Skip to main content

Underlying Neurocognitive and Achievement Factors and Their Relationship to Student Background Characteristics

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Assessing Literacy in Deaf Individuals

Abstract

This chapter presents additional analyses investigating the underlying factors represented in the assessments performed for the VL2 Psychometric Toolkit as well as the relationships between these factors and background characteristics of the sample of deaf college students evaluated for the study. Ten factors were generated using a Principal Components Factor Analysis with Varimax rotation. The factors and the measures which load on them are discussed. Additionally, MANOVAs were performed to investigate relationships between a set of background variables and the first four factors produced in the above analysis. The resulting data are discussed as are the potential translational applications of the data generated by the VL2 Psychometric Toolkit Project.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Baddeley, A. D. (1992). Working memory. Science, 255, 556–559.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baddeley, A. (2000). The episodic buffer: A new component of working memory? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4, 417–423.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baddeley, A. (2003). Working memory: Looking back and looking forward. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 4, 829–839.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baddeley, A., & Wilson, B. (1985). Phonological coding and short-term memory in patients without speech. Journal of Memory and Language, 24(4), 490–502.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bialystok, A. (1999). Cognitive complexity and attentional control in the bilingual mind. Child Development, 70(3), 636–644.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Birdsong, D., & Molis, M. (2001). On the evidence for maturational constraints in second-language acquisition. Journal of Memory and Language, 44, 235–249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cummins, R. (1991). Meaning and mental representation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Droop, M., & Verhoeven, L. (2003). Language proficiency and reading ability in first and second language learners. Reading Research Quarterly, 38, 78–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Emmorey, K. (2002). Language, cognition and the brain: Insights from sign language research. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emmorey, K., Klima, E., & Hickok, G. (1998). Mental rotation within linguistic and non-linguistic domains in users of American sign language. Cognition, 68(3), 221–246.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, H. (2011). Memory skills of deaf learners: Implications and applications. American Annals of the Deaf, 156(4), 402–423.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, J., & Bowey, J. A. (1994). Phonological analysis skills, verbal working memory, and reading ability in second-grade children. Child Development, 65(3), 938–950.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanson, V. L. (1982). Short-term recall by deaf signers of American Sign Language: Implications of encoding strategy for order recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 8(6), 572–583.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, J. S., & Newport, E. L. (1989). Critical period effects in second language learning: The influence of maturational state on the acquisition of English as a second language. Cognitive Psychology, 21(1), 60–99.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koo, D., Crain, K., LaSasso, C., & Eden, G. (2008). Phonological awareness and short-term memory in hearing and deaf individuals of different communication backgrounds. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1145, 83–99.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kovelman, I., Baker, S., & Petitto, L. (2008). Bilingual and monolingual brains compared: A functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation of syntactic processing and a possible “Neural Signature” of bilingualism. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 20(1), 153–169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lenneberg, E. H. (1967). Biological foundations of language. Oxford, England: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Madigan, S. A. (1971). Modality and recall order interactions in short-term memory for serial order. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 87, 294–296.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mann, V. A., & Liberman, I. Y. (1984). Phonological awareness and verbal short-term memory: Can they presage early reading problems? Journal of Learning Disabilities, 17, 592–599.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marschark, M. (2003). Cognitive functioning in deaf adults and children. In M. Marschark & P. Spencer (Eds.), Oxford handbook of deaf studies, language and education (pp. 464–477). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marschark, M., Convertino, C., & LaRock, D. (2006). Optimizing academic performance of deaf students: Access, opportunities, and outcomes. In D. F. Moores & D. S. Martin (Eds.), Deaf learners: Developments in curriculum and instruction (pp. 179–199). Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marschark, M., & Hauser, P. (2009). Deaf cognition: Foundations and outcomes. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marschark, M., & Spencer, P. (2003). Oxford handbook of deaf studies, language, and education. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayberry, R. I. (2007). When timing is everything: Age of first language acquisition effects on second language learning. Applied linguistics, 28, 537–549.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayberry, R. I., del Guidice, A. A., & Lieberman, A. (2011). Reading achievement in relation to phonological coding and awareness: A meta-analysis. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 16(2), 164–188.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mayberry, R., & Eichen, E. (1991). The long-lasting advantage of learning sign language in childhood: Another look at the critical period for language acquisition. Journal of Memory and Language, 30(4), 486–512.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, R. E. (2004). National profile of deaf and hard of hearing students in special education from weighted survey results. American Annals of the Deaf, 149(4), 336–349.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, R. E., & Karchmer, M. A. (2004). Chasing the mythical ten percent: Parental hearing status of deaf and hard of hearing students in the United States. Sign Language Studies, 4(2), 138–163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Musselman, C. (2000). How do children who can’t hear learn to read an alphabetic script? A review of the literature on reading and deafness. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 5, 9–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Petitto, L. (1987). Theoretical and methodological issues in the study of sign language babbling: Preliminary evidence from American Sign Language (ASL) and Langue des Signes Québécoise (LSQ). Paper presented at the Fourth International Symposium on Sign Language Research. Lappeenranta, Finland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petitto, L., Katerelos, M., Levy, B., Gauna, K., & Ferraro, V. (2001). Bilingual signed and spoken language acquisition from birth: Implications for the mechanisms underlying early bilingual language acquisition. Journal of Child Language, 28, 453–496.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pinar, P., Dussias, P., & Morford, J. (2011). Deaf readers as bilinguals: An examination of deaf readers’ print comprehension in light of current advances in bilingualism and second language processing. Language and Linguistics Compass, 5(10), 691–704.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sanders, L., Neville, H., & Woldorff, M. (2002). Speech segmentation by native and non-native speakers: The use of lexical, syntactic, and stress-pattern cues. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 45, 519–530.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schein, J. D., & Delk, M. T., Jr. (1974). The deaf population of the United States. Silver Spring, MD: National Association of the Deaf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snow, C., & Galabudra, A. (2002). Second language learners and understanding the brain. In A. Galaburda, S. Kosslyn, & Y. Christen (Eds.), The languages of the brain (pp. 151–165). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stokoe, W. (1972). Semiotics and human sign language. The Hague, Netherlands: Moulton & Company N.V., Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tombaugh, T. N., Kozak, J., & Rees, L. (1999). Normative data stratified by age and education for two measures of verbal fluency: FAS and animal naming. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 14(2), 167–177.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, M., & Emmorey, K. (1997). Working memory for sign language: A window into the architecture of the working memory system. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 2(3), 121–130.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Thomas Allen .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Allen, T., Morere, D.A. (2012). Underlying Neurocognitive and Achievement Factors and Their Relationship to Student Background Characteristics. In: Morere, D., Allen, T. (eds) Assessing Literacy in Deaf Individuals. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5269-0_13

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics