Skip to main content

Abstract

For the last 20 years researchers have been shifting their attentions from ways of disposing of lignocellulosic wastes to utilizing these wastes to produce useful products of higher value. Examples of these products are: single cell protein (SCP) (Chahal, 1991a) to help to meet the ever increasing demand for protein and for introducing new foods to the world; and liquid fuel (ethanol) because of the dwindling supply of fossil fuels and also to minimize the environmental effects of pollution generated by these fossil fuels (McIntyre, 1987). Complete utilization of lignocellulosic wastes is the challenge that researchers face to produce the desired products economically and to eliminate the pollution generated by them.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adler, E. (1977) Wood Science Technology, 11, 160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ander, P. and Eriksson, K.-E. (1978) Progress in Industrial Microbiology, 14, Elsevier, Amsterdam, p. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, C., Longton, C., Maddix, G.W. et al. (1975) In Single-cell Protein, II (eds S.R. Tannenbaum and D.I.C. Wang), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, p. 314.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atalla, R.H. (1983) In Wood and Agricultural Residues (ed. E.J. Soltes), Academic Press, New York, p. 59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atalla, R.H. and van der Hart, D.L. (1984) Science, 223, 283.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bader, M.J. and Crawford, D.L. (1981) Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 27, p. 859.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, T.G., Eggins, H.O.W. and Smith, E.L. (1972) International Biodeterioration Bulletin, 8 (3), 112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bassham, J.A. (1975) Biotechnology and Bioengineering Symposium, No. 5, John Wiley, New York, p. 9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackwell, J. (1982) In Cellulose and Other Natural Polymer Systems: Biogenesis, Structure and Degradation (ed. R.M. Brown), Plenum, New York, p. 403.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bobek, P., Ozdin, L. and Kuniak. I. (1993) Nahrung, 37, 571.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonnarme, P., Perez, J. and Jeffries, J.W. (1991) ACS Symposium Series, 460, 200.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brisk, J.L. and Zuckermann, S.S. (1971) Schweizerische Milchzeitung, 97, p. 544.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bumpus, J.A., Tien, M., Wright, D. and Aust, S.D. (1985) Science, 228, p. 1434.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buswell, J.A. and Odier, E. (1987) CRC Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 6, p. 1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cahn, F.J. (1935) Industrial Engineering Chemistry, 27, 201.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Callihan, C.D. and Clemmer, J.E. (1979) In Microbial Biomass (ed. A.H. Rose), Economic Microbiology, Vol. 4, Academic Press, New York, p. 271.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chahal, D.S. (1983) ACS Symposium Series, 207, 421.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chahal, D.S. (1985a) Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 49, 205.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chahal, D.S. (1985b) Optimization for an Improved Process for Single-cell Protein (SCP) Production from Forest Biomass. Report submitted to Yves Leveque, Director General of Forest Industry, Government of Quebec, Ministry of Energy and Resources, Sainte-Foy, Quebec.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chahal, D.S. (1986) VII International Symposium on Alcohol Fuels, Edition Technip, Paris, p. 48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chahal, D.S. (1989a) Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering, 68, 334.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chahal, D.S. (1989b) 1989 International Chemical Congress of Pacific Basin Societies, Honolulo, Hawaii, December, Abstract 431.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chahal, D.S. (1991a) In Food, Feed and Fuel from Biomass (ed. D.S. Chahal), Oxford, and IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi, p. 59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chahal, D.S. (1991b) In Food, Feed and Fuel from Biomass, (ed. D.S. Chahal), Oxford, and IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi, p. 175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chahal, D.S. (1995) Indian patent application: Production of cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin, silica and protein rich food from rice straw.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chahal, D.S. and Hachey, J.M. (1990) ACS Symposium Series, 433, 304.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chahal, D.S. and Hawksworth, D.L. (1976) Mycologie, 68, 600.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chahal, D.S. and Ishaque, M. (1986) Science et Techniques de l’Eau, 19, 339.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chahal, D.S. and Ishaque, M. (1988) Science et Technique de l’Eau, 21, 27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chahal, D.S. and Moo-Young, M. (1981) Developments in Industrial Microbiology, 22, 143.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chahal, D.S. and Wang, D.I.C. (1978) Mycologie, 70, 160.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chahal, D.S., Swan, J.E. and Moo-Young, M. (1977) Developments in Industrial Micro-biology, 18, p. 433.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chahal, D.S., Vlach, D. and Moo-Young, M. (1981) In Advances in Biotechnology, III (ed. M. Moo-Young), Pergamon Press, Toronto, p. 327.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chahal, D.S., McGuire, S., Pikor, H. and Noble, G. (1982) Biomass, 2, p. 127.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chahal, D.S., Moo-Young, M. and Vlach, D. (1983) Mycologie, 75, p. 597.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chahal, D.S., Kluepfel, D., Morosoli, F. et al. (1995) Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 51/52, 137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chahal, D.S., Ishaque, M., Brouillard, D. et al. (1987) Journal of Industrial Microbiology, 1, p. 355.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chavez, E.R., Touchburn, S.P. and Moo-Young, M. (1988) Animal Feed Science Technology, 22, pp. 23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Churchill, B.W. (1982) In Biological Control of Weeds with Plant Pathogens (eds R. Charudattan and H.L. Walker), John Wiley, New York, p. 139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowling, E.B. (1975) Biotechnology and Bioengineering Symposium, 5, p. 163.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cowling, E.B. and Merill, W. (1966) Canadian Journal of Botany, 44, p. 1539.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crawford, D.L. and Crawford, R.L. (1980) Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 2, p. 11.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crawford, D.L., Doyle, J.D., Wang, Z. et al. (1993) Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 59, 508.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crawford, R.L. (1975) Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 21, p. 1654.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crawford, R.L. (1981) Lignin Biodegradation and Transformation, Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crawford, R.L. and Crawford, D.L. (1984) Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 6, p. 434.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Danei, O., Levanon, D. and Silanikov, N. (1989) Mushroom Science, 12, p. 81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daniel, G. (1994) FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 13, p. 199.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Das, K. and Ghose, T.K. (1973) Journal of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, 23, p. 829.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deschamps, F. and Huet, M.C. (1985) Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 22, p. 177.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deschamps, F., Mahoudeau, G. and Leeault, J.M. (1980) European Journal of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 9, p. 45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deschamps, F., Giuliano, C., Asther, M., Huet, M.C. and Roussos, S. (1985) Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 27, p. 1385.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Detroy, R.W., Lindenfelser, L.A., St Julian, G. Jr and Orton, W.L. (1980) Biotechnology and Bioengineering Symposium, 10, 135.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dong, Y., Kwan, C.Y., Chen, Z.N. and Yang, M.M. (1996) Research Communications in Molecular Pathology and Pharmacology, 92, p. 140.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dunlop, C.E. and Callihan, C.D. (1973) Single-cell Protein from Waste Cellulose, Final report on grant EP00328-4 to the Federal Solid Waste Management Program, US Environmental Protection Agency.

