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Functions of the Actin Cytoskeleton in the Early Embryology of the Nervous System

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Neurobiology of Actin

Part of the book series: Advances in Neurobiology ((NEUROBIOL,volume 5))

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Abstract

This chapter outlines the role that the actin cytoskeleton plays during the various stages of neural tube morphogenesis. While a great deal has been learned about this topic, there is still much to be uncovered. The large number of mutants that have been established to date is an excellent starting point, but a large-scale genetic analysis of these genes has yet to be performed. Based on the fact that either many of the proteins discussed above interact directly or the pathways in which they function interact, it will be important to use genetics to uncover the relationship between these proteins and pathways in vivo. Understanding how these pathways interact genetically may provide critical data that could explain the complicated etiology of human neural tube defects. To date no loci have been definitively identified as being causative for human neural tube defects. However, most studies indicate that there is a genetic basis for human birth defects of this nature and that they are multigenic in origin. This would suggest that heterozygosity at several different loci might be sufficient to cause neural tube defects. Currently, the only preventative agent for NTD is dietary supplementation with folic acid. However, the mechanism by which folic acid reduces the risk of birth defects is unclear. Therefore, it will be important to determine if folic acid can ameliorate NTDs caused by errors in actin dynamics, PCP, or ciliogenesis or if lesions in these pathways make animals more susceptible to folic acid deficiency. It appears that understanding how cytoskeletal organization is regulated in vivo during neurulation will be critical for future efforts to prevent NTD as a source of embryonic lethality and human suffering.

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  1. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA

    Jeffrey D. Hildebrand

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  1. , Dept Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, 19129, Pennsylvania, USA

    Gianluca Gallo

  2. 4-140 MCB, Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 321 Church St., Minneapolis, 55455, Minnesota, USA

    Lorene M. Lanier

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Hildebrand, J.D. (2011). Functions of the Actin Cytoskeleton in the Early Embryology of the Nervous System. In: Gallo, G., Lanier, L. (eds) Neurobiology of Actin. Advances in Neurobiology, vol 5. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7368-9_7

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