Skip to main content

Benzenoids Dominate the Fragrance of Petunia Flowers

  • Chapter
Petunia

Abstract

In the last decade Petunia hybrida has emerged as the model of choice to study volatile benzenoid and phenylpropanoid synthesis, emission and regulation. These volatiles are synthesized predominantly in the corolla limb and emission is highly regulated, with a circadian rhythm, during corolla development, pollination and senescence. With all the biochemical and molecular tools available, much of our understanding of volatile benzenoids/phenylpropanoids has been obtained with Petunia, as illustrated in this chapter.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ando, T., Nomura, M., Tsukahara, J., Watanabe, H., Kokubun, H., Tsukamoto, T., Hashimoto, G., Marchesi, E. and Kitching, I.J. (2001) Reproductive isolation in a native population of Petunia sensu Jussieu (Solanaceae). Ann. Bot. 88, 403–413.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boatright, J., Negre, F., Chen, X., Kish, C.M., Wood, B., Peel, G., Irina, I., Gang, D. and Dudareva, N. (2004) Understanding in vivo benzenoid metabolism in Petunia petal tissue. Plant Physiol. 135, 1993–2011.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dexter, R., Qualley, A., Kish, C.M., Ma, C.J., Koeduka, T., Nagegowda, D.A., Dudareva, N., Pichersky, E. and Clark, D. (2007) Characterization of a petunia acetyltransferase involved in the biosynthesis of the floral volatile isoeugenol. Plant J. 49, 265–275.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dudareva, N. and Pichersky, E. (2000) Biochemical and molecular genetic aspects of floral scents. Plant Physiol. 122, 627–633.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dudareva, N., Pichersky, E. and Gershenzon, J. (2004) Biochemistry of plant volatiles. Plant Physiol. 135, 1893–1902.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Galliot, C., Stuurman, J. and Kuhlemeier, C. (2006a) The genetic dissection of floral pollination syndromes. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 9, 78–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galliot, C., Hoballah, M.E., Kuhlemeier, C. and Stuurman, J. (2006b) Genetics of flower size and nectar volume in Petunia pollination syndromes. Planta 225, 203–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoballah, M.E., Stuurman, J., Turlings, T.C., Guerin, P.M., Connetable, S. and Kuhlemeier, C. (2005) The composition and timing of flower odour emission by wild Petunia axillaris coincide with the antennal perception and nocturnal activity of the pollinator Manduca sexta. Planta 222, 141–150.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoballah, M.E., Gubitz, T., Stuurman, J., Broger, L., Barone, M., Mandel, T., Dell'olivo, A., Arnold, M. and Kuhlemeier, C. (2007) Single gene-mediated shift in pollinator attraction in petunia. Plant Cell 19, 779–790.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jakobsen, H.B. and Olsen, C.E. (1994) Influence of climatic factors on emission of flower volatiles in situ. Planta 192, 365–371.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaminaga, Y., Schnepp, J., Peel, G., Kish, C.M., Ben-Nissan, G., Weiss, D., Orlova, I., Lavie, O., Rhodes, D., Wood, K., Porterfield, D.M., Cooper, A.J., Schloss, J.V., Pichersky, E., Vainstein, A. and Dudareva, N. (2006) Plant phenylacetaldehyde synthase is a bifunctional homotetrameric enzyme that catalyzes phenylalanine decarboxylation and oxidation. J. Biol. Chem. 281, 23357–23366.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, D. and Baldwin, I.T. (2007) Making sense of nectar scents: The effects of nectar secondary metabolites on floral visitors of Nicotiana attenuata. Plant J. 49, 840–854.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koeduka, T., Fridman, E., Gang, D.R., Vassao, D.G., Jackson, B.L., Kish, C.M., Orlova, I., Spassova, S.M., Lewis, N.G., Noel, J.P., Baiga, T.J., Dudareva, N. and Pichersky, E. (2006) Eugenol and isoeugenol, characteristic aromatic constituents of spices, are biosynthesized via reduction of a coniferyl alcohol ester. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 103, 10128–10133.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kolosova, N., Gorenstein, N., Kish, C.M. and Dudareva, N. (2001) Regulation of circadian methyl benzoate emission in diurnally and nocturnally emitting plants. Plant Cell 13, 2333–2347.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kondo, M., Oyama-Okubo, N., Ando, T., Marchesi, E. and Nakayama, M. (2006) Floral scent diversity is differently expressed in emitted and endogenous components in Petunia axillaris lines. Ann. Bot. (Lond.) 98, 1253–1259.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kondo, M., Oyama-Okubo, N., Sagae, M., Marchesi, E. and Nakayama, M. (2007) Metabolic regulation of floral scent in Petunia axillaris lines: Biosynthetic relationship between dihydroconiferyl acetate and iso-eugenol. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 71, 458–463.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lücker, J., Bouwmeester, H.J., Schwab, W., Blaas, J., van Der Plas, L.H. and Verhoeven, H.A. (2001) Expression of Clarkia S-linalool synthase in transgenic petunia plants results in the accumulation of S-linalyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside. Plant J. 27, 315–324.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura, K., Matsubara, K., Watanabe, H., Kokubun, H., Ueda, Y., Oyama-Okubo, N., Nakayama, M. and Ando, T. (2006) Identification of Petunia hybrida cultivars that diurnally emit floral fragrances. Scientia Hortic. 108, 61–65.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Negre, F., Kish, C.M., Boatright, J., Underwood, B., Shibuya, K., Wagner, C., Clark, D.G. and Dudareva, N. (2003) Regulation of methylbenzoate emission after pollination in snapdragon and petunia flowers. Plant Cell 15, 2992–3006.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Orlova, I., Marshall-Colon, A., Schnepp, J., Wood, B., Varbanova, M., Fridman, E., Blakeslee, J.J., Peer, W.A., Murphy, A.S., Rhodes, D., Pichersky, E. and Dudareva, N. (2006) Reduction of benzenoid synthesis in petunia flowers reveals multiple pathways to benzoic acid and enhancement in auxin transport. Plant Cell 18, 3458–3475.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oyama-Okubo, N., Ando, T., Watanabe, N., Marchesi, E., Uchida, K. and Nakayama, M. (2005) Emission mechanism of floral scent in Petunia axillaris. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 69, 773–777.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pichersky, E., Noel, J.P. and Dudareva, N. (2006) Biosynthesis of plant volatiles: Nature's diversity and ingenuity. Science 311, 808–811.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raguso, R.A. and Pichersky, E. (1995a) Floral volatiles from Clarkia breweri and C. concinna (Ongraceae): Recent evolution of floral scent and moth pollination. Plant System. Evol. 194, 55–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raguso, R.A. and Pichersky, E. (1995b) Floral Volatiles from Clarkia-Breweri. and C-Concinna (Onagraceae) – Recent evolution of floral scent and moth pollination. Plant System. Evol. 194, 55–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raguso, R.A. and Willis, M.A. (2004) Synergy between visual and olfactory cues in nectar feeding by wild hawkmoths, Manduca sexta. Animal Behav. 69, 407–418.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rensink, W.A., Lee, Y., Liu, J., Iobst, S., Ouyang, S. and Buell, C.R. (2005) Comparative analyses of six solanaceous transcriptomes reveal a high degree of sequence conservation and species-specific transcripts. BMC Genomics 6, 124.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schiestl, F.P., Ayasse, M., Paulus, H.F., Erdmann, D. and Francke, W. (1997) Variation of floral scent emission and postpollination changes in individual flowers of Ophrys sphegodes subsp. sphegodes. J. Chem. Ecol. 23, 2881–2895.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmelz, E.A., Engelberth, J., Tumlinson, J.H., Block, A. and Alborn, H.T. (2004) The use of vapor phase extraction in metabolic profiling of phytohormones and other metabolites. Plant J. 39, 790–808.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schuurink, R.C., Haring, M.A. and Clark, D.G. (2006) Regulation of volatile benzenoid biosynthesis in petunia flowers. Trends Plant Sci. 11, 20–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simkin, A.J., Underwood, B.A., Auldridge, M., Loucas, H.M., Shibuya, K., Schmelz, E., Clark, D.G. and Klee, H.J. (2004) Circadian regulation of the PhCCD1 carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase controls emission of beta-ionone, a fragrance volatile of petunia flowers. Plant Physiol. 136, 3504–3514.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stehmann, J.R. (1987) Napaea Rev. Bot. 2, 19–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stuurman, J., Hoballah, M.E., Broger, L., Moore, J., Basten, C. and Kuhlemeier, C. (2004) Dissection of floral pollination syndromes in Petunia. Genetics 168, 1585–1599.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tieman, D., Taylor, M., Schauer, N., Fernie, A.R., Hanson, A.D. and Klee, H.J. (2006) Tomato aromatic amino acid decarboxylases participate in synthesis of the flavor volatiles 2-phenylethanol and 2-phenylacetaldehyde. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 103, 8287–8292.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tollsten, L. (1993) A multivariate approach to postpollination changes in the floral scent of Platanthera Bifolia (Orchidaceae). Nord. J. Bot. 13, 495–499.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Underwood, B.A., Tieman, D.M., Shibuya, K., Dexter, R.J., Loucas, H.M., Simkin, A.J., Sims, C.A., Schmelz, E.A., Klee, H.J. and Clark, D.G. (2005) Ethylene-regulated floral volatile synthesis in petunia corollas. Plant Physiol. 138, 255–266.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Doorn, W.G. (1997) Effects of pollination on floral attraction and longevity. J. Exp. Bot. 48, 1615–1622.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verdonk, J.C., de Vos, C.H.R., Verhoeven, H.A., Haring, M.A., van Tunen, A.J. and Schuurink, R.C. (2003) Regulation of floral scent production in petunia revealed by targeted metabolomics. Phytochem. 62, 997–1008.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Verdonk, J.C., Haring, M.A., van Tunen, A.J. and Schuurink, R.C. (2005) ODORANT1 regulates fragrance biosynthesis in petunia flowers. Plant Cell 17, 1612–1624.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verdonk, J.C. (2006) Floral Scent Production by Petunia hybrida. U. of Amsterdam, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verdonk, J.C., Haring, M.A., van Tunen, A.J. and Schuurink, R.C. (2006) Targeted transcriptomics to elucidate the regulation of benzenoid synthesis in Petunia hybrida. In J.A. Teixera da Silva (Ed.), Floriculture, Ornamental and Plant Biotechnology Vol. 1. Global Science Books, Isleworth, UK, pp. 326–338.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wildermuth, M.C. (2006) Variations on a theme: Synthesis and modification of plant benzoic acids. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 9, 288–296.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, J.Q., Lanahan, M.B., Clark, D.G., Bleecker, A.B., Chang, C., Meyerowitz, E.M. and Klee, H.J. (1997) A dominant mutant receptor from Arabidopsis confers ethylene insensitivity in heterologous plants. Nat. Biotech. 15, 444–447.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, K. and Zuo, Y.G. (2004) GC-MS determination of flavonoids and phenolic and benzoic acids in human plasma after consumption of cranberry juice. J. Agric. Food Chem. 52, 222–227.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to David G. Clark .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Clark, D.G. et al. (2009). Benzenoids Dominate the Fragrance of Petunia Flowers. In: Gerats, T., Strommer, J. (eds) Petunia. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-84796-2_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics