickland, 1913) (Microsporida, Nosematidae) as revealed by freeze-etching electron microscopy. J. Protozool. 18, 592–596.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lom, J. (1972). On the structure of the extruded microsporidian polar filament. Z. Parasitenk. 38, 200–213.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lom, J. and Corliss, J. O. (1967). Ultrastructural observations on the development of the microsporidian protozoon Plistophora hyphessohryoonis Schaperclaus. J. Protozool. 14, 141–152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lom, J. and Vavra, J. (1961a). Niektoré wyniki badan nad ultrastruktura spor pasoéyta ryb Plistophora hyphessohryoonis (Microsporidia). Wiadom. Parazyt. 7, 828–832.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lom, J. and Vavra, J. (1961b). Mucous envelope as a taxonomic character in microsporidian spores. J. Protozool. 8, (Suppl.), 18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lom, J. and vàvra, J. (1962a). New facts concerning the extrusion of microsporidian spores. Coll. Int. Pathol. Insects, Paris, 1962, Entomophaga, Mem. hors sèrie 2, 101–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lom, J. and Vavra, J. (1962b). Mucous envelopes of spores of the suphylum Cnidospora (Doflein, 1901). Vest. Cs. Spot. Zool. 27, 4–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lom, J. and Vavra, J. (1963a). Contribution to the knowledge of microsporidian spore. In “Progress in Protozoology” Prague, pp. 487–489, Academla, Praha.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lorn, J. and Vavra, J. (1963b). The mode of sporoplasm extrusion in microsporidian spores. Acta Protozool. 1, 81–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lom, J. and Vavra, J. (1963c). Fine morphology of the spore in microsporidia. Acta Protozool. 1, 279–283.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lom, J. and Weiser, J. (1972). Surface pattern of some microsporidian spores as seen in the scanning electron microscope. Folia Parasitol. (Praha) 19, 359–363.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maurand, J. (1966). Plistophora simulii (Lutz et Splendore 1904), microsporidia parasite des larves de Simuliton; cycle, ultrastructure, ses rapports avec Thelohania hvaoteata (Strickland, 1913). Bull. Soo. Zool. Franoe. 91, 621–630.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maurand, J. (1973). Recherches biologiques sur les microsporidies des larves de simulies. These, Univ. Tech, du Languedoc, 199 pages.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maurand, J. and Bouix, G. (1969). Mise en évidence d’un phénomène sécrétoire dans le cycle de Thelohania fibrata (Stricklend, 1913), Microsporidie parasite des larves de Simulium. C. R. Aoad. Soi. Paris. 269, 2216–2218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maurand, J. and Loubes, C. (1973). Recherches cytochimiques sur quelques microsporidies. Bull. Soo. Zool. France. 98, 373–383.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maurand, J. and Manier, F. (1968). Une microsporidie nouvelle pour les larves de simulies. Protistologica. 3, 445–449.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maurand, J., Fize, A., Fenwick, B. and Michel, R. (1971). Etude au microscope électronique de Nosema infirmum Kudo 1921, microsporidie parasite d ’un copépode cyclopoîde; création du genre nouveau Tuzetia a propos de cette espèce. Protistologica. 7, 221–225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maurand, J., Fize, A., Michel, R. and Fenwick, B. (1972). Quelques données sur les microsporidies parasites de copépodes cvclopoîdes des eaux continentales de la région de Montpellier. Bull. Soc. Zool. France. 97, 707–717.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maurand, J. and Vey, A. (1973). Etudes histopathologique et ultrastructurale de Thelohania conteeani (Microsporida, Nosematidae) parasite de l’ecrevisse Aus tropotamobius pallipes Lereboullet. Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp. 48, 411–421.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Milner, R. J. (1972). Nosema whitei a microsporidian pathogen of some species of Tribolium. IJ. Ultrastructure. J. Invert. Pathol. 19, 239–247.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moens, P. B. and Rapport, E. (1971). Spindles, spindle plaques, and meiosis in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Hansen). J. Cell Biol. 50, 344–361.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morre, J., Mollenhauer, H. H. and Bracker, C. E. (1971). Origin and continuity of Golgi apparatus In “Origin and Continuity of Cell Organelles: Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation.” Vol. 2, pp. 82–126, Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, and New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ormieres, R. and Sprague, V. (1973). A new family, new genus, and new species allied to the microsporida. J. Invert. Pathol. 21, 224–240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Overstreet, R. M. and Weidner, E. (1974). Differentiation of microsporidian spore-tails in Inodoeporus spraguei gen. et sp. n. Z. Parasitenk. 44, 169–186.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Percy, J. (1973). The intranuclear occurrence and fine structural details of schizonts of Perezia fumiferanae (Microsporida: Nosematidae) in cells of ChovistoneuTa fumiferana (Clem.). (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Can. J. Zool. 51, 553–554.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petri, M. (1969). Studies on Nosema cuniouli found in transplantable ascites tumours with a survey of microsporidiosis in mammals. Acta. Pathol. MioTohiol. Soand. Suppl. 204, 91 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petri, M. (1974). Nosema cuniouli. Some remarkable features of its life-cycle. Proc. 3rd Int. Cong. Parasitol., München, Germany, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petri, M. and Schiodt, T. (1966). On the ultra structure of Nosema cuniouli in the cells of the Yoshida rat ascites sarcoma. Acta Pathol. Microhiol. Scand. 66, 437–446.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Puytorac, P. de (1961). L’ultrastructure du filament polaire invagine de la microsporidie Mvazeliia lumhviculi Jlrovec 1936. C. R. Acad. Sei. Paris 253, 2600–2602.

