Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Correct laboratory diagnostics
Fiedler, G.M., Thiery, J.: The incorrect laboratory result. Part 1: Pre-and postanalytical phase. Internist 2004; 43: 315–332
Harm, K., Dieckvoss, E., Nagel, H.-H., Voigt, K.D.: Alters-und Geschlechtsabhängigkeit klinisch-chemischer Kenngrößen. Lab. Med. 1981; 5: 134–141
Junge, B., Hoffmeister, H., Feddersen, H.-M., Röcker, L.: Standardisierung der Blutentnahme. Einfluß der Stauung auf 33 Blut-und Serumbestandteile. Dtsch. Med. Wschr. 1978; 103: 260–265
Keller, H., Staber, G.: Arzneimittel-Interferenzen bei klinisch-chemischen Tests. Lab. Med. 1983; 7: 164–171
Massarat, S., Herbert, V.: Haltbarkeit der Serumenzyme beim Versand. Dtsch. Ärztebl. 1977; 74: 1909–1910
Sonntag, O.: Haemolysis as an interference factor in clinical chemistry. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem. 1986; 24: 127–139
Thomas, L.: Blutentnahme und Probentransport. Dtsch. Ärztebl. 1991; 88: 1873–1877
Wisser, H., Knoll, E.: Tageszeitliche Änderungen klinisch-chemischer Meßgrößen. Ärztl. Labor 1982; 28: 99–108
Selection criteria for liver tests
Blum, H.E., Weizsäcker, von, F.: Rationelle klinisch-chemische Diagnostik hepatobiliärer Erkrankungen. Internist 1991; 32: 239–243
Chopra, S., Griffin, P.H.: Laboratory tests and diagnostic procedures in evaluation of liver disease. Amer. J. Med. 1985; 79: 221–230
Irrgang, B., Adam, N., Pätzold, K., Przybylski, F.: Zur Testauswahl für ein labordiagnostisches Stufenprogramm zur gezielten Unterstützung der Diagnostik von Lebererkrankungen. Z. Klin. Med. 1990; 45:2223–2227
Kuntz, E.: Aktuelle laborchemische Leberfunktionsdiagnostik. Münch. Med. Wschr. 1972; 114: 781–788, 830–835
Kuntz, E.: Rationelle Diagnostik der Leberkrankheiten. Fortschr. Med. 1987; 105: 297–299, 335–336, 377–378, 419–420, 433–434, 454–456, 552, 593–594, 641–642, 660–662
Popper, H., Medline, A.: Die “Organellen-Pathologie”. Ihre Bedeutung bei der Beurteilung von Leberfunktionsproben. Münch. Med. Wschr. 1969; 111; z1569–1574
Hepatocellular integrity
Bacq, Y., Zarka, O., Bréchot, J.-F., Mariotte, N., Vol, S., Tichet, J., Weill, J.: Liver function tests in normal pregnancy: a prospective study of 103 pregnant women and 103 matched controls. Hepatology 1996;23: 1030–1034
Chemnitz, G., Schmidt, E., Schmidt, F.W., Lobers, J.: Diagnostische und prognostische Bedeutung massiv erhöhter Glutamat-Dehydrogenase-Aktivität im Serum. Dtsch. Med. Wschr. 1984; 109: 1789–1793
Chung, Y.H., Jung, S.A., Song, B.C., Chang, W.Y., Kim, J.A., Song, I.H., Kim, J.W., Choi, W.B., Shong, Y.K., Lee, Y.S., Suh, D.J.: Plasma isocitrate dehydrogenase as a marker of centrilobular hepatic necrosis in patients with hyperthyroidism. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 2001; 33:118–122
Cohen, J.A., Kaplan, M.M.: The SGOT/SGPT ratio—an indicator of alcoholic liver disease. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1979; 24: 835–838
Craxi, A., Almasio, P.: Diagnostic approach to liver enzyme elevation. J. Hepatol. 1996; 25(suppl. 1): 47–51
Daniel, S., Ben-Menachem, T., Vasuderan, G., Ma, C.K., Blumenkehl, M.: Prospective evaluation of unexplained chronic liver transaminase abnormalities in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients. Amer. J. Gastroenterol. 1999; 94: 3010–3014
Hultcrantz, R., Glaumann, H., Lindberg, G., Nilsson, L.H.: Liver investigation in 149 asymptomatic patients with moderately elevated activities of serum aminotransferases. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 1986; 21: 109–113