    Google Scholar 

  • Durand, A., Grajek, W. and Gervais, P. (1991) In Food, Feed and Fuel from Biomass (ed. D.S. Chahal), Oxford, and IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi, p. 123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duthie, I.F. (1975) In Single-cell Protein II (eds S.R. Tannenbaum and D.I.C. Wang), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, p. 505.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dutton, M.V., Evans, C.S., Atkey, P.T. and Wood, D.A. (1993) Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 39, p. 5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Effland, M.J. (1977) Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, 60 (10), 143.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eriksson, K.E., Blanchette, R.A. and Ander, P. (1990) Microbial and Enzymatic Degradation of Wood and Wood Components, Springer-Verlag, New York.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, C.S. (1987) Process Biochemistry, 22 (4), 102.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, C.S., Gallagher, I.M., Atkey, P.T. and Wood, D.A. (1991) Biodegradation, 2, 93.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, C.S., Dutton, M.V., Guillen, F. and Veness, R.G. (1994) FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 13, p. 235.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fenegel, D. and Wegener, G. (1983) Wood Chemistry, Ultrastructure, Reactions, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Fenn, P. and Kirk, T.K. (1984) Journal of Wood Chemistry Technology, 4, p. 131.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fernando, T. and Aust, S.D. (1994) In Biological Degradation and Bioremediation of Toxic Chemicals (ed. G.R. Chaudhry), Dioscorides Press, Portland, OR, p. 386.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flournoy, D.S., Kirk, T.K. and Highley, T.L. (1991) Holzforschung, 45, p. 383.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freudenberg, K. (1965) Science, 48, p. 595.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freudenberg, K., Friedrich, K., Baumann, I. and Soff, K. (1932) Annalen der Chemie (Justus Liebigs), 494, 41.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gallo, B.J., Andreotti, R., Roche, C., Ryu, C. and Mandels, M. (1978) Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 8, p. 89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, K.H. and Blackwell, J. (1974) Biopolymers, 13, p. 1975.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert, N., Hobbs, I.A. and Levine, J.D. (1952) Industrial Engineering and Chemistry, 44, p. 1712.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glenn, J.K., Morgan, M.A., Mayfield, M.B., Kuwahara, M. and Gold, M.H. (1983) ACS Symposium Series, 389, 127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guzman, G. and Martinez, D. (1986) Mushroom Newsletter for the Tropics, 6, 7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hadar, Y., Kerem, Z., Gorodecki, B. and Ardon, O. (1992) Biodegradation, 3, p. 189.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haemmerli, S.D., Leisola, M.S.A.M., Sanglard, D. and Fiechter, A. (1986) Journal of Biological Chemistry, 261, p. 6900.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hammel, K.E., Kalyanaraman, B. and Kirk, T.K. (1986) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of USA, 83, p. 3708.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Han, Y.W. and Anderson, A.W. (1975) Applied Microbiology, 30, p. 930.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Han, Y.W. and Callihan, C.D. (1974) Applied Microbiology, 27, p. 159.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Han, Y.W., Cheeke, P.R., Anderson, A.W. and Lekprayoon, C. (1976) Applied Environ-mental Microbiology, 32, p. 799.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, E.E. and Belinger, E. (1946) Industrial Engineering and Chemistry, 38, p. 890.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, P.J., Schoemaker, H.E. and Palmer, J.M. (1985) Annual Proceedings of the Phytochemistry Society of Europe, 26, p. 249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, P.J., Schoemaker, H.E. and Plamer, J.M. (1986) FEES Letters, 195, p. 242.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, P.J., Schoemaker, H.E. and Palmer, J.M. (1987a) Plant Cell Environment, 10, p. 709.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, P.J., Schoemaker, H.E. and Palmer, J.M. (1987b) Proceedings of an International Seminar on Lignin, Enzymic and Microbial Degradation, Paris, April INRA (Les Colloques de l’INRA, no. 40 ), p. 145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hendy, N., Wilke, C. and Blanch, H. (1982) Biotechnology Letters, 4, 785.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hess, K., Mahi, H., and Guther, E. (1954) Kolloid-Zeitschrift, 155, 1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hesseltine, C.W. (1972) Biochemical and Bioengineering, 14, p. 517.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Higuchi, T. (1971) Advances in Enzymology, 34, p. 207.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Higuchi, T. (1980) In Lignin Biodegradation: Microbiology, Chemistry and Potential Application (eds T.K. Kirk, T. Higushi and Hou-Min Chang), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, p. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Higuchi, T. (1981) Wood Research (Kyoto), 67, p. 47.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Higuchi, T. (1982) Experientia, 38, p. 159.