Skip to main content

Developing Successful Global Consultants

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Internationalizing the Curriculum in Organizational Psychology

Abstract

What does it take to be a successful global consultant, and how can we develop successful global consultants? This chapter attempts to answer these two questions by drawing upon our personal experiences of global consulting in industrial/organizational (I/O) psychology as well as relevant research on this topic. Although an I/O consultant may provide consulting services and/or work on applied projects in many areas, we present a competency model for global consultants based on our past work, accumulated experience, and collective knowledge. From the ten competencies in our model, three core competencies consistently appear as essential for success in almost any consulting role, whether it be global or not: managing time and resources, teamwork, and applied problem solving.

However, we argue that these alone are not sufficient to ensure consulting success abroad. We discuss two additional competencies that are essential for consultants working globally: embracing diversity and integrity/building trust. Cross-cultural differences in various constructs, such as language, the perception of time, and social norms, all come into play in multinational settings and require global consultants to effectively display these two competencies in a variety of ways. Several personal anecdotes are provided to illustrate how the competencies in the model can impact consulting project success. These anecdotes are integrated with the existing literature in order to demonstrate how a successful global consultant needs to accomplish goals through effective time management, embrace diverse ways of thinking, and build trust with others. This chapter concludes with a call for ways to develop those skills and competencies by focusing on two primary areas: (1) learning a second language and (2) looking outside of the traditional I/O curriculum. It is our belief that these activities would greatly benefit individuals who are interested in becoming global consultants and increase their likelihood of success.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Up from about one in six in 2012.

References

  • Adler, N. J., & Gundersen, A. (2008). International dimensions of organizational behavior (5th ed.). Mason: Thompson South-Western Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., Koh, C., Ng, K. Y., Templer, K. J., Tay, C., & Chandrasekar, N. A. (2007). Cultural Intelligence: Its measurement and effects on cultural judgment and decision making, cultural adaptation, and task performance. Management and Organization Review, 3, 335–371.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barrick, M. R., & Mount, M. K. (1991). The Big Five personality dimensions and job performance: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 44, 1–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Black, J. S., & Mendenhall, M. (1990). Cross-cultural training effectiveness: A review and a theoretical framework of future research. Academy of Management Review, 15(1), 113–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brislin, R., & Kim, E. (2003). Cultural diversity in people’s understand and use of time. Applied psychology: An international review, 52, 363–382.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, Y. F., & Pang, S. C. (2003). Trust in Chinese society. Beijing: China City Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chrobot-Mason, D. (2003). Developing multicultural competence for managers: Same old leadership skills or something new? The Psychologist-Manager Journal, 6, 5–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Claessens, B. J. C., van Eerde, W., Rutte, C. G., & Roe, R. A. (2007). A review of the time management literature. Personnel Review, 36, 255–276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cook, V., & Bassetti, B. (2011). Language and bilingual cognition. New York: Psychology Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox, T. Jr. (1991). The multicultural organization. Academy of Management Executive, 5, 34–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox, T. Jr. (1994). Cultural diversity in organizations. San Francisco: Berrett-Hoehler Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crossley, C. D., Cooper, C. D., & Wernsing, T. S.. (2013, February 4). Making things happen through challenging goals: Leader proactivity, trust, and business-unit performance. Journal of Applied Psychology. Advance online publication. doi:10.1037/a0031807.

