Abstract
Since modern economics is generally considered to have begun with the publication of Adam Smith’s An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations in 1776, a survey and investigation of pre-Smithian economic thought requires some justification. Such an effort must offer both historical and methodological support for its contribution to the study of the history of modern economics.
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Notes
- 1.
Schumpeter (1954 [1994], pp. 73–74).
- 2.
- 3.
Karayiannis and Drakopoulos-Dodd (1998, p. 164).
- 4.
van Dieten (1979, pp. 5–6, not. 16).
- 5.
Lowry (1996, pp. 707–708).
- 6.
Baeck (1997, p. 146). It is evident that we meet descriptions of economic life and matters in Zoroaster’s law-book and in the Codex Hammurabi. Cf. Kautz (1860, pp. 90–91). In the Talmudic tradition, the ethical aspect of the labor has been praised. Cf. Ohrenstein and Gordon (1991, pp. 275–287). For an overview of the economic ideas of the population round the Mediterranean, see Spengler (1980, pp. 16–38) and Baloglou and Peukert (1996, pp. 19–21).
- 7.
Baeck (1994, pp. 47–49).
- 8.
Rousseau (1755, pp. 337–349 [1977, p. 22]).
- 9.
Reumann (1979, p. 571).
- 10.
Brunner (1968, pp. 103–127).
- 11.
- 12.
- 13.
- 14.
Diehl (1949, Fasc. 3, Fr. 7, Vv. 84–87, 90–91).
- 15.
Diehl (1949, Fasc. 3, Fr. 6). This idea borrows Semonides from Hesiod, Works and Days, Vv. 102–103.
- 16.
- 17.
Schefold (1997, p. 106).
- 18.
Vlastos (1945, pp. 578–592).
- 19.
- 20.
- 21.
- 22.
- 23.
Lowry (1987a, p. 147).
- 24.
- 25.
As Lowry (1987c, p. 12) comments: “The Greek art of oikonomia, a formal, administrative art directed toward the minimization of costs and the maximization of returns, had as its prime aim the efficient management of resources for the achievement of desired objectives. It was an administrative, not a market approach, to economic phenomena.” See also Lowry (1998, p. 79).
- 26.
- 27.
Rose (1863, p. 181, Fr. XXXIII).
- 28.
Despotopoulos (1998, p. 96).
- 29.
Brown (1982, pp. 17–172).
- 30.
- 31.
Hoven van den (1996, p. 101).
- 32.
- 33.
Meikle (1995).
- 34.
- 35.
Marx (1867 [1962], p. 146).
- 36.
Finley (1970, p. 18).
- 37.
The only goods which Aristotle exempts from diminishing utility are “goods of the soul,” physic goods. “The greater the amount of each of the goods of the soul,” he says, “the greater is its utility” (Aristotle, Politics 1323b). Cf. Lowry (1987c, p. 19).
- 38.
- 39.
There are also other examples in the classical tragedy which seem quite interesting, because of the connection between the issue of managing the Oikos effectively and managing of the Polis. Cf. Euripides, Electra 386 ff.
- 40.
Andreades (1992, p. 250, not. 3).
- 41.
Schütrumpf (1991, pp. 175–176).
- 42.
See Strauss (1970, p. 87) for a discussion of this passage.
- 43.
Reuman (1980, p. 377).
- 44.
- 45.
Trever (1916, p. 9) evidently had this point in mind when he observed that “Aristotle struck the keynote in Greek economic thought in stating that the primary interest of economy is human beings rather than inanimate property.” In a conversation between Cyrus and his father in the Cyropaedia (I VI 20–21), we are presented with the clearest kind of analysis of successful administrative control over men.
- 46.
Cf. Bullock (1939, pp. 156–159).
- 47.
Conomis (1970).
- 48.
- 49.
Hypereides, For Euxenippos, col. XXIII 1–13, col. XXXIX 16–26 (edit. by Jensen 1916).
- 50.
This advice is based on Isocrates’ account of the ways of the rich in Athens in the days of Solon and Cleisthenes. Isocrates, Areopagiticus 32. Cf. Newman (1887, vol. IV, p. 535).