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hi11is, W.E. (1962) Wood Extractives and their Significance to the Pulp and Paper Industries, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hisanaga, S. and Nishimura, Y. (1968) Japanese patent 6820708, 5 September.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hokama, Y. and Hokama, J.L. (1981) Research Communications in Chemical Pathology and Pharmacology, 31, p. 177.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hüttermann, A., Milstein, D., Nicklas, B. et al. (1989) ACS Symposium Series, 397, p. 361.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huynh, V.B., Chang, H.M., Joyce, T.W. and Kirk, T.K. (1985) Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, 68, 98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ibihara, K. and Schneeman, B.O. (1989) Journal of Nutrition, 119 (B), 1100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ishaque, M. and Chahal, D.S. (1991) In Food, Feed and Fuel from Biomass (ed. D.S. Chahal), Oxford, and IBH Publishing Company, New Delhi, p. 19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janshekar, H. and Fieehter, A. (1983) Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology, 27, p. 117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jeffries, T.W., Choi, S., and Kirk, T.F. (1981) Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 42, 290.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kalmes, O. (1959) The distribution of constitutents across the wall of unbleached spruce sulfite fibers. Doctoral thesis, Institute of Paper Chemistry, Appleton, WI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, D.L. and Hardenstein, R. (1980) Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 12, p. 65.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kern, H.W. (1984) Archives of Microbiology, 138, p. 18.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kersten, P.J. (1990) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 87, 2936.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kersten, P.J., Tien, M,, Kalyanaraman, B. and Kirk, T.K. (1985) Journal of Biological Chemistry, 260, p. 2609.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirk, T.K. (1984) In Microbial Degradation of Organic Compounds (ed. D.T. Gibson), Marcel Dekker, New York, p. 399.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirk, T.K. (1988a) In Biochemistry and Genetics of Cellulose Degradation (eds J.P. Aubert, P. Beguin and J. Millet), Academic Press, London, p. 315.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirk, T.K. (1988b) ISI Atlas of Science: Biochemistry 0894-3753, p. 71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirk, T.K. and Chang, H.-M. (1981) Enzyme Microbial Technology, 3, 189.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirk, T.K. and Farrell, R.L. (1987) Annual Review of Microbiology, 41, p. 465.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirk, T.K. and Fenn, P. (1982) In Decomposer Basidiomycetes (eds M.J. Swift, J. Frankland, and J.N. Hedger), British Mycological Society Symposium 4, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirk, T.K. and Haskin, I.M. (1973) American Society of Chemistry, Engineering Symposium Series, Vol. 69, p. 124.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirk, T.K., Higuchi, T. and Chang, H.-M. (1980) In Lignin Biodegradation: Microbiology, Chemistry and Potential Applications, Vol. 241 (eds T.K. Kirk, T. Higuchi and Hou-Min Chang), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, p. 255.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kishida, E., Sone, Y. and Misaki, A. (1989) Carbohydrate Research, 193, p. 227.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kishida, E., Kinoshita, C., Sone, Y. and Misaki, A. (1992) Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 56, p. 1308.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koenigs, J.W. (1974) Archives of Microbiology, 99, p. 129.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, P.K.R. and Lonsane, B.K. (1987) Process Biochemistry, 22, p. 139.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lakshminarayana, K., Chaudhary, K., Ethiraj, S. and Tauro, P. (1975) Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 17, 291.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lange, P.W. (1958) Paper and Pulp Magazine (Canada), 59, p. 210.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laplante, S. (1994) Optimisation de la production de ligninases avec le champignon basidiomycete phanerochaete chrysosporium ATCC-24725, M.Sc. thesis, Institut Armand-Frappier, University of Quebec, Lavai, Quebec.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laskin, A.I. (1977) Annual Reports on Fermentation Processes, 1, 151.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leisola, M.S.A. and Fieehter, A. (1985) Advances in Biotechnology Processes, 5, 59.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levanon, D., Danai, O. and Masaphy, S. (1988) Biological Wastes, 26, p. 341.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, N.G. and Yamamoto, E. (1990) Annual Review of Plant Physiology, 41, p. 455.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liaw, J.H. and Srinivasan, V.R. (1989) Applied Environmental Microbiology, 55, p. 2220.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liaw, J.H., Jones, K.L. and Srinivasan, V.R. (1988) Abstracts of Annual Meeting of the American Society of Microbiology, Miami Beach.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin, J. and Chou, Y. (1984) Journal of Biochemistry, 96, p. 35.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Litchfield, J. (1968) In Single-cell Protein (eds R.I. Mateles and S.R. Tannenbaum), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, p. 304.

    Google Scholar 

  • Livingston, A.L., Allis, M.E. and Kohler, G.O. (1971) Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry, 19, 947.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Magnuson, T.S. and Crawford, D.L. (1992) Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 58, p. 1070.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mandels, M., Andreoti, R. and Roche, C. (1976) Biotechnology and Bioengineering Symposium, No. 6, p. 21.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mandels, M., and Medeiros, J.E., Andreoti, R. and Bissett, F.H. (1981) Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 23, 2009.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manley, R. St.J. (1964) Nature, 204, 1155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy, A.J. and Broda, P. (1984) Journal of General Microbiology, 130, p. 2905.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McIntyre, T.C. (1987) In Biomass Conversion Technology: Principles and Practice (ed. M. Moo-Young), Pergamon Press, Toronto, p. 45.

    Google Scholar 

  • McLean, D. and Podruzny, M.F. (1985) Biotechnology Letters, 7, p. 683.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meier, H. (1958) Svensk Papperstidning, 61, 633.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meller, F.H. (1969) Conversion of Organic Solid Wastes into Yeast, Bureau of Solid Waste Management, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mes-Hartree, M., Hogan, C.M. and Saddler, J.N. (1988) Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 31, p. 725.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mileski, G.J., Rumpus, J.A., Jurek, M.A. and Aust, S.D. (1988) Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 54, p. 2885.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Millett, M.A., Baker, A.J. and Sattar, L.D. (1976) Biotechnology and Bioengineering Symposium, No. 6, p. 125.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mizono, M., Minato, K. and Tsuchida, H. (1996) Biochemistry and Molecular Biology International, 39, 679.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Monténecourt, B.S. and Eveleigh, D.E. (1979) In Fuel from Biomass Symposium (eds W.W. Schuster and H.R. Bungay), Department of Energy Publication, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, p. 613.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moo-Young, M., Chahal, D.S., Swan, J.E. and Robinson, C.W. (1977) Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 19, p. 527.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moo-Young, M., Dougulis, A.J., Chahal, D.S. and Macdonal, D.G. (1979) Process Biochemistry, 14 (10), p. 38.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moo-Young, M., Chahal, D.S., Vlach, D. and Stickeny, B. (1980) Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 23, p. 2407.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mori, K., Toyomasu, T., Nanba, H. and Kuroda, H. (1989) Mushroom Science, 12 (Part I), 653.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morin, L., Watson, A.K. and Reeleder, R.D. (1990) Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 36, p. 86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mudgett, R.E. (1986) In Manual of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology (eds A.L. Demain and N.A. Soloman), American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, p. 66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muller, J. (1987) Mushroom Journal of Tropics, 7, p. 89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newark, P. (1980) Nature, 287, p. 6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nimz, H. (1974) Angew Chemistry, 86, 336.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Njoku, C.C. and Antai, S.P. (1987) Letters in Applied Microbiology, 4, 133.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Novaes-Ledieu, M. and Garcia, M.C. (1981) Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 27, p. 779.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Odier, E. and Monties, B. (1978) Annales de l’Institut Pasteur, Microbiology, 129A, 361.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Odier, E., Janin, G. and Monties, B. (1981) Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 41, p. 337.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohno, N., Miura, T., Saito, K. et al. (1992) Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 40, p. 2215.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paice, M.G., Bernier, R. and Jurasek, L., (1988) Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 32, p. 235.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, J.M. and Evans, C.S. (1983a) Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 300, 293.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, J.M. and Evans, C.S. (1983b) Proceedings of International Symposium on Wood Pulp Chemistry, Vol. 3, Tsukuba, p. 19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pamment, N., Robinson, C.W., Hilton, J. and Moo-Young, M. (1978) Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 20, p. 1735.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Panda, J., Bisaria, V.S. and Ghose, T.k. (1983) Biotechnology Letters, 5, 767.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pasti, M.B. and Crawford, D.L. (1991) Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 37, p. 902.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paterson, A., McCarthy, A.J. and Broda, P. (1984) In Microbiological Methods for Environmental Biotechnology (eds J.M. Grainger and J.M. Lynch), Academic Press, London, P. 33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Payen, M. (1838) Academy of Science, 7, p. 1052.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peitersen, N. (1975) Biotechnology and Bioengineeering, 17, p. 1291.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pettersen, R.C., Schwandt, V.H. and Effland, M.J. (1985) Journal of Chromatography Science, 22, p. 478.

    Google Scholar 

  • Preston, R.D. and Cronshaw, J. (1958) Nature, 181, p. 248.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quinlan, R.j. and Linsansky, S.G. (1958) In Biotechnologý, Vol. 3 (ed. H. Dellweg), Verlag Chemie, Deerfield Beach, FL, p. 233.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rawat, J.K. and Nautiyal, J.L. (1991) In Food, Feed and Fuel from Biomass (ed. D.S. Chahal), Oxford, and IBH Publishing Company, New Delhi, p. 27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reese, E.T. (1963) Advances in Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulose and Related Materials, MacMillan Company, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reid, I.D. (1989) Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 11, p. 786.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reid, I.D. and Seifert, K.A. (1982) Canadian Journal of Botany, 60, p. 252.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Righelato, R.C., Imerie, F.K.E. and Vlitos, A.J. (1976) Resources, Recovery and Conservation, 1, 257.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Röhr, M., Kubicek, C.P. and Komink., J. (1983) In Biotechnology, Vol. 3. (ed. H. Dellweg), Verlag Chemie, Deerfield Beach, FL, p. 419.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rolz, C. (1984) In Fermentation Processes, Vol. 7 (ed. G.T. Tsao), Academic Press, New York, p. 213.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowland, S.P. and Roberts, J.J. (1972) Journal of Polymer Science, Part A-1, 10, p. 2447.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sannoumaru, Y. (1996) Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, 42, p. 97.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sarkanen, S. (1991) ACS Symposium Series, 460, 247.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, C.J., Whitten, B.K. and Nicholas, O.O. (1981) Proceedings of American Wood Preservation Association, 77, p. 157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shoemaker, H.E. and Leisola, M.S.A. (1990) Journal of Biotechnology, 13, 101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schoemaker, H.E., Harvey, P.J., Bowen, R.M. and Palmer, J.M. (1985) FEES Letters, 183, Р. 7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoemaker, H.E., Meijer, E.M., Leisola, M.S.A. et al. ACS Symposium Series, 399, 454.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schulze, E. (1891) Chemische Berichte, 24, 2277.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sekita, S., Yoshihira, K. and Natori, S. (1981) Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 27, p. 766.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shacklady, C.A. (1975) In Single Cell Protein, II (eds S.R. Tannenbaum and D.I.C. Wang), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, p. 489.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shamala, T.R. and Sreekantiah, K.R. (1986) Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 8, 178.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shamala, T.R. and Sreekantiah, K.R. (1987) Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 9, p. 97.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shoemaker, S.P., Raymond, J.C. and Bruner, R. (1981) In Trends in the Biology of Fermentation for Fuels and Chemicals (eds A. Hollander et al.), Plenum, New York, p. 89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silanikove, N. and Levanon, D. (1986) Biomass, 9, p. 101.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silman, R.W., Nelson, T.C. and Bothast, R.J. (1989) 1989 International Chemical Congress of Pacific Basin Societies, Honolulu, Hawaii, December, Abstract 404.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sloneker, J.H. (1976) Biotechnology and Bioengineering Symposium, No. 6, p. 235.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, M.R. and Ratledge, C. (1989) Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 30, p. 395.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Srinivasan, V.R. and Han, Y.W. (1969) Advances in Chemistry Series, 95, 447.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Srivastava, V.K., Mowat, D.N., Moo-Young, M., Daugulis, A.J. and Chahal, D.S. (1980) Vlth International Fermentation Symposium, London, Ontario, July.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sugano, N., Hibino, Y., Choji, Y. and Maeda, H. (1982) Cancer Letters, 17, p. 109.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sugiyama, K., Kawagishi, H., Tanaka, A. et al. (1992) Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, 38, p. 335.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sultze, R.F., Jr (1957) Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, 40, 985.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sumi, H., Yatagai, C. and Matsubara, K. (1996) Nippon Shokuhin Kagaku Kogaku Kaishi [Journal of the Japanese Society of Food Science and Technology], 43, 318.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka, M. and Matsuno, R. (1985) Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 7, p. 197.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tarkow, H. and Feist, W.D. (1969) Advances in Chemistry Series, 95, 197.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tautorus, T.E. (1985) Advances in Biotechnology Processes, 5, 227.