Johnson, R.D., O’Connor, M.L., Kerr, R.M.: Extreme serum elevations of aspartate aminotransferase. Amer. J. Gastroenterol. 1995; 90:1244–1245
Kamath, P.S.: Clinical approach to the patient with abnormal liver test results. Mayo Clin. Proc. 1996; 71: 1089–1096
Kew, M.C.: Serum aminotransferase concentration as evidence of hepatocellular damage. Lancet 2000; 355: 591–592
Külling, D., Sauter, Chr.: Die Bedeutung der (-Glutamyltransferase zur Erfolgsbeurteilung einer Chemotherapie von Lebermetastasen. Schweiz. Med. Wschr. 1990; 120: 1435–1438
MacNamara, E., Goldberg, D.M.: Serum enzymes and enzyme profiles in the diagnosis of liver and biliary tract disease. Surv. Dig. Dis. 1985; 3: 165–186
Nemesanszky, E., Lott, J.A.: Gamma-glutamyltransferase and its isoenzymes: progress and problems. Clin. Chem. 1985; 31: 797–803
Pratt, D.S., Kaplan, M.M.: Evaluation of abnormal liver enzyme results in asymptomatic patients. New Engl. J. Med. 2000; 342: 1266–1271
Prieto, J., Barry, M., Sherlock, S.: Serum ferritin in patients with iron overload and with acute and chronic liver disease. Gastroenterology 1975; 68: 525–533
Reichling, J.J., Kaplan, M.M.: Clinical use of serum enzymes in liver disease. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1988; 33: 1601–1614
Sherman, K.E.: Alanine aminotransferase in clinical practice. A review. Arch. Intern. Med. 1991; 151: 260–265
Sherwood, P., Lyburn, I., Brown, S., Ryder, S.: How are abnormal results for liver function tests dealt with in primary care? Audit of yield and impact. Brit. Med. J. 2001; 322: 276–278
Sheth, S.G., Flamm, St.L., Gordon, F.D., Chopra, S.: AST/ALT ratio predicts cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Amer. J. Gastroenterol. 1998; 93: 44–48
Skelly, M.M., James, P.D., Ryder, S.D.: Findings on liver biopsy to investigate abnormal liver function tests in the abscence of diagnostic serology. J. Hepatol. 2001; 35: 195–199
Whitehead, M.W., Hawkes, N.D., Hainsworth, I., Kingham, J.G.C.: A prospective study of the causes of notably raised aspartate aminotransferase of liver origin. Gut 1999; 45: 129–133
Xu, K., Meng, X.-Y., Wu, J.-W., Shen, B., Shi, Y.-C., Wei, Q.: Diagnostic value of serum γ-glutamyl-transferase isoenzyme for hepatocellular carcinoma: a 10-year study. Amer. J. Gastroenterol. 1992; 87: 991–995
Disorders of excretion
Cravetto, C., Molino, G., Biondi, A.M., Cavanna, A., Avagnina, P., Frediani, S.: Evaluation of the diagnostic value of serum bile acid in detection and functional assessment of liver diseases. Ann. Clin. Biochem. 1985; 22: 596–605
Fukano, M., Amano, S., Hazama, F., Hosoda, S.: 5’-nucleotidase activities in sera and liver tissues of viral hepatitis patients. Gastroenterol. Japon. 1990; 25: 199–205
Komoda, T., Koyama, I., Nagata, A., Sakagishi, Y., DeSchryver-Kecskemeti, K., Alpers, D.H.: Ontogenic and phylogenic studies of intestinal, hepatic, and placental alkaline phosphatases. Gastroenterology 1986; 91: 277–286
Mannes, G.A., Thieme, C., Stellard, F., Wang, T., Sauerbruch, T., Paumgartner, G.: Prognostic significance of serum bile acids in cirrhosis. Hepatology 1986; 6: 50–53
Moss, D.W.: Alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes. Clin. Chem. 1982; 28: 2007–2016
Rosalki, S.B., Foo, A.Y., Dooley, J.S.: Benign familial hyperphosphatasaemie as a cause of unexplained increase in plasma alkaline phosphatase activity. J. Clin. Pathol. 1993; 46: 738–741
Disorders of synthesis capacity
Bisceglie, A.M., Hoofnagle, J.H.: Elevations in serum alpha-fetoprotein levels in patients with chronic B-hepatitis. Cancer 1989; 64: 2117–2120