    Google Scholar 

  • Das, T. K., & Teng, B.-S. (1998). Between trust and control: Developing confidence in partner cooperation in alliances. The Academy of Management Review, 23, 491–512.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dickson, M. W., Hanges, P. J., & Lord, R. G. (2001). Trends, developments and gaps in cross-cultural research on leadership. Advances in Global Leadership, 2, 75–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dirks, K. T., & Ferrin, D. L. (2001). The role of trust in organizational settings. Organization Science, 12, 450–467. doi:10.1287/orsc.12.4.450.10640.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Earley, P. C., & Ang, S. (2003). Cultural intelligence: Individual interactions across cultures. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Earley, P. C., & Peterson, R. S. (2004). The elusive cultural chameleon: Cultural intelligence as a new approach to intercultural training for the global manager. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 3, 100–115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher, C., & Perry, E. L. (2002). Performance appraisal and feedback: A consideration of national culture and a review of contemporary research and future trends. In N. Anderson, D. S. Ones, H. K. Sinangil, & C. Viswesvaran (Eds.), Handbook of industrial, work, and organizational psychology (pp. 127–144). A Sage Publication Company, London, EC1Y 1SP. ISBN 0 7619 6488 6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffith, R. L., Gabrenya, W., Steelman, L. A., Armon, B., Gitlin, B., & Kung, M. (2012). Global organizational Psychology: Internationalizing the training curriculum. Psychological Topics, 21, 383–398.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hakel, M. D. (1974). Normative personality factors recovered from ratings of personality descriptors: The beholder’s eye. Personnel Psychology, 27, 409–421.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, E. T. (1976). Beyond culture. New York: Doubleday.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, G. (1980). Cultures consequences: International differences in work-related values. Beverly Hills: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, G. (1991). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind. London: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, G. (2001). Cultures consequences (2nd ed.): Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations. Thousand Oaks: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G. J., & Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind (3rd ed.). Columbus: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holt, K., & Seki, K. (2012). Global leadership: A developmental shift for everyone. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 5, 196–215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • House, R. J., Hanges, P. J., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P. W., Gupta, V., & GLOBE Associates. (2004). Leadership, culture and organizations: The GLOBE study of 62 nations. Thousand Oaks: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kramer, R., & Tyler, T. (1996). Trust in organizations: Frontier of theory and research. Thousand Oaks: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lam, S. S. K., Schaubroeck, J., & Aryee, S. (2002). Relationship between organizational justice and employee work outcomes: A cross-national study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 1–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Le, H., Oh, I., Robbins, S. B., Ilies, R., Holland, E., & Westrick, P. (2011). Too much of a good thing: Curvilinear relationships between personality traits and job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96, 113–133.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lowman, R. L. (2012). Frontier no more: International consulting skills as necessary minimal competencies for consulting psychologists. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice & Research, 64, 338-343. 6p. DOI: 10.1037/a0031676.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levine, R. V., & Bartlett, K. (1984). Pace of life, punctuality, and coronary heart disease in six countries. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 15, 233–255.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levine, R. V., & Norenzayan, A. (1999). The pace of life in 31 countries. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 30, 178–205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Littrell, L. N., Salsa, E., Hess, K. P., Paley, M., & Riedel, S. (2006). Expatriate preparation: A critical analysis of 25 years of cross-cultural training research. Human Resources Development Review, 5, 355–388.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Macan, T. H. (1994). Time management: Test of a process model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 381–391.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Markus, H. S., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224–253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mayer, R. C., Davis, J. H., & Schoorman, F. D. (1995). An integration model of organizational trust. Academy of Management Review, 20, 709–734.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. Jr. (1985). Updating Norman’s “adequate taxonomy”: Intelligence and personality dimensions in natural language and in questionnaires. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 49, 710–721.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Menendez, R. (2010, August). Corporate diversity report. http://www.menendez.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/CorporateDiversityReport2.pdf.