    Google Scholar 

  • TeBeest, D.O. (1985) Journal of Agricultural Entomology, 2, 123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thakur, M.S., Karanth, N.G. and Nanad, K. (1990) Applied Microbiology and Bio-technology, 32, 409.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, K.C., Kachatourians, G.G. and Ingledew, W.M. (1987) Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 33, p. 12.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tien, M. (1987) CRC Critical Review in Microbiology, 15, p. 141.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tien, M. and Kirk, T.K. (1983) Science, 221, p. 661.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Timell, T.E. (1967) Wood Science Technology, 1, p. 45.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tönnesen, B.A. and Ellefsen, O. (1971) In Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives (eds N.M. Bikales and L. Segal), Vol. 5, Part IV, Wiley, New York, p. 265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toyama, N. (1972) In Fermentation Technology Today (ed. G. Terui), Society of Fermentation Technology, Japan, Osaka, p. 743.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toyama, N. (1976) Biotechnology and Bioengineering Symposium, No. 6, p. 207.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsang, L.J.; Reid, I.D. and Coxworth, E.C. (1987) Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 53, p. 1304.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Umezawa, T. (1988) Wood Research, 75, p. 21.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Underkofler, L.A. and Hickey, R.J. (1954) Industrial Fermentation, Vol. 1, Chemical Publishing Co., New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Veness, R.G. and Evans, C.S. (1989) Journal of General Microbiology, 135, p. 2799.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vetter, J. and Rimoczi, I. (1993) Zeitschrift fur Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und-Forschung, 197 (5), 427.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Volger, C., Hesse, C. and Vogt, A. (1982) European Journal of Forest Pathology (Berlin), 12, 59.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wardrop, A.B. (1957) Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, 40, p. 225.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Warzywoda, M., Ferré, V. and Pourqui, J. (1983) Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 25, p. 3005.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watson, T.G. and Nelligan, I. (1983) Biotechnology Letters, 5, p. 25.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wehmer, C. (1893) French patent 288554, 11 March 1893.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cited in Prescott, S.C. and Dunn, C.G. (1959) Industrial Microbiology, McGraw-Hi11, New York, p. 533.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiken, J.O. (1972) In Fermentation Technology Today (ed. G. Teruf), Society of Fermentation Technology, Japan, Osaka, p. 569.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilke, C.R., Cysewski, G.R., Yang, R.D. and von Stockar, U. (1976) Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 8, 1315.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, D.A. and Smith, J.F. (1987) In Essays in Agriculture and Food Microbiology (eds J.R. Norris and G.L. Pettipher), Wiley, New York, p. 309.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang, Q.Y. and Yong, S.C. (1989) Mushroom Science, 12 (Part I), 631.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yo, K. (1975) Japanese Patent 75154487, 12 December.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu, P.L., Han, Y.W. and Anderson, A.W. (1976) Proceedings of the Western Section of American Society of Animal Science, 27, 189.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zadrazil, F. (1977) European Journal of Applied Microbiology, 4, p. 273.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zeikus, J.G. (1981) Advances in Microbial Ecology, 5, 211.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, J., Wang, G., Li, H. et al. (1994) Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 58, p. 1195.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Chahal, P.S., Chahal, D.S. (1998). Lignocellulosic wastes: biological conversion. In: Martin, A.M. (eds) Bioconversion of Waste Materials to Industrial Products. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5821-7_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5821-7_10

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-7668-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-5821-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics