To calculate the stresses and deformations in structures, we have to know the material behaviour, which can be obtained only by experiments. Through standardised tests, the material properties are laid down in a number of specific quantities. One of these tests is th e tensile test, described in Section 1.1, resulting in a so-called stressstrain diagram. Section 1.2 looks at stress-strain diagrams for a number of materials. This book addresses mainly materials with a linear-elastic behaviour, which obey Hooke’s Law. Sectio n 1.3 devotes attention to the linear behaviour of materials, such as steel, aluminium, concrete and wood.
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If a change in length is applied and the required force is measured, the test is referred to as being deformation-driven. If, however, a load is applied and the associated change in length is measured, the test is said to be load-driven. In general, deformation-driven tests and load-driven tests give different results.
Due to the local character of necking, the strain at fracture may differ per test bar.
Also referred to as yield stress or yield strength. Strength quantities in the σ - ε diagram are indicated by the kernel symbol f instead of σ.
Also referred to as ultimate ( tensile) stress. To calculate the stress σ , the force may be divided by the original area A of the cross-section, or by the actual crosssection A′ which will have decreased from A through transverse contradiction, and necking. Since A′ is less than A, the ‘ true’ stress F/A′ is larger than the ‘nominal’ stress F/A. In building practice, attention is restricted to the nominal Stress
In mechanics, it is the convention to call normal stresses positive if they are tensile. If one is primarily dealing with compressive stresses, it may be convenient to call compressive stresses positive. In that case, the prime is used for the change in sign. See also Volume 1, Section 6.5.
That is drawing and rolling the steel to its finished dimensions at room temperature.
In isotropic materials the material properties are the same in all directions. In anisotropic materials the material properties depend on the direction.
See also Volume 1, Section 6.2.4.
Also referred to as the theory of plastic design, ultimate-load design or limit design.
In Chapter 6, where the shear stresses due to torsion is covered, Hooke’s law appears in an entirely different guise. Hooke’s law is covered from a general perspective in Volume 4.
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(2007). Material Behaviour. In: Engineering Mechanics. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5763-2_1
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