- 51.
- 52.
Archytas’ proposal is set up on justice. The existence of justice will bring the welfare in the Oikos and in Polis. Iamblichus, De Vita Pythagorica, cap. XXX, 169.
- 53.
- 54.
Baloglou (1998d, pp. 50–55).
- 55.
For example, see Ingram (1888 [1967], pp. 5, 8) and Eisenhart (1891, pp. 2–3).
- 56.
Engels (1988, pp. 90–134) for an evaluation of the proposals in the Lycurgean era.
- 57.
Roscher (1861, p. 7).
- 58.
Glaser (1865, p. 313) expressed the view that we do not find any interesting economic topics during this period. Other works, though not extensively, are dealing with the economic thought in the Hellenistic period, such as Bonar (1896, ch. III), Trever (1916, pp. 125–145), Stephanidis (1948, pp. 172–181), Tozzi (1955, pp. 246–286, 1961, pp. 209–242), and Spiegel (1971, pp. 34–39) on the Cynics, Stoics and Epicureans (on p. 672 an interpretative bibliography); Baloglou and Constantinidis (1993, pp. 163–177), Baloglou (1995, ch. 11). The interesting paper by Natali (1995) is dealing with the term “oikonomia” in the Hellenistic period.
In recent studies, Baloglou (1998a, 1998c, 1999a, 2002a, 2004a) I dealt with the economic philosophy of the Early Stoics and Cynics. For the economic philosophy of the Cynic Crates of Thebes, see Baloglou (2000b).
- 59.
Heinze (1892, Fr. 92, 94, 98).
- 60.
- 61.
- 62.
- 63.
Cf. Diog. Laert. IV 4: Speusippus; Diog. Laert. IV II: Xenocrates; Diog. Laert. V 22: Aristotle; Diog. Laert. V 47: Theophrastus; Diog. Laert. VI 80: Diogenes; Diog. Laert. VII 167: the Stoic Dionysius; Diog. Laert. VII 178: the Stoic Sphairos; Diog. Laert. X 24: the Epicurean Metrodorus.
- 64.
Arnim (1992, p. 309: Appendix II).
- 65.
Baloglou (1992).
- 66.
- 67.
Natali (1995, p. 97).
- 68.
Descat (1988, p. 107).
- 69.
Rostovtzeff (1941, vol. I, pp. 278, 352).
- 70.
Landvogt (1908).
- 71.
- 72.
Wehrli (1967, pp. 22–25, Fr. 47–49).
- 73.
Varro, Rerum rustic. II 1, 3 in Wehrli (1967, p. 22, Fr. 48).
- 74.
Cf. Pöhlmann (1925, vol. I, p. 88, n. 1).
- 75.
- 76.
Andreades (1930).
- 77.
- 78.
Papalexandris (1969, p. 12).
- 79.
- 80.
Lowry (1979, p. 68).
- 81.
Like Hippias’ reforms: Oeconomica B II 4, 1347 d4–8. See Sterghiopoulos (1944 [1948]).
- 82.
- 83.
Laurenti (1968, pp. 137–157).
- 84.
- 85.
- 86.
- 87.
- 88.
- 89.
Baron (1928, pp. 121, 8–10).
- 90.
Baron (1928, p. 120).
- 91.
G. Galdiera, De oeconomia (1463); Fr. Barbaro, De re uxoria (1415), a work dedicated to Lorenzo de Medici; E. Barbaro, De coelibatu (1471–1472). Cf. King (1976, pp. 22–48).
- 92.
- 93.
Furlan (1994, pp. 438–439).
- 94.
- 95.
- 96.
- 97.
- 98.
- 99.
Perrotta (2000, p. 118).
- 100.
Theodorides (1957).
- 101.
Usener (1887, p. 302 Fr. 473; p. 303, Fr. 476).
- 102.
- 103.
Natali (1995, pp. 109–110).
- 104.
Barker (1956, pp. 179–180).
- 105.
- 106.
Sudhaus (1906).
- 107.
