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Pathogen and Nutrient Transfer Through and Across Agricultural Soils

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Environmental Toxicology

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Abstract

Human activity can place heavy stress on agricultural soils across the world. Soil systems are continually manipulated in order to support the increase in crop yields and accommodate more intensive livestock production and thus provide the planet’s ever-growing population with a diverse array of ecosystem services, among which food production features highly. The recycling of livestock manures to land provides a sustainable solution to support the ecosystem services that soils provide and a host of benefits both in terms of improving soil structure and also soil fertility. However, livestock manures and feces may contain a high number of fecal microorganisms that pose a threat to human well-being and potentially large concentrations of nutrients harmful to the ecology of freshwater systems that the soils often buffer.

This chapter was originally published as part of the Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology edited by Robert A. Meyers. DOI:10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3

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Abbreviations

Hydrological connectivity:

The linkage of spatial locations through different hydrological flow paths (surface and subsurface) within the catchment drainage network.

Farmyard manure:

Feces and urine mixed with bedding material (such as straw) used for housed livestock, and recycled back to land as an organic fertilizer.

Fecal indicator bacteria (FIB):

Nonpathogenic microbial parameters that can be used as surrogate measures of infection risk to humans.

Leaching:

The movement and loss of soluble elements and colloids from soil via drainage water to both surface water and ground water environments.

Matrix flow:

The slow percolation of water through the soil pore system.

Mobilization:

Term used − in the context of this paper – to describe the initiation of contaminant transfer and the process by which those contaminants begin movement from soil.

Nonpoint source pollution:

Comprises contamination and pollution arising from many dispersed sources.

Pathogens:

Microorganisms capable of causing disease or illness in a host and used here to refer to bacteria and protozoa originating from fecal material.

Preferential flow:

Rapid movement of water and contaminants through the soil architecture. Much of the flow is focused in regions of enhanced flux, such as earthworm burrows or larger soil pores (macropore flow).

Slurry:

A liquid mix of feces and urine produced by housed livestock combined with water during management, and usually incorporating some bedding material to give dry matter content of 1–10%.

Surface runoff:

Flow generated from rainfall and other water sources that facilitates the transfer of contaminants across the soil surface due to saturation excess or infiltration excess conditions.

Transfer:

A term used here to describe the movement of pollutants through soil-water systems.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biological & Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK

    David M. Oliver

  2. Centre for Sustainable Water Management, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK

    David M. Oliver & Louise A. Heathwaite

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  1. David M. Oliver
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  2. Louise A. Heathwaite
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    Edward A. Laws

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Oliver, D.M., Heathwaite, L.A. (2013). Pathogen and Nutrient Transfer Through and Across Agricultural Soils. In: Laws, E. (eds) Environmental Toxicology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5764-0_15

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