Brown, S.S., Kalow, W., Pilz, W., Whittacker, M., Woronick, C.L.: The plasma cholinesterase: A new perspective. Adv. Clin. Chem. 1981; 22:1–123
Kuntz, E.: Die Bestimmung der Serumcholinesterase-Aktivität bei Kranken mit unspezifischen, tuberkulösen und malignen Lungenveränderungen. Med. Welt 1964; 2466–2477
Rondana, M., Milani, L., Merkel, C., Caregaro, L., Gatta, A.: Value of prealbumin plasma levels as liver test. Digestion 1987; 37: 72–78
Walli, A.K., Seidel, D.: Role of lipoprotein-X in the pathogenesis of cholestatic hypercholesterolemia. J. Clin. Invest. 1984; 74: 867–879
Disorders of metabolism
Barsotti, R.J.: Measurement of ammonia in blood. J. Pediatr. 2001; 138(Suppl.): 11–19
Castell, D.O.: The ammonia tolerance test: an index of portal hypertension. Gastroenterology 1965; 49: 539–543
Diagnostics of liver functions
Aebli, N., Reichen, J.: Prognostische Wertigkeit der seriellen Bestimmung der Galactose-Eliminationsgeschwindigkeit bei chronisch-aktiver Hepatitis. Schweiz. Med. Wschr. 1991; 121: 970–976
Armuzzi, A., Candelli, M., Zocco, M.A., Andreoli, A., de Lorenzo, A., Nista, E.C., Miele, L., Cremonini, F., Cazzato, I.A., Grieco, A., Gasbarrini, G., Gasbarrini, A.: Review article: breath testing for human liver function assessment. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2002; 16: 1977–1996
Arrigoni, A., Gindro, T., Aimo, G., Cappello, N., Meloni, A., Benedetti, P., Molino, G.P., Verme, G., Rizzetto, M.: Monoethylglycinexylidide test: a prognostic indicator of survival in cirrhosis. Hepatology 1994; 20: 383–387
Bergstrom, M., Soderman, C., Eriksson, L.S.: A simplified method to determine galactose elimination capacity in patients with liver disease. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 1993; 53: 667–670
Burns, E., Triger, D.R., Tucker, G.T., Bax, N.D.S.: Indocyanine green elimination in patients with liver disease and in normal subjects. Clin. Sci. 1991; 80: 155–160
Cagianelli, M.A., Cipriani, M., La Gioia, A., Ceccarelli, M., Lofaro, A.: Valore della clearance del galattosio per la valutazione della compromissione funzionale del fegato. Epatol. 1990; 36: 97–103
Cheng, W.S.C., Murphy, T.L., Smith, M.T., Cooksley, W.G.E., Halliday, J.W., Powell, L.W.: Dose-dependent pharmacokinetics of caffeine in humans: relevance as a test of quantitative liver functions. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 1990; 47: 516–524
Clements, D., Elias, E., McMaster, P.: Preliminary study of indocyanine green clearance in primary biliary cirrhosis. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 1991; 26: 119–123
Danhof, M., Teunissen, M.W.E.: Antipyrine as a model drug to assess oxidative drug metabolizing activity in man. Pharm. Int. 1984; 5: 11–15
Grieco, A., Castellano, R., Matera, A., Marcoccia, S., Di Rocco, P., Ragazoni, E., Vecchio, F.M., Gasbarrini, G.: Antipyrine clearance in chronic and neoplastic liver diseases: a study of 518 patients. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 1998; 13: 460–466
Gugler, R.: Antipyrin-Ausscheidung und Aminopyrin-Atemtest: Einsatz und Bedeutung für die Beurteilung der Leberfunktion. Z. Gastroenterol. 1987; 25: 51–56
Hemming, A.W., Scudamore, Ch.H., Shackleton, Ch.R., Pudek, M., Erb, S.R.: Indocyanine green clearance as a predictor of successful hepatic resection in cirrhosis patients. Amer. J. Surg. 1992; 163: 515–518
Huang, Y.-S., Lee, S.-D., Deng, J.-F., Wu, J.-C., Lu, R.-H., Lin, Y.-F., Wang, Y.-J., Lo, K.-J.: Measuring lidocaine metabolite — monoethylglycinexylidide as a quantitative index of hepatic function in adults with chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. J. Hepatol. 1993; 19: 140–147
Jalan, R., Hayes, P.C.: Quantitative tests of liver function. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 1995; 9: 263–270
Kawasaki, S., Sugiyama, Y., Iga, T., Hanano, M., Sanjo, K., Beppu, T., Idezuki, Y.: Pharmacokinetic study on the hepatic uptake of indocyanine green in cirrhotic patients. Amer. J. Gastroenterol. 1985; 80:801–806
Keiding, S.: Galactose clearance measurements and liver blood flow. Gastroenterology 1988; 94: 477–481
Keiding, S., Engsted, E., Ott, P.: Sorbitol as a test substance for measurement of liver plasma flow in humans. Hepatology 1998; 28: 50–56
Kuntz, H.-D., May, B.: Die Galaktose-Eliminationskapazität. Aussagekraft und klinische Bedeutung. Med. Welt 1983; 34: 646–648
Kuntz, H.-D., May, B.: Quantitative Leberfunktionsdiagnostik. Münch. Med. Wschr. 1983; 125: 678–680
Kuntz, H.-D., Kuntz, E.: Intravenöse Galaktose-Belastung als Leberfunktionsprobe. Fortschr. Med. 1983; 101: 999–1004
Lewis, F.W., Rector, W.G.: Caffeine clearance in cirrhosis. The value of simplified determinations of liver metabolic capacity. J. Hepatol. 1992; 14: 157–162
Lotterer, E., Högel, J., Gaus, W., Fleig, W.E., Bircher, J.: Quantitative liver function tests as surrogate markers for end-points in controlled clinical trials: a retrospective feasibility study. Hepatology 1997; 26:1426–1433
Marchesini, G., Fabbri, A., Bugianesi, E., Bianchi, G.P., Marchi, E., Zoli, M., Pisi, E.: Analysis of the deterioration rates of liver function in cirrhosis, based on galactose elimination capacity. Liver 1990; 10: 65–71
McDonagh, J.E., Nathan, V.V., Bonavia, I.C., Moyle, G.R., Tanner, A.R.: Caffeine clearance by enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique: a simple, inexpensive, and useful indicator of liver function. Gut 1991; 32: 681–684
McPherson, G.A.D., Benjamin, I.S., Boobis, A.R., Brodie, M.G., Hampden, C., Blumgart, L.H.: Antipyrine elimination as a dynamic test of hepatic functional integrity in obstructive jaundice. Gut 1982; 23: 734–738
Merkel, C., Gatta, A., Zoli, M., Bolognesi, M., Angeli, P., Iervese, T., Marchesini, G., Ruol, A.: Prognostic value of galactose elimination capacity, aminopyrine breath test, and ICG clearance in patients with cirrhosis. Comparison with the Pugh score. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1991; 36: 1197–1203
Merkel, C., Bolognesi, M., Bellon, S., Bianco, S., Honisch, B., Lampe, H., Angeli, P., Gatta, A.: Aminopyrine breath test in the prognostic of patients with cirrhosis. Gut 1992; 33: 836–842
Merkel, C., Marchesini, G., Fabbri, A., Bianco, S., Bianchi, G., Enzo, E., Sacerdoti, D., Zoli, M., Gatta, A.: The course of galactose elimination capacity in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis: possible use as a surrogate marker for death. Hepatology 1996; 24: 820–823
Meyer-Wyss, B., Renner, E., Luo, H., Scholer, A.: Assessment of lidocaine metabolite formation in comparison with other quantitative liver function tests. J. Hepatol. 1993; 19: 133–139
Molino, F., Cavanna, A., Avagnini, P., Ballare, M., Torchio, M.: Hepatic clearance of D-sorbitol. Noninvasive test for evaluating functional liver plasma flow. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1987; 32: 753–758
Moseley, R.H.: Evaluation of abnormal liver function tests. Med. Clin. N. Amer. 1996; 80: 887–906
Rodopoulos, N., Wisen, O., Norman, A.: Caffeine metabolism in patients with chronic liver disease. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 1995; 55: 229–242