Perrotta (2003, p. 208).
- 108.
- 109.
- 110.
This is apparently Schoemann’s (1839) view.
- 111.
Natali (1995, p. 111).
- 112.
Baloglou and Maniatis (1994, p. 130).
- 113.
Tarn (1930, p. 325).
- 114.
- 115.
Baloglou (2002a).
- 116.
- 117.
Reumann (1980, p. 370, n. 6).
- 118.
Reumann (1980, p. 370).
- 119.
It is always difficult to know in which philosophical school Dio should be placed. He is considered a Cynic by Paquet (1975), Blumentritt (1979), Schmitt (1972), Long (1974), and Dudley (1937, pp. 148–157). Barker (1956, p. 295), Jones (1978), and Moles (1978) regard him a both a Cynic and a Stoic. They are of the opinion that Dio was especially attracted to Cynicism during his exile (ad 82), but he rejected it during the last years of his life. Moles (1978) regards Dio as a person who throughout his life was a Cynic, a Stoic, and a Sophist. Jones (1978) finally prefers to see Dio as a Stoic. Brunt (1973, pp. 210–211) and Hoven van den (1996, p. 27) consider Dio to be a Stoic.
- 120.
- 121.
Compare Xenophon, Oeconomicus IV 24 – V 17. Cato, De agricultura, preface; Livy VIII 20, 4. Brunt (1973, p. 213) remarks correctly with reference to Dio’s comment that farmers make such good soldiers: “He does not feel the irrelevance of this ancient platitude to the normal conditions of a Greek city under the Roman peace, nor (if he was speaking at Rome) to those which obtained in the capital itself or throughout Italy; under Trajan the whole peninsula now furnished few legionaries.” Cf. Garnsey (1980, p. 37) who believes that the emergence and promotion of the myth of the peasant patriarch came just at a time when the process of peasant displacement and the concentration of estates in the hands of the rich was spending up.
- 122.
- 123.
- 124.
Baloglou and Constantinidis (1996, p. 49).
- 125.
Plessner (1928, pp. 218–219).
- 126.
Plessner (1928, p. 218, 16–219, 20).
- 127.
Natali (1995, p. 105).
- 128.
Plessner (1928, p. 219).
- 129.
Plessner (1928, p. 219, 21–33).
- 130.
- 131.
- 132.
- 133.
Trever (1975, p. 131) and Eleutheropoulos (1930, p. 57).
- 134.
Cf. Bayonas (1970, p. 49).
- 135.
- 136.
Trever (1975, pp. 138–139).
- 137.
Brown (1949, pp. 1–23).
- 138.
Goulet-Caze and Lopez (1994, p. 271). It is not an exaggeration, we believe, if we compare Cercidas with Solon, who combined in his time the art of the poem and philosopher with that of the statesman.
- 139.
It is worth noting that Cleomenes’ reforms, which had a great success, led to an attack by Cercidas (Baloglou 2004a).
- 140.
López-Gruces (1995, p. 251, Vv. 31–32).
- 141.
Tarn (1930, p. 102).
- 142.
Dudley (1937 [1973], pp. 78–79).
- 143.
For instance the comic Menander, who was Theophrastus’ disciple (Diog. Laert. V 36–37). See Tsekourakis (1977, pp. 384–399).
- 144.
For example by Gregor of Nazianz, who emphasized and annotated Cercidas’ thought. See Gregor of Nazianz “De virtute,” PG XXXVII (1862) col. 723. Cf. Asmus (1894 [1991]).
- 145.
- 146.
Rohde (1914, p. 203).
- 147.
- 148.
All the existing material concerning Euhemerus’ life and work has been collected by Winiarczyk (ed.) (1991).
- 149.
Murray (1970, pp. 143–144).
- 150.
Pöhlmann (1925, p. 291) points out “eine Idealschilderung des alten Pharaonenstaates.”
- 151.
- 152.
- 153.
Steinwerter (1946 [1947]).
- 154.
- 155.
