3.8 Conclusions
Tissue engineering efforts are currently underway for virtually every type of tissue and organ within the human body. As tissue engineering incorporates the fields of cell transplantation, materials science, and engineering, personnel who have mastered the techniques of cell harvest, culture, expansion, transplantation, as well as polymer design are essential for the successful application of this technology. Various engineered tissues are at different stages of development, with some already being used clinically, a few in preclinical trials, and some in the discovery stage. Recent progress suggests that engineered tissues may have an expanded clinical applicability in the future as they represent a viable therapeutic option for those requiring tissue replacement. More recently, major advances in the areas of stem cell biology, tissue engineering, and nuclear transfer techniques have made it possible to combine these technologies to create the comprehensive scientific field of regenerative medicine.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aebischer P, Ip TK, Panol G, Galletti PM (1987) The bioartificial kidney: progress towards an ultrafiltration device with renal epithelial cells processing. Life Support Syst 5:159–168
Amiel GE, Atala A (1999b) Current and future modalities for functional renal replacement. Urol Clin North Am 26:235–246, xi
Amiel GE, Yoo JJ, Atala A (2000) Renal therapy using tissue-engineered constructs and gene delivery. World J Urol 18:71–79
Amit M, Margulets V, Segev H, Shariki K, Laevsky I, Coleman R, Itskovitz-Eldor J (2003) Human feeder layers for human embryonic stem cells. Biol Reprod 68:2150–2156
Assady S, Maor G, Amit M, Itskovitz-Eldor J, Skorecki KL, Tzukerman M (2001) Insulin production by human embryonic stem cells. Diabetes 50:1691–1697
Atala A, Lanza RP (2001) Preface. In: Atala A, Lanza RP (eds) Methods of tissue engineering. Academic Press, San Diego
Atala A, Mooney D (1997) Preface. In: Atala A (ed) Tissue engineering. Birkhauser Press, Boston
Atala A, Vacanti JP, Peters CA, Mandell J, Retik AB, Freeman MR (1992) Formation of urothelial structures in vivo from dissociated cells attached to biodegradable polymer scaffolds in vitro. J Urol 148:658–662
Atala A, Cima LG, Kim W, Paige KT, Vacanti JP, Retik AB, Vacanti CA (1993a) Injectable alginate seeded with chondrocytes as a potential treatment for vesicoureteral reflux. J Urol 150:745–747
Atala A, Freeman MR, Vacanti JP, Shepard J, Retik AB (1993b) Implantation in vivo and retrieval of artificial structures consisting of rabbit and human urothelium and human bladder muscle. J Urol 150:608–612
Atala A, Kim W, Paige KT, Vacanti CA, Retik AB (1994) Endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux with a chondrocyte-alginate suspension. J Urol 152:641–643; discussion 644
Atala A, Guzman L, Retik AB (1999) A novel inert collagen matrix for hypospadias repair. J Urol 162:1148–1151
Auchincloss H, Bonventre JV (2002) Transplanting cloned cells into therapeutic promise (comment). Nat Biotechnol 20:665–666
Baguisi A, Behboodi E, Melican DT, Pollock JS, Destrempes MM, Cammuso C, Williams JL, Nims SD, Porter CA, Midura P, Palacios MJ, Ayres SL, Denniston RS, Hayes ML, Ziomek CA, Meade HM, Godke RA, Gavin WG, Overstrom EW, Echelard Y (1999) Production of goats by somatic cell nuclear transfer. Nat Biotechnol 17:456–461
Bazeed MA, Thuroff JW, Schmidt RA, Tanagho EA (1983) New treatment for urethral strictures. Urology 21:53–57
