3D Modeling of Indoor Environments

Abstract

Autonomous mobile robots will play a major role in future security and surveillance tasks for large scale environments such as shopping malls, airports, hospitals and museums. Robotic security guards will autonomously survey such environments, unless a remote human operator takes over control. In this context a 3D model can convey much more useful information than the typical 2D maps used in many robotic applications today, both for visualization of information and as human machine interface for remote control. This paper addresses the challenge of building such a model of a large environment (50x60m²) using data from the robot's own sensors: a 2D laser scanner and a panoramic camera. The data are processed in a pipeline that comprises automatic, semiautomatic and manual stages. The user can interact with the reconstruction process where necessary to ensure robustness and completeness of the model. A hybrid representation, tailored to the application, has been chosen: floors and walls are represented efficiently by textured planes. Non-planar structures like stairs and tables, which are represented by point clouds, can be added if desired. Our methods to extract these structures include: simultaneous localization and mapping in 2D and wall extraction based on laser scanner range data, building textures from multiple omnidirectional images using multiresolution blending, and calculation of 3D geometry by a graph cut stereo technique. Various renderings illustrate the usability of the model for visualizing the security guard's position and environment.