Mossé (1969, p. 303). Kytzler (1973, p. 67), however, contends that there is a certain hierarchical order because men “have” the wives in common (Diod. Sic. II 58, 1), because women are not considered apt to rule their group, and because there is the authority that is always exercised by the oldest man in the group. It should, however, be noted that for ancient conceptions egality is very great in Iambulus and that only the modern mind can trace here some remnants of hierarchical structures.
- 156.
- 157.
- 158.
- 159.
Chroust (1965, p. 177).
- 160.
- 161.
Muller (1878, vol. II, Liber IV, pp. 397–430).
- 162.
Pudendorf (1759 [1967], Liber V, ch. I, § VI, p. 675).
- 163.
Long ((1974) [1990], p. 172).
- 164.
Barker (1956, pp. 167–168).
- 165.
- 166.
- 167.
- 168.
- 169.
It is worth to note, and still unknown, that the Romans quoted as an authority Theophrastus, Aristotle’s pupil and successor in Lyceum, who wrote περί συμβολαίων (Cicero, De finibus V 4; Dig. 1, 3, 6 = Dig. 5, 4, 3 Paulus on legislators). A precious fragment on sale, perhaps however inaccurately transmitted, has survived. Cf. Pringsheim (1950, pp. 134–142).
- 170.
- 171.
Perrotta (2003, p. 212).
- 172.
Vivenza (1998, pp. 292–293).
- 173.
- 174.
- 175.
- 176.
- 177.
- 178.
Haney (1949, pp. 78–79).
- 179.
- 180.
- 181.
- 182.
Baeck (1997, p. 159).
- 183.
- 184.
Barnes (1924, pp. 57–58).
- 185.
Mandenville (1924, vol. 2, p. 145).
- 186.
Smith (1937, p. 11).
- 187.
Mandenville (1924, vol. 2, pp. 143–144).
- 188.
Foley (1974, p. 223).
- 189.
Scott (1937, pp. 336–338).
- 190.
Smith (1937, pp. 5–6, § 11–12).
- 191.
Smith in the “Early Draft,” in Scott (1937, p. 336).
- 192.
Seneca, Epistles XC 25 with Smith (1937, p. 336).
- 193.
Seneca, Epistles XC 11–13 (mining) and XC 25 (shorthand writing) with Smith (1978, p. 160).
- 194.
Perrotta (2003, pp. 212–213).
- 195.
Another example which does prove this continuity in economic thought is Fr. Hutcheson’s acknowledgement to Cicero on the description of the social division of labor. Indeed, Francis Hutcheson (1694–1747) does repeat in his System of Moral Philosophy, vol. I, London (1755, p. 290), Cicero’s passage in De officiis II, chaps. 3–5.
- 196.
- 197.
Viner (1978, p. 13).
- 198.
Boas (1948, pp. 15–53) for the combination in the Patristic period of pagan “golden age” and biblical “Garden of Eden” ideas.
- 199.
Gordon (1975, pp. 91–92).
- 200.
The literature on the ethico-economic ideas of the Eastern Christian Fathers is extremely large. Bougatsos 1 (1980, 1988 2) offers in his three-volume work a collection of those passages from the works of the Fathers which provide a social character. For an overview of the economic ideas of the Eastern Fathers, see Stephanidis (1948, pp. 248–279), Thurn (1961), Reumann (1961, pp. 370–379), Chrestou (1973, vol. III, pp. 291–297), Spentzas (1984, pp. 193–201), Houmanidis (1990, pp. 194–201), Baeck (1996, pp. 538–540), and Karayiannis and Drakopoulou-Dodd (1998). On the meaning of “oikonomia” in the patristic thought, see the two dissertations by Lillge (1955) and Thurn (1961).
- 201.
- 202.
Hoven van den (1996, pp. 139–140).
- 203.
Savramis (1965, p. 28).
- 204.
- 205.
Stephanidis (1948, pp. 278–279).
- 206.
The literature on the ideas of the Eastern Christian Fathers concerning usury is extensively large. It seems to be an issue which has been covered until today. See, e.g., Maloney (1973, pp. 241–265), Gordon (1982, pp. 421–424), Bianchi (1983, pp. 321–342, 1984, pp. 136–153), Siems (1992), Osborn (1993, pp. 368–380), Kompos (1996, pp. 155–164), Gotsis (1997, pp. 40–41), Moser (1997a, b), and Schefold (2000a, pp. 149–151).
- 207.
- 208.
Gotsis (1997, pp. 15–50, 53).
- 209.
Gotsis (1997, pp. 53–54).
- 210.
- 211.
- 212.
Bryce (1904, pp. 342–344).
- 213.
Laiou (1999, p. 128).
- 214.
Laiou (1999, p. 129).
- 215.
Laiou (1999, pp. 118–124, 129).
- 216.
Lemerle (1981, p. 264).
- 217.
Hunger (1994, vol. III, pp. 88–89).
- 218.
The text has been published by Ioannou (1971, pp. 64–132).
- 219.
Kazhdan (1983, pp. 549–550).
- 220.
Ioannou (1971, pp. 74, 11–22).
- 221.
Kazhdan (1983, p. 550).
- 222.
Laiou-Thomadakis (1972, Appendix).
- 223.
- 224.
Kekaumenos, Strategicon § 20, 22, edit. Tsougkarakis (1996, pp. 82–84).
- 225.
It is interesting to note, at by some way surprisingly, that the term appears in twelfth century by Gottfried von Viterbo (ca. 1125–1192), Speculum regum (1180/83). Cf. Hadot (1972, col. 556).
- 226.
- 227.
Isocrates, or. 2 ad Nicoclem; or. 9 Euagoras. There belong also Xenophon’s works Cyropaedia, Agesilaos, Hieron to this tradition.
- 228.
- 229.
- 230.
Skinner (1988, pp. 423–424).
- 231.
Essid (1987, pp. 77–102).
- 232.
Cf. Moss (1996, p. 540) who adopted Essid’s view.
- 233.
Hadot (1972, cols. 555–632).
- 234.
- 235.
Blum (1981, pp. 39–41).
- 236.
Blum (1981, pp. 54–55).
- 237.
Blum (1981, pp. 81–98).
- 238.
Barker (1957, pp. 151–198).
- 239.
- 240.
Runciman (1970).
- 241.
Baloglou (1998b, pp. 406–413) and the mentioned literature.
- 242.
Runciman (1970, pp. 1–2).
- 243.
Barker (1957, p. 49).
- 244.
- 245.
Pantazopoulos (1979, pp. 130–138).
- 246.
- 247.
- 248.
Cf. Baloglou (1999c, p. 67).
- 249.
Masai (1956, p. 87).
- 250.
Bargeliotes (1989, pp. 30–31).
- 251.
Bargeliotes (1993, p. 104).
- 252.
- 253.
- 254.
- 255.
- 256.
- 257.
- 258.
Spiegel (1991, p. 691).
- 259.
- 260.
- 261.
Hosseini (1998, p. 655, n. 3).
- 262.
Essid (1987, pp. 83–84).
- 263.
- 264.
- 265.
- 266.
- 267.
Essid (1995).
- 268.
He identifies as part of one’s calling three reasons why one must pursue economic activities: (a) self-sufficiency, (b) the well-being of one’s family and (c) assisting others in need. Anything less would be religiously “blameworthy.” Cf. Ghanzafar and Islahi (1990, p. 384) and Ghazanfar (ed.) (2003, pp. 381–403).
- 269.
Essid (1987, pp. 84–86).
- 270.
Cf. Baloglou (2004b).
- 271.
I also used the Greek translation of Issawi’s work entitled An Arab Philosophy of History. Selections from the Prolegomena of Ibn Khaldun of Tunis (1332–1406) (London 1955), Athens: Kalvos, 1980 and the German translation in Schefold (2000b, pp. 103–164).
- 272.
For an evaluation and presentation of Ibn Khaldun’s economic thought see Bousquet (1955) quoted in Houmanidis (1980, p. 443, not. 6), Bousquet (1957, pp. 6–23), Spengler (1964), Andic (1965), Boulakia (1971), Haddad (1977), Essid (1987, pp. 89–92), Baeck (1990, 1994, 1996, 1997, pp. 3–19), Schefold (2000 b, pp. 5–20), and Essid (2000, pp. 55–88).
- 273.
Spengler (1964, p. 269).
- 274.
Essid (1987, pp. 90–93).
- 275.
- 276.
I. Khaldun, The Muquaddimah, vol. 2, p. 274: “God created the two mineral ‘stones’, gold and silver, as the measure of value for all capital accumulations. Gold and silver are what the inhabitants of the world, by preference, consider treasure and property to consist of.”
- 277.
Andic (1965, p. 24).
- 278.
Boulakia (1971, p. 1117).
- 279.
For a comparison between the economic thought of these scholars see Baloglou (2002b).
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Appendix
Appendix
This table shows the relation of the authors who lived in the Mediterranean and the evolution of their works.
Year | Name | Works |
|---|---|---|
ca. 700 bc | Hesiod | Works and days (Hesiod) |
638 bc | *Solon | |
ca. 600 bc | *Semonides of Keos | |
594/3 bc | Seisachtheia (Solon) | |
559 bc | Solon+ | |
470/460 bc | *Democritus | |
469 bc | *Socrates | |
450 bc | *Antisthenes | |
436 bc | *Isocrates | |
430 bc | *Xenophon | |
428/7 bc | *Plato | |
415 bc | *Diogenes the Cynic | |
399 bc | Socrates+ | |
393–91 bc | Trapezitikos (Isocrates) | |
390 bc | Democritus+ | |
384 bc | *Aristotle | |
*Xenocrates | ||
380 bc | *Theopomp | Politeia (Plato) |
Oikonomikos (Xenophon) | ||
Panegyricus (Isocrates) | ||
372 bc | *Theophrastus | |
370 bc | Antisthenes+ | |
355 bc | Xenophon+ | Poroi (Xenophon) |
On Peace (Isocrates) | ||
354 bc | Areopagiticus (Isocrates) | |
348 bc | Plato+ | Nomoi (Plato) |
341 | *Epicurus | |
338 bc | Isocrates+ | |
335/323 bc | Politics; Nicomachean | |
Ethics (Aristotle) | ||
334 | *Zeno of Citium | |
323 bc | Aristotle+ | |
Diogenes the Cynic+ | ||
314 bc | Xenocrates+ | |
314/01 bc | Politeia (Zeno) | |
300 bc | Theopomp+ | |
290/80 bc | Hiera Anagraphe (Euhemerus) | |
287 bc | Theophrastus+ | |
281 bc | *Chryssipus | Kyriai Doxai (Epicurus) |
270/69 bc | Epicurus+ | |
264 bc | Zeno of Citium+ | |
250 bc | Cercidas of Megalopolis; his plea for social justice | |
234 bc | *Cato | |
233 bc | Cleanthes+ | |
208 bc | Chryssipus+ | |
Third century bc | Sun State (Iambulus) | |
154 bc | De agricultura (Cato) | |
149 bc | Cato+ | |
116 bc | *Varro | |
110 bc | *Philodemus | |
106 bc | *Cicero | |
94 bc | *Lucretius | |
60–55 bc | Peri oikonomias (Philodemus) | |
56 bc | De Rerum Natura (Lucretius) | |
55 bc | Lucretius+ | |
ca. 54–51 bc | De re publica (Cicero) | |
44 bc | De officiis (Cicero) | |
43 bc | Cicero+ | |
40 bc | Philodemus+ | |
37 bc | Rerum rusticarum libri III (Varro) | |
30 bc | *Philo Iudaeus | |
27 bc | Varro+ | |
ca. 5 bc | *Seneca | |
23–24 ad | *Gaius Plinius the Older | |
ca. 35 ad | Beginning of the missionary work of St. Paul, which lasted for the 30 years down to his death about 64 ad; composition of his Epistles during these years | |
40 ad | *Dio of Chrysostom | |
45 ad | Philo Iudaeus+ | |
50 ad | *Plutarch | |
58/59 ad | De vita beata (Seneca) | |
65 ad | Seneca+ | |
77 | Historia naturalis (Gaius Plinius the Older) | |
79 | Gaius Plinius the Older+ | |
98–104 | Four discourses | |
On Kingship (Dio of Chrysostom) | ||
100 | Euboean oration (Dio of Chrysostom) | |
End of the first beginning of the second century ad | Epictetus | |
112 | Dio of Chrysostom+ | |
120 | Plutarch+ | |
121 | *Marcus Aurelius | |
ca. 125 | *Maximus of Tyros | |
150 | *Clement of Alexandreia | |
ca. 150–185 | Dialexeis (Maximus of Tyros) | |
ca. 172–180 | Ta eis heauton (Marcus Aurelius) | |
180 | Marcus Aurelius+ | |
185 | *Origenes | |
195 | Maximus of Tyros+ | |
ca. 190–200 | On the Salvation of the Rich Man (Clement of Alexandreia) | |
217 | Clement of Alexandreia+ | |
ca. 220–230 | Peri Archon (On the Principles) (Origenes) | |
ca. 246–248 | Kata Kelsu (Against Celsus) (Origenes) | |
253/4 | Origenes+ | |
317 | *Themistius | |
330 | *Basileios | |
ca. 335 | *Gregorius of Nyssa | |
354 | *Augustinus | |
364 | Speech on Kingship (Themistius) | |
373 | *Synesius of Cyrene | |
Before 379 | Ascetica; Hexaemeron (Basileios) | |
379 | *Basileios+ | |
ca. 380–383 | Kata Eunomiu (Gregorius of Nyssa) | |
385 | Logos katechetikos ho megas (Gregorius of Nyssa) | |
385/90 | Themistius+ | |
394 | Gregorius of Nyssa+ | On Kingship (Synesius of Cyrene) |
ca. 400 | Confessiones (Augustinus) | |
ca. 413–426 | De civitate Dei (Augustinus) | |
414 | Synesius of Cyrene+ | |
430 | Augustinus+ | |
ca. 530 | Ekthesis Kephalaion parainetikon…pros basilea (Agapetus Diakonus) | |
570 | *Isidor of Sevilla | |
ca. 625–636 | Etymologiarum sive originum libri XX (Isidor of Sevilla) | |
636 | Isidor of Sevilla+ | |
675 | *Johannes of Damascus | |
731 | *Abu Youssef Ya’coub | |
ca. 742–749 | Pege gnoseos (Joh. of Damaskus) | |
749 | Johannes of Damaskus+ | |
780 | Kitab-al-Kharaj (Book of Taxation) (Ya’coub) | |
798 | Ya’coub+ | |
800 | Al-Kindi | |
ca. 845/850 | *Isaac ben Salomon Israeli | |
873 | *Al-Farabi (Alfarabius) | |
Before 873 | Fi’l-’aql (Al-Kindi) | |
873 | Al-Kindi+ | |
940/950 | Kitabal-Hudud war-rusum (Israeli) | |
940–950 | Isaac ben Salomon Israeli+ | |
ca. 941–950 | Mabadi’ ara’ahl ad-madina al fadila (Al-Farabi) | |
950 | Al-Farabi+ | |
980 | *Ibn Sina (Avicenna) | |
1018 | *Michael Psellus | |
Before 1037 | Tabbir Manzel (Household Management) (Avicenna) | |
1037 | Avicenna+ | |
1058 | *Abu Hamid Al-Ghazali (Algazel) | |
1078 | Michael Psellus+ | |
1079 | *Abaelardus | |
1070–1081 | Strategicon (Kekaumenos) | |
1080–1090 | Ihya Ulum al-Deen (Algazel) | |
1095 | *Petrus Lombardus | |
1100 | Instituto Regia (Theophylact archbishop of Bulgaria) | |
1111 | Al-Ghazali+ | |
1118–1140 | Dialectica; Ethica seu liber dictus scito te ipsum, Sic et non (Abaelardus) | |
1126 | *Ibn Rushd (Averroes) | |
1142 | Abaelardus+ | |
ca. 1150/52 | Libri quattuor sententiarum (Petrus Lombardus) | |
1160 | Petrus Lombardus+ | |
1180 | Tahafut-at-tahafut (Averroes) | |
1197 | *N. Blemmydes | |
1198 | Averroes+ | |
1201 | *Nasir Tusi | |
1206/07 | *Albertus Magnus | |
1221 | *Bonaventura | |
1225 | *Thomas Aquinas | |
1254 | Adrias Basilikos (N. Blemmydes) | |
1263 | *Ibn Taymiyya | |
1266 | *Duns Scotus | |
1267–1273 | Summa Theologiae (Thomas Aquinas) | |
1270–1280 | Summa Theologiae (Albertus Magnus) | |
1272 | Nikephorus Blemmydes+ | |
1273 | Collationes in hexaemeron (Bonaventura) | |
1274 | Nasir Tusi+ | |
Thomas Aquinas+ | ||
Bonaventura+ | ||
1275 | *Thomas Magister | |
1280 | Albertus Magnus+ | |
1285 | *Wilhelm von Occam | |
ca. 1300 | Quastiones subtilissimae super libros Metaphysicorum Aristotelis (Duns Scotus) | |
ca. 1300–1308 | Ordinatio (Duns Scotus) | |
The Hisba in Islam (Ibn Taymiyya) | ||
1308 | Duns Scotus+ | |
ca. 1317–1324 | Scriptum in librum primum sententiarum, Summa totius logicae (Wilhelm von Occam) | |
1320 | *Wyclif | |
ca. 1320–1325 | *Nicolaus Oresmius | |
1324–1328 | Peri basileias (De Regis Officiis) (Th. Magister) Peri politeias (Th. Magister) (De Subditorum Officiis) | |
1328 | Ibn Taymiyya+ | |
1332 | *Ibn Khaldun | |
1349 | Wilhelm von Occam+ | |
1350 | Thomas Magister+ | |
1355? | *Georgios Gemistos-Plethon | |
1370 | *Leonardo Bruni | Tactatus de origine, natura, jure et mutationibus monetarum; Aristotelis Politica et Oeconomica; Decem libri ethicorum Aristotelis (Oresmius) |
1376/77 | De civili dominio (Wyclif) | |
1377 | Muqaddimah (I. Khaldun) | |
1377–1382 | Kitab al-‘Ibar (I. Khaldun) | |
1382 | N. Oresmius+ | |
1384 | Wyclif+ | |
1396 | *Georgius of Trapezus | |
1401 | *Nicolaus of Kues | |
1403 | *Bessarion | |
1404 | *Leon Battista Alberti | |
1406 | Ibn Khaldun+ | |
1416 | Advice to despot of the Peloponnese Theodor II (Gemistos) | |
1418 | To Manuel Palaeologus, on affairs in the Peloponnese (Gemistos) | |
1420/21 | Commentaries on “Oeconomica” (L. Bruni) | |
1438/39 | On the Laws (Gemistos) | |
1440 | De docta ignorantia (N. of Kues) | |
1440–1444 | De coniecturis (N. of Kues) | |
1442–1444 | Trattato del governo della famiglia (Alberti) | |
1444 | Leonardo Bruni+ | Letter to Constantine, Despot of Peloponnese (Bessarion) |
1452 | Georgios Gemistos-Plethon+ | |
1455 | Comparationes philosophorum Aristotelis et Platonis (Georgius of Trapezus) | |
1464 | Nicolaus of Kues+ | |
1466/69 | *Erasmus of Rotterdam | |
1460 | *Machiavelli | |
1472 | Leon Battista Alberti+ | |
Bessarion+ |
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Baloglou, C.P. (2012). The Tradition of Economic Thought in the Mediterranean World from the Ancient Classical Times Through the Hellenistic Times Until the Byzantine Times and Arab-Islamic World. In: Backhaus, J. (eds) Handbook of the History of Economic Thought. The European Heritage in Economics and the Social Sciences, vol 11. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8336-7_2
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