Salerno, F., Borroni, G., Moser, P., Sangiovanni, A., Almasio, P., Budillon, G., Capuano, G., Murala, M., Marchesini, G., Bernardi, M., Marenco, G. Molino, G., Rossaro, L., Solinas, A., Ascione, A.: Prognostic value of the galactose test in predicting survival of patients with cirrhosis evaluated for liver transplantation. A prospective multicenter Italian study. J. Hepatol. 1996; 25: 474–480
Monroe, P.S., Baker, A.L., Schneider, J.F., Krager, P.S., Klein, P.D., Schoeller, D.: The aminopyrine breath test and serum bile acids reflect histologic severity in chronic hepatitis. Hepatology 1982; 2: 317–322
Shiffman, M.L., Luketic, V.A., Sanyal, A.J., Duckworth, P.F., Purdum, P.P., Contas, M.J., Scott Mills, A., Edinboro, L.E., Poklis, A.: Hepatic lidocaine metabolism and liver histology in patients with chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. Hepatology 1994; 19: 933–940
Testa, R., Caglieris, S., Risso, D., Arzani, L., Campo, N., Alvarez, S., Giannini, E., Lantieri, P.B., Celle, G.: Monoethylglycinexylidide formation measurement as a hepatic function test to assess severity of chronic liver disease. Amer. J. Gastroenterol. 1997; 92: 2268–2273
Urbain, D., Muls, V., Thys, O., Ham, H.R.: Aminopyrine breath test improver long-term prognostic evaluation in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis in Child class A and B. J. Hepatol. 1995; 22: 179–183
Wang, T., Kleber, G., Stellaard, F., Paumgartner, G.: Caffeine elimination: a test of liver function. Klin. Wschr. 1985; 63: 1124–1128
Williams, S.J., Farrell, G.C.: Serial antipyrine clearance studies defect altered hepatic metabolic function during spontaneous and interferon-induced changes in chronic hepatitis B disease activity. Hepatology 1989; 10: 192–197
Zoedler, T., Ebener, C., Becker, H., Roeher, H.D.: Evaluation of liver function tests to predict operative risk in liver surgery. HPB Surgery 1995; 9: 13–18
Mesenchymal reaction
Bayerdörffer, E., Lamerz, R., Fliege, R., Köpcke, W., Mannes, G.A.: Predictive value of serum procollagen-III-peptide for the survival of patients with cirrhosis. J. Hepatol. 1991; 13: 298–304
Bell, H., Raknerud, N., Orjaseter, H., Haug, E.: Serum procollagen III peptide in alcoholic and other chronic liver diseases. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 1989; 24: 1217–1222
Beukers, R., Zanten, van, R.A.A., Schalm, S.W.: Serial determination of type III procollagen amino propeptide serum levels in patients with histologically progressive and non-progressive primary biliary cirrhosis. J. Hepatol. 1992; 14: 22–29
Fayol, V., Hassanein, H.I., El-Badrawy, N., Ville, G., Hartmann, D.J.: Aminoterminal propeptide of type III procollagen: a marker of disease activity in schistosomal patients. Eur. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem. 1991; 29: 737–741
Gressner, A.M.: Measurement of connective tissue parameters in serum for diagnosis and follow-up of liver fibrosis. Ann. Clin. Biochem. 1987; 24: 283–292
Lotterer, E., Gressner, A.M., Kropf, J., Grobe, E., Knebel, von, D., Bircher, J.: Higher levels of serum aminoterminal type III procollagen peptide, and laminin in alcoholic than in nonalcoholic cirrhosis of equal severity. J. Hepatol. 1992; 14: 71–77
Müller, A., Krombholz, B., Pott, G., Machnik, G., Vollandt, R., Reinhardt, M., Jorke, D.: Collagen peptidase and type III procollagen peptide serum levels in chronic liver diseases. Clin. Chim. Acta 1991; 197: 59–66
Niemelä, O., Risteli, J., Blake, J.E., Risteli, L., Compton, K.V., Orego, H.: Markers of fibrogenesis and basement membrane formation in alcoholic liver disease. Relation to severity, presence of hepatitis, and alcohol intake. Gastroenterology 1990; 98: 1612–1619
Trinchet, J.-C., Hartmann, D.J., Pateron, D., Laarif, M., Callard, P., Ville, G., Beaugrand, M.: Serum type I collagen and N-terminal peptide of type III procollagen in chronic hepatitis. J. Hepatol. 1991; 12:139–144
Vuitton, D.A., Seille’s, E., Cozon, G., Rossel, M., Bresson-Hadni, S., Revillard, J.P.: Secretory immunoglobulin A in hepatobiliary diseases. Dig. Dis. 1991; 9: 78–91
Wolf, P.L.: Interpretation of electrophoretic patterns of serumproteins. Clin. Lab. Med. 1986; 6: 441–455
Serological diagnostics
Berasain, C., Beteés, M., Panizo, A., Ruiz, J., Herrero, J.I., Civeira, M.-P., Prieto, J.: Pathological and virological findings in patients with persistent hypertransaminasaemia of unknown aetiologie. Gut 2000; 47: 429–435
Blum, H.E., Weizsäcker, von, F.: Der HBsAg-negative, anti-HBc/anti-HBs-positive Patient. Internist 1991; 32: 262–266
Blumberg, B.S., Alter, H.J., Visnich, S.: A “new” antigen in leukemia sera. J. Amer. Med. Ass. 1965; 191: 541–546
Caldwell, St.H., Jeffers, L.J., Ditomaso, A., Millar, A., Clark, R.M., Rabassa, A., Reddy, K.R., De Medina, M., Schiff, E.R.: Antibody to hepatitis C is common among patients with alcoholic liver disease with and without risk factors. Amer. J. Gastroenterol. 1991; 86: 1219–1223
Choo, Q.L., Kuo, G., Weiner, A.J., Overby, L.R., Bradley, D.W., Houghton, M.: Isolation of a cDNA clone derived from a blood-borne Non-A, Non-B viral hepatitis genome. Science 1989; 244: 359–361
Gerber, M.A., Thung, S.N.: Molecular and cellular pathology of hepatitis B. Lab. Invest. 1985; 52: 572–590
Grob, P.J.: Hepatitisserologie: Anwendung und Interpretation. Therapeut. Umschau 1992; 49: 287–301
Houghton, M., Weiner, A., Han, J., Kuo, G., Choo, Q.L.: Molecular biology of the hepatitis C viruses: implications for diagnosis, development and control of viral disease. Hepatology 1991; 14: 381–388
Najarian, R., Caput, D., Gee, W., Potter, S.J., Renard, A., Merryweather, J., van Nest, G., Dino, D.: Primary structure and gene organization of human hepatitis A virus. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 1985; 82: 2627–2631
Ray, R., Aggarwal, R., Salunke, P.N., Mehrotra, N.N., Talwar, G.P., Naik, S.R.: Hepatitis E virus genome in stools of hepatitis patients during large epidemic in North India. Lancet 1991; 338: 783–784
Reyes, G.R., Purdy, M.A., Kim, J.P., Luk, K.-C., Young, L.M., Fry, K.E., Bradley, D.W.: Isolation of a cDNA from the virus responsible for enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis. Science 1990; 247:1335–1339
Rizzetto, M., Verme, G.: Delta hepatitis-present status. J. Hepatol. 1985; 1: 187–193
Roggendorf, M.: Hepatitis-C-Virus. Dtsch. Med. Wschr. 1990; 115: 352–354
Seelig, H.P.: Polymerase-Kettenreaktion und Hepatitis B. Dtsch. Med. Wschr. 1993; 118: 277–279
Shiina, S., Fujino, H., Kawabe, T., Tagawa, K., Unuma, T., Yoneyama, M., Ohmori, T., Suzuki, S., Kurita, M., Ohashi, Y.: Relationship of HBsAg subtypes with HBeAg/anti-HBe status and chronic liver disease. Part II: Evaluation of epidemiological factors and suspected risk factors of liver dysfunktion. Amer. J. Gastroenterol. 1991; 86: 872–875
Shiina, S., Fujino, H., Uta, Y., Tagawa, K., Unuma, T., Yoneyama, M., Ohmori, T., Suzuki, S., Kurita, M., Ohashi, Y.: Relationship of HBsAg 124 subtypes with HBeAg/anti-HBe status and chronic liver disease. Part I: Analysis of 1744 HBsAg carriers. Amer. J. Gastroenterol. 1991; 86: 866–871
Takacs, M., Berencsi, G., Mezey, I., Muranyine Brojnas, J., Barcsay, E., Ferenczi, E., Hollos, I., Domök, I.: A non-A, non-B, non-C flavivirus által okozott inokulćios hepatitis. Orvosi Hetil. 1992; 132: 37–39
Velazquez, O., Stetler, H.C., Avila, C., Ornelas, G., Alvarez, C., Hadler, S.c., Bradley, D.W., Sepulveda, J.: Epidemic transmission of enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis in Mexico, 1986–1987. J. Amer. Med. Ass. 1990; 263: 3281–3285
Weston, S.R., Martin, P.: Serological and molecular testing in viral hepatitis: an update. Can. J. Gastroenterol. 2001; 15: 177–184
Yarbourgh, P.O., Tam, A.W., Fry, K.E., Krawczynski, K., McCaustland, K.A., Bradley, D.W., Reyes, G.R.: Hepatitis E virus: identification of type-common epitopes. J. Viral. 1991; 65: 5790–5797
Zala, G., Havelka, J., Wicki, A.N., Joller-Jemelka, H.I., Meier, B., Schmid, M., Bühler, H.: Hepatitis-C-Virus-Test der zweiten Generation und Polymerase-Kettenreaktion bei anti-C 100-negativen Patienten mit chronischer Non-A-Non-B-Hepatitis. Schweiz. Med. Wschr. 1992; 122: 363–368
Immunological diagnostics
Berg, P.A., Klein, R.: Antimitochondrial antibodies in primary biliary cirrhosis and other disorders: definition and clinical relevance. Dig. Dis. 1992; 10: 85–101
Czaja, A.J., Manns, M.P., Homburger, H.A.: Frequency and significance of antibodies to liver/kidney microsome Type 1 in adults with chronic active hepatitis. Gastroenterology 1992; 103: 1290–1295
Czaja, A.J., Homburger, H.A.: Autoantibodies in liver disease. Gastroenterology 2001; 120: 239–249
Duerr, R.H., Targan, S.R., Landers, C.J., LaRusso, N.F., Lindsay, K.L., Wiesner, F.H., Shanahan, F.: Neutrophil cytoplasmatic antibodies: a link between primary cholangitis and ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 1991; 100: 1385–1391
Klein, R., Berg, P.A.: Autoantikörper bei chronischen Lebererkrankungen: klinische und diagnostische Relevanz. Klin. Lab. 1993; 39: 611–626
Laskin, C.A., Vidins, E., Blendis, L.M., Soloninka, Ch.A.: Autoantibodies in alcoholic liver disease. Amer. J. Med. 1990; 89: 129–133
Manns, M., Kyriatsoulis, A., Gerken, G., Staritz, M., Meyer zum Büschenfelde, K.-H.: Characterisation of a new subgroup of autoimmune chronic active hepatitis by autoantibodies against a soluble liver antigen. Lancet 1987/I 292–294
Manns, M.P., Meyer zum Büschenfelde, K.-H.: Nature of autoantigens and autoantibodies in autoimmune hepatitis. Springer Semin. Immunopath. 1990; 12: 57–65
Meyer zum Büschenfelde, K.-H., Lohse, A.W., Manns, M., Poralla, T.: Autoimmunity and liver disease. Hepatology 1990; 12: 354–363
Penner, E., Müller, S., Zimmermann, D., Van, M.H.V.: High prevalence of antibodies to histones among patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Clin. Exper. Immunol. 1987, 70: 47–52
Seibold, F., Slametschka, D., Gregor, M., Weber, P.: Neutrophil autoantibodies: a genetic marker in primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 1994; 107: 532–536
Storch, W.B.: New autoantibodies and their antigens in autoimmune diseases. Cell. Molec. Biol. 1997; 43: 337–344
Storch, W.B.: Immunofluorescence in clinical immunology. A primer and atlas. Birkhäuser (Basel), 2000
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2006 Springer Medizin Verlag Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
(2006). Laboratory diagnostics. In: Hepatology Principles and Practice. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-28977-1_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-28977-1_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-28976-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-28977-7
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)