    Google Scholar 

  • Puytorac, P. de (1962). Observations sur I’ultrastructure de la microsporidie Mrazekia lumbriculij Jirovec. J. Microscopie. 1, 39–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Puytorac, P. de and Tourret, M. (1963). Etude de kystes d’origine parasitaire (microsporidies ou gregarines) sur la paroi interne du corps des vers Megascolecidae. Ann. Parasitol. Rum. Comp. 38, 862–874.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shabanov, M. M. (1973). Studies on the ultrastructure of the spores of Nosema apis Zander. C. R. Acad. Bulg. Sei. 26, 427–430.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheffield, H. G. and Richards, C. S. (1970). Unique host relations and ultrastructure of a new microsporidian of the genus Coccospora infecting Biomphalaria glabrata. Proc. Int. Colloq. Insect Pathol., 4th, College Park, Maryland, pp. 439–452.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scholtyseck, E. and Danneel, R. (1962). Uber die Feinstruktur der Spore von Nosema apis. Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 9, 471–476.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schubert, G. (1969a). Ultracytologische Untersuchungen an der Spore der Mikrosporidienart, Heterosporis finki gen. n. sp. n. Z. Parasitenk. 32, 59–79.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schubert, G. (1969b). Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen zur Sporonten-und Sporenentwicklung der Mikrosporidienart Heterosporis finki. Z. Fatasitenk. 32, 80–92.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sprague, V., Ormiéres, R. and Manier, J. F. (1972). Creation of a new genus and a new family in the microsporida. J. Invent. Pathol. 20, 228–231.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sprague, V. and Vernick, S. H. (1966). Light and electron microscope study of developing stages of Glugea sp. (Microsporida) in the stickleback Apeltes quadracus. Amer. loot. 6, 555–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sprague, V. and Vernick, S. H. (1967). Transformation of the sporoblast into the microsporidan spore. J. Protozool. 14, (Suppl.), 29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sprague, V. and Vernick, S. H. (1968a). The Golgi complex of microsporida and its role in spore morphogenesis. Amer. Zool. 8, 824.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sprague, V. and Vernick, S. H. (1968b). Light and electron microscope study of a new species of Gtugea (Microsporida, Nosematidae) in the 4-spined stickleback Apeltes quadraous. J. Protozool. 15, 547–571.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sprague, V. and Vernick, S. H. (1968c). Observations on the spores of Pleistoiphora gigantea (Thelohan, 1895) Swellengrebel 1911, a microsporidan parasite of the fish Crenitabrus melons, J. Protozool. 15, 662–665.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sprague, V. and Vernick, S. H. (1969a). Light and electron microscope observations on Nosema ne!8oni Sprague, 1950 (Microsporida, Nosematidae) with particular reference to its Golgi complex. J. Protozool, 15, 264–271.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sprague, V. and Vernick, S. H. (1969b). Morphogenesis of microsporidan spores. In “Progress in Protozoology” (Abstr. 3rd Int. Congr. Protozool.), Nauka, Leningrad.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sprague, V. and Vernick, S. H. (1971). The ultrastrueture of EnoeiphaUtozoon ouniouH (Microsporida, Nosematidae) and its taxonomic significance. J. Protozool. 18, 560–569.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sprague, V., Vernick, S. H. and Lloyd, B. Jr. Tl968). The fine structure of llosema sp. Sprague, 1965 (Microsporida, Nosematidae) with particular reference to stages in sporogony. J. Invert. Pathol. 12, 105–117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanier, J. E., Woodhouse, M. A. and Griffin, R. L. (1968). The fine structure of the spore of Nosema spe!otremae a micro- sporidian parasite of a Spe!otrema meta cercaria, encysted in the crab Carcinus maenas. J. Invert. Pathol. 12, 73–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stempell, W. (1909). Ueber Nosema hombyois Nageli. Arch. Protistenk. 16, 281–358.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevens, B. J. and André, J. (1969). The nuclear envelope. In “Handbook of Molecular Cytology” ( A. Lima-de-Faria, ed.), pp. 837–874. North-Holland, Amsterdam and London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Szollosi, D. G. (1970). Development of a microsporidian spore. Anat. Rec. 166, 387.

    Google Scholar 

  • Szollosi, D. (1971). Development of Pleistophora sp. (Micro- sporidian) in eggs of the polychaete Armandia hrevis. J. Invent. Tathol. 18, 1–15.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takizawa, H., Vivier, E. and Petiprez, A. (1973). Development intranucleaire de la microsporidie Nosema hombycis dans les cellules de Vers a sois après infestation experimentale. C. R. Acad. Soi. Vavis 277, 1769–1772.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thelohan, P. (1892). Observations sur les Myxosporidies et essai de classification de ces organismes. Bull. Soc. Philom. 4, 165–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuzet, O., Maurand, M. J., Fize, A., Michel, R. and Femfick, E. (1971). Proposition d’un nouveau cadre systématique pour les genres de Microsporidies. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 272, 1268–1271.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vâvra, J. (1959). Beitrag zur Cytologie einiger Mikrosporidien. Vest. Cs. Spol. Zool. 23, 347–350.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vâvra, J. (1962). Baoillidivm oyolo-pis n. sp. (Cnidospora, Microsporidia), a new parasite of Copepods. Vest. Cs. Spol. Zool. 26, 295–299.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vâvra, J. (1963). Spore projections in Microsporidia. Acta Protozool. 1, 153–155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vâvra, J. (1964). Some recent advances in the study of microsporidian spores. Proc. Intern. Congr. of Parasitol., 1st, Rome, Italv, 1964, pp. 443–444.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vâvra, J. (1965). Etude au microscope electronique de la morphologie et du développement de quelques microsporidies. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 261, 3467–3470.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vâvra, J. (1967). Hydrolyse enzymatique des spores de microsporidies. J. Protozool. 14, (Suppl.), 205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vâvra, J. (1968a). Ultrastructural features of Caudospora simulii Weiser (Protozoa, Microsporidia.) Folia Parasitol. (Praha) 15, 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vâvra, J. (1968b). The fine structure of the mucus coating of microsporidian spores. J. Protozool. 15 (Suppl.), 26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vâvra, J. (1970). Physiological, morphological, and ecological considerations of some microsporidia and gregarines. In “Ecology and Physiology of Parasites” (A. M. Fallis, ed.). University of Toronto Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vâvra, J. (1971). Ultrahistochemical detection of carbohydrates in microsporidian spores. J. Protozool. 18, (Suppl.) 179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vâvra, J. (1972a). Detection of polysaccharides in microsporidian spores by means of the periodic acid-thio-semicarbazide- silver proteinate test. J. Miorosoopie. 14, 357–360.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vâvra, J. (1972b). Substructure of the microsporidian polar filament at high resolution. J. Protozool. 19, (Suppl.), 79–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vavra, J. (1973). Morphogenetic events in the developmental cycles of microsporidia. In “Progress in Protozoology” 4th Int. Cong. Protozool.), Clermont-Ferrand.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vavra, J. (1974a). Developmental cycles of protozoa (other than Coccidia). In “Actualités Protozoologiques” pp. 99–108, Clermont-Ferrand.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vavra, J. (1974b). Fine structure as a criterion in the taxonomy of microsporidia. Proc. Int. Cong. Parasitol., 3rd München, Germany, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vâvra, J., Joyon, L. and Puytorac, P. de. (1966). Observation sur I’ultrastructure du filament polaire des microsporidies. Protistologica. 2, 109–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vavra, J. and Undeen, A. H. (1970). Nosema algerae n. sn. (Cnidospora, Microsporida) a pathogen in a laboratory colony of Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera, Culicidae). J. Protozool. 17, 240–249.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vernick, S. H., Sprague, V., Bolivar, J., and Lloyd, J. Jr. (1969). Further observations on the fine structure of the spores of Glugea weissenbevgi (Microsporida, Nosematidae). J. Protozool. 16, 50–53.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vernick, S. H., Tousimis, A. and Sprague, V. (1969). Surface structure of the spores of Glugea weissenhergi. Annu. Proc. Electron Micros. Soc. Amer., 27th.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vey, A. and Vago, C. (1973). Protozoan and fungal diseases of Aus tropotamobius pallipes Lereboullet in France. In “Freshwater Crayfish” ( Vey, A. and Vago, C, ed.) pp. 166–179, Lund.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vinckier, D. (1973). Etude des cycles et de 1’ultrastructure de Leoudina linei n. sp. (Gregarine parasite de Nemerte) et de son parasite, la microsporidie Nosema vivievi (V.D. et P.). Thèse. Université des Sci. Tech, de Lille, 52 pages.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vinckier, D., Devauchelle, G. and Prensier, G. (1971a). Nosema vivievi n. sp. (Microsporidae, Nosematidae) hyperparasite d’une grégarine vivant dans le coelome d’une Nëmerte. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 270, 821–823.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vinckier, D., Devauchelle, G. and Prensier, G. (1971b). Etude ultrastructurale du développement de la microsporidie Nosema vivieri (V.D. et P. 1970). Protistologioa. 7, 273–287.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vivares, C. P. and Tuzet, G. (1974). Ultrastructures compares du développement de trois espèces de Microsporidies parasites de Crustacés Décapodes marins. J. Frotozool. 21, 476.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vivier, E. (1965). Etude, au microscope électronique, de la spore de Metohnikovella hovassei n. sp.; appartenance des Metchnikovellidae aux Microsporidies. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 260, 6982–6984.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vivier, E. (1965). Présence de microtubules intranucleaires chez Metohnikovella hovassei Vivier. J. Microscopie. 4, 559–562.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vivier, E. (1966). Observations ultrastructurales sur la microsporidie Metohnikovella hovassei Vivier. J. Protozool. 13, (Suppl.), 41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vivier, E. and Schrevel, J. (1973). Etude en microscopie photonique et électronique de différents stades du cycle de Metohnikovella hovassei et observations sur la position systématique des Metchnikovellidae. Protistologioa. 9, 95 - 118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, M. H. and Hinsch, G. W. (1972). Ultrastructural observations of a microsporidian nrotozoan parasite in Lihinia duhia (Decapoda). Z. Parasitenk. 39, 17–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward, R. T. and Uard, E. (1968). The multiplication of Golgi bodies in the oocytes of Rana pipiens. J. Mioroscopie. 7, 1007–1020.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weidner, E. (1970). Ultrastructural study of microsporidian development I. Nosema sp. Sprague, 1965 in Callineates sapidus Rathbun. Z. Zellfovsoh. 105, 33–54.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weidner, E. (1972). Ultrastructural study of microsporidian invasion into cells. Z. Pavasitenk. 40, 227–2A2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weidner, E. and Trager, W. (1973). Adenosine triphosphate in the extracellular survival of an intracellular parasite (losema miohaelis Microsporidia). J. Cell Biol. 57, 586–591.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiser, J. (1959). Nosema laphygmae n. SD. and the internal structure of the microsporidian spore. J. Insect Pathol. 1, 52–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiser, J. (1961). Die Mikrosporidien als Parasiten der Insekten. Monogr. zur Angew. Entomologie. 17, 149 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiser, J. (1963). Zur Kenntnis der Mikrosporidien aus Chironomidenlarven III. Zool. Anz. 180, 226–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiser, J. and Zizka, Z. (1974). Stages in sporogony of Pleistophova dehaisieuxi (Microsporidia). J. Pvotozool. 21, (Suppl.), 476.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wildfiihr, W. and Fritzsch, W. (1969). Die Feinstruktur der Sporen von Nosema apis. Angew. Parasitol. 10, 39–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Youssef, N. N. and Hammond, D. M. (1971). The fine structure of the developmental stages of the microsporidian Nosema apis Zander. Tissue Cell 3, 283–294.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1976 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Vávra, J. (1976). Structure of the Microsporidia. In: Bulla, L.A., Cheng, T.C. (eds) Biology of the Microsporidia. Comparative Pathobiology, vol 1. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-3114-8_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-3114-8_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-3116-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-3114-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics