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Air Quality Guidelines and Standards

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Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology

Definition of the Subject

Air quality is the state of the atmosphere in which humankind lives and works. The air consists of a complex mixture of gases and suspended droplets and particles. Some of the gases, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide , within rather tight concentration limits, are essential for sustaining the life of all living things. Some of the gases and aerosol particles and droplets, when certain concentrations are exceeded and with sufficient duration of exposure, may have adverse effects on humans and other living things, including vegetation. Various governmental agencies around the world have developed air quality guidelines and standards for ambient or outdoor air quality. These guidelines or standards, when achieved or attained, are intended to be protective of human health and minimize the potential for other effects such as impacts on visibility or plants. Some...

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Abbreviations

Adverse health effect:

Alteration in the health status of individuals or populations.

Aerodynamic diameter:

The diameter of a spherical particle of unity density with a terminal velocity equal to the particle being sampled.

Aerosol:

Relatively stable suspension of particles or droplets in a gaseous media.

Air quality guidelines:

AQG, established by World Health Organization to provide guidance to the public and government on levels of air pollutant that will improve air quality.

Air quality monitoring:

Measurement of the concentration of various pollutants in air for regulatory compliance or research purposes.

Ambient air:

Air found out of doors, which is a mixture of gases and suspended particles and droplets.

Ambient concentration-response function:

A mathematical description of the relationship between ambient air concentrations and associated morbidity or mortality indicators, usually expressed as increased risk for a defined increment of increased pollutant.

Anthropogenic:

Causal by humans, man-made.

Background levels:

The concentration of a pollutant in the air after accounting for all local or regional emissions.

Biogenic:

Produced by biological processes.

Carbon monoxide:

The chemical, CO, that is a product of incomplete combustion. It is regulated as a Criteria Air Pollutant or Common Air Pollutant.

Emissions:

The quantities of pollutants emitted by a particular source or multiple sources.

Excess risk:

Risk associated with exposure to an agent over and above the baseline risk.

Exposure:

Taking materials into the body via inhalation, ingestion, or absorption through the skin.

Guidelines:

Guidance provided for use by the public or government officials.

Hazardous:

The property of having the potential to cause adverse health effects with sufficient duration and concentration of exposure.

Lead:

Pb, an element that occurs naturally and found many uses including as a paint additive and as tetraethyl Lead added to gasoline to enhance engine performance. Regulated as a Criteria Air Pollutant or Hazardous Air Pollutant.

Mobile sources:

Mobile sources, such as vehicles, of air pollution emissions.

Morbidity:

A statistical measure of number of fractions of indicators of illness.

Mortality:

A statistical measure of number or fraction of deaths.

National Ambient Air Quality Standards:

NAAQS, established under the US Clean Air Act to protect health and welfare.

Nitrogen oxides:

NOx, a mixture of NO and NO2 produced in high-temperature combustion processes. Regulated as a Criteria Air Pollutant or Common Air Pollutant.

Ozone:

O3, a molecule with three atoms of oxygen. It is highly reactive with other chemicals and biological systems. It is regulated as a Criteria Air Pollutant or Common Air Pollutant.

Particulate matter:

Airborne solid material, unspecified as to chemical composition, regulated as a Criteria Pollutant or Common Air Pollutant.

Particulate matter, 10 μm:

PM10, airborne particulate material included in sampled air size fraction with aerodynamic size of 10 μm and less.

Particulate matter, 2.5 μm:

PM2.5, particulate material included in sampled air size fraction with an aerodynamic size of 2.5 μm or less.

Primary standards or guidelines:

Air Quality Standards or Guidelines for Criteria or Common Pollutants set to protect public health.

Risk:

The probability of an adverse health outcome associated with exposure to a hazardous material for a defined period of time and exposure level. Usually expressed as a level of adverse effect, morbidity, or mortality, over and above background.

Risk assessment:

The analytical process of evaluating exposure and the hazard potential of a material to estimate risk.

Secondary standards or guidelines:

Air Quality Standards or Guidelines for Criteria or Common Air Pollutants set to protect public welfare such as visibility or effects on plants.

Standards:

Regulations that are legally binding.

Stationary sources:

Fixed sources of air pollution emissions such as power plants.

Sulfur dioxide:

SO2, released from combustion of sulfur-containing fossil fuels. It is regulated as a Criteria Air Pollutant or Common Air Pollutant.

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  1. Toxicology and Health Risk Analysis, 13701 Quaking Aspen Pl NE, 87111-7168, Albuquerque, NM, USA

    Dr. Roger O. McClellan

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  1. Dr. Roger O. McClellan
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Correspondence to Roger O. McClellan .

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  1. RAMTECH LIMITED, Larkspur, CA, USA

    Robert A. Meyers

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McClellan, R.O. (2012). Air Quality Guidelines and Standards . In: Meyers, R.A. (eds) Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3_553

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