Bent A, Tutrone R, McLennan M, Lloyd K, Kennelly M, Badlani G (2001) Treatment of intrinsic sphincter deficiency using autologous ear chondrocytes as a bulking agent. Neurourol Urodyn 20:157–165
Bergsma JE, Rozema FR, Bos RR, Boering G, de Bruijn WC, Pennings AJ (1995) In vivo degradation and biocompatibility study of in vitro pre-degraded as polymerized polyactide particles (comment). Biomaterials 16:267–274
Betthauser J, Forsberg E, Augenstein M, Childs L, Eilertsen K, Enos J, Forsythe T, Golueke P, Jurgella G, Koppang R, Lesmeister T, Mallon K, Mell G, Misica P, Pace M, Pfister-Genskow M, Strelchenko N, Voelker G, Watt S, Thompson S, Bishop M (2000) Production of cloned pigs from in vitro systems (comment). Nat Biotechnol 18:1055–1059
Briggs R, King TJ (1952) Transplantation of living nuclei from blastula cells into enucleated frogs’ eggs. Proc Natl Acad Sci 38:455–463
Brivanlou AH, Gage FH, Jaenisch R, Jessell T, Melton D, Rossant J (2003) Stem cells. Setting standards for human embryonic stem cells (comment). Science 300:913–916
Buckwalter JA, Lohmander S (1994) Operative treatment of osteoarthrosis. Current practice and future development. J Bone Joint Surg Am 76:1405–1418
Buckwalter JA, Mankin HJ (1998) Articular cartilage repair and transplantation. Arthritis Rheuma 41:1331–1342
Campbell KH, McWhir J, Ritchie WA, Wilmut I (1996) Sheep cloned by nuclear transfer from a cultured cell line (comment). Nature 380:64–66
Carrel A, Lindbergh C (1938) The culture of organs. Paul B. Hoeber, New York
Chancellor MB, Yokoyama T, Tirney S, Mattes CE, Ozawa H, Yoshimura N, de Groat WC, Huard J (2000) Preliminary results of myoblast injection into the urethra and bladder wall: a possible method for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence and impaired detrusor contractility. Neurourol Urodyn 19:279–287
Chen F, Yoo JJ, Atala A (1999) Acellular collagen matrix as a possible “off the shelf” biomaterial for urethral repair. Urology 54:407–410
Cibelli JB, Stice SL, Golueke PJ, Kane JJ, Jerry J, Blackwell C, Ponce de Leon FA, Robl JM (1998) Cloned transgenic calves produced from non-quiescent fetal fibroblasts (comment). Science 280:1256–1258
Cilento BG, Freeman MR, Schneck FX, Retik AB, Atala A (1994) Phenotypic and cytogenetic characterization of human bladder urothelia expanded in vitro. J Urol 152:665–670
Colman A, Kind A (2000) Therapeutic cloning: concepts and practicalities. Trends Biotechnol 18:192–196
Dahms SE, Piechota HJ, Dahiya R, Lue TF, Tanagho EA (1998) Composition and biomechanical properties of the bladder acellular matrix graft: comparative analysis in rat, pig and human. Br J Urol 82:411–419
De Filippo RE, Pohl HG, Yoo JJ, Atala A (2002a) Total penile urethral replacement with autologous cell-seeded collagen matrices (abstract). J Urol 167(Suppl):152–153
De Filippo RE, Yoo JJ, Atala A (2002b) Urethral replacement using cell seeded tubularized collagen matrices. J Urol 168:1789–1792; discussion 1792–1793
De Filippo RE, Yoo JJ, Atala A (2003a) Engineering of vaginal tissue for total reconstruction. J Urol 169(Suppl):A1057
De Filippo RE, Yoo JJ, Atala A (2003b) Engineering of vaginal tissue in vivo. Tissue Engineering 9:301–306
De Sousa PA, Dobrinsky JR, Zhu J, Archibald AL, Ainslie A, Bosma W, Bowering J, Bracken J, Ferrier PM, Fletcher J, Gasparrini B, Harkness L, Johnston P, Ritchie M, Ritchie WA, Travers A, Albertini D, Dinnyes A, King TJ, Wilmut I (2002) Somatic cell nuclear transfer in the pig: control of pronuclear formation and integration with improved methods for activation and maintenance of pregnancy. Biol Reprod 66:642–650
De Vos P, De Haan B, Van Schilfgaarde R (1997) Effect of the alginate composition on the biocompatibility of alginate-polylysine microcapsules. Biomaterials 18:273–278
Deuel TF (1997) Growth Factors. In: Lanza RP, Langer R, Chick WL (eds) Principles of tissue engineering. Academic Press, New York, pp 133–149
Diamond DA, Caldamone AA (1999) Endoscopic correction of vesicoureteral reflux in children using autologous chondrocytes: preliminary results. J Urol 162:1185–1188
El-Kassaby AW, Retik AB, Yoo JJ, Atala A (2003) Urethral stricture repair with an off-the-shelf collagen matrix. J Urol 169:170–173; discussion 173
Evans MJ, Gurer C, Loike JD, Wilmut I, Schnieke AE, Schon EA (1999) Mitochondrial DNA genotypes in nuclear transfer-derived cloned sheep. Nat Genet 23:90–93
Fauza DO, Fishman SJ, Mehegan K, Atala A (1998a) Videofetoscopically assisted fetal tissue engineering: bladder augmentation. J Pediatr Surg 33:7–12
Fauza DO, Fishman SJ, Mehegan K, Atala A (1998b) Videofetoscopically assisted fetal tissue engineering: skin replacement. J Pediatr Surg 33: 357–361
Fischer Lindahl K, Hermel E, Loveland BE, Wang CR (1991) Maternally transmitted antigen of mice: a model transplantation antigen. Annu Rev Immunol 9:351–372
Freed LE, Vunjak-Novakovic G, Biron RJ, Eagles DB, Lesnoy DC, Barlow SK, Langer R (1994) Biodegradable polymer scaffolds for tissue engineering. Biotechnology 12:689–693
Freeman MR, Yoo JJ, Raab G, Soker S, Adam RM, Schneck FX, Renshaw AA, Klagsbrun M, Atala A (1997) Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor is an autocrine growth factor for human urothelial cells and is synthesized by epithelial and smooth muscle cells in the human bladder. J Clin Invest 99:1028–1036
Fuchs JR, Terada S, Ochoa ER, Vacanti JP, Fauza DO (2002) Fetal tissue engineering: in utero tracheal augmentation in an ovine model. J Pediatr Surg 37:1000–1006; discussion 1000–1006
Fuchs JR, Hannouche D, Terada S, Vacanti JP, Fauza DO (2003) Fetal tracheal augmentation with cartilage engineered from bone marrow-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells. J Pediatr Surg 38:984–987
Gilding DK (1981) Biodegradable polymers. In Williams DF (ed) Biocompatibility of clinical implant materials. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 209–232
Godbey WT, Atala A (2002) In vitro systems for tissue engineering. Ann NY Acad Sci 961:10–26
Gurdon JB (1962) Adult frogs derived from the nuclei of single somatic cells. Dev Biol 4:256–273
Hadley GA, Linders B, Mohanakumar T (1992) Immunogenicity of MHC class I alloantigens expressed on parenchymal cells in the human kidney. Transplantation 54:537–542
Harris LD, Kim BS, Mooney DJ (1998) Open pore biodegradable matrices formed with gas foaming. J Biomed Mater Res 42:396–402
Harriss DR (1995) Smooth muscle cell culture: a new approach to the study of human detrusor physiology and pathophysiology. Br J Urol 75:18–26
Hiendleder S, Schmutz SM, Erhardt G, Green RD, Plante Y (1999) Transmitochondrial differences and varying levels of heteroplasmy in nuclear transfer cloned cattle. Mol Reprod Dev 54:24–31
Hochedlinger K, Jaenisch R (2003) Nuclear transplantation, embryonic stem cells, the potential for cell therapy (comment). New Engl J Med 349: 275–286
Humes HD, Buffington DA, MacKay SM, Funke AJ, Weitzel WF (1999) Replacement of renal function in uremic animals with a tissue-engineered kidney (comment). Nat Biotechnol 17:451–455
Hunter W (1