  • Mount, M. K., Oh, I., & Burns, M. (2008). Incremental validity of perceptual speed and accuracy over general mental ability. Personnel Psychology, 61, 113–139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murray, J., Burke, B., Moffett, R. III, & Frame, M. (2013). The importance of international competencies in Industrial/Organizational Psychology Graduate Curricula. Poster presented at 28th annual meeting of the Society for the Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Houston, TX.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ones, D. S., & Viswesvaran, C. (1997). Personality determinants in the prediction of aspects of expatriate job success. In D. M. Saunders (Series, Ed.) & Z. Aycan (Vol. Ed.), New approaches to employee management: Vol. 4. Expatriate management: Theory and research (pp. 63–92). Stamford: JAI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perlow, L., & Weeks, J. (2002). Who’s helping whom? Layers of culture and workplace behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 345–361.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pruegger, V., & Rogers, T. B. (1994). Cross-cultural sensitivity training: Methods and assessment. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 18(3), 369–387.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramalu, S. S., Rose, R. C., Uli, J., & Kumar, N. (2012). Cultural intelligence and expatriate performance in global assignment: The mediating role of adjustment. International Journal of Business and Society, 13, 19–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramsey, J. R., Leonel, J. N., Gomes, G. Z., & Monteiro, P. R. R. (2011). Cultural intelligences’ influence on international business travelers’ stress. Cross Cultural Management, 18, 21–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rapp, A. A., Bachrach, D. G., & Rapp, T. L. (2013, February 4). The influence of time management skill on the curvilinear relationship between organizational citizenship behavior and task Performance. Advance online publication. Journal of Applied Psychology. doi:10.1037/a0031733.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robert, C., & Wasti, S. A. (2002). Organizational individualism and collectivism: Theoretical development and an empirical test of a measure. Journal of Management, 28, 544–566.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robert, C., Probst, T. M., Martocchio, J. J., Drasgow, F., & Lawler, J. J. (2000). Empowerment and continuous improvement in the United States, Mexico, Poland, and India: Predicting fit on the basis of the dimensions of power distance and individualism. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 643–658.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rousseau, D. M., Sitkin, S. B., Burt, R. S., & Camerer, C. (1998). Not so different after all: A cross-discipline view of trust. Academy of Management Review, 23, 393–404. doi:10.5465/AMR.1998.926617.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, A. M., & Gelfand, M. (2012). Going global: Internationalizing the organizational psychology curriculum. In F. T. L. Leong, W. E. Pickren, M. M. Leach, & T. Marsella (Eds.), Internationalizing the psychology curriculum in the United States: Meeting the challenges and opportunities of a global era (pp. 245–261). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, A. M., McFarland, L., Baron, H., & Page, R. (1999). An international look at selection practices: Nation and culture as explanations for variability in practice. Personnel Psychology, 52, 359–391.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, F. L., Shaffer, J. A., & Oh, I. (2008). Increased accuracy for range restriction corrections: Implications for the role of personality and general mental ability in job and training performance. Personnel Psychology, 61, 827–868.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shore, L. M., Chung-Herrera, B. G., Dean, M. A., Ehrhart, K. H., Jung, D. I., Randel, A. E., & Singh, G. (2009). Diversity in organizations: Where are we now and where are we going? Human Resource Management Review, 19, 117–133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Silzer, R., Cober, R., Erickson, A., & Robinson, G. (2008). Practitioner needs survey: Final survey results. Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology. Bowling Green: OH.

    Google Scholar 

  • SIOP (1994). Guidelines for education and training at the master’s level in industrial-organizational psychology. Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Inc. Bowling Green, OH: Author. http://www.siop.org/guidelines.aspx.

  • SIOP (1999). Guidelines for education and training at the doctoral level in industrial-organizational psychology. Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Inc. Bowling Green, OH: Author. http://www.siop.org/PhDguidelines98.aspx.

  • Smith, J., & Barclay, D. W. (1997). The effects of organizational differences and trust on the effectiveness of selling partner relationships. Journal of Marketing, 61, 3–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, P., Bond, M. H., & Kâgitçibasi, Ç. (2006). Understanding social psychology across cultures: Living and working in a changing world. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stephan, C. W., Stephan, W. G., Saito, I., & Barnett, S. M. (1998). Emotional expression in Japan and the United States: The nomolithic nature of individualism and collectivism. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 29(6), 728–748.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sue, D. W., Arredondo, P., & McDavis, R. J. (1992). Multicultural counseling competencies and standards: A call to the profession. Journal of Counseling and Development, 70, 477–486.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Takeuchi, R., Tesluk, P. E., Yun, S., & Lepak, D. P. (2005). An integrative view of international experience. Academy of Management Journal, 48, 85–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tett, R. P., Jackson, D. N., & Rothstein, M. (1991). Personality measures as predictors of job performance: A meta-analytic review. Personnel Psychology, 44, 703–742.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tinsley, C. (1998). Models of conflict resolution in Japanese, German, and American cultures. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 316–323.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Triandis, H. C. (1994). Culture and social behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trompenaars, F., & Hampden-Turner, C. (1998). Riding the waves of culture: Understanding diversity in global business (2nd ed.). Columbus: McGraw Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsui, A. S., & Gutek, B. A. (1999). Demographic differences in organizations: Current research and future directions. Lanham: Lexington Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wildman, J. L., Xavier, L. F., Tindall, M., & Salas, E. (2010). Best practices for training intercultural competence in global organizations. In K. Lundby & J. Jolton (Eds.), Going global: Practical applications and recommendations for HR and OD professions in the global workplace (pp. 250–294). New York: Routledge Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaheer, A. B., McEvily, B., Perrone, V. (1998). Does trust matter? Exploring the effects of interorganizational and interpersonal trust on performance. Organizational Science, 9, 141–159.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Matthew O’Connell PhD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

O’Connell, M., Kung, MC., Tristan, E. (2014). Developing Successful Global Consultants. In: Griffith, R., Thompson, L., Armon, B. (eds) Internationalizing the Curriculum in Organizational Psychology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9402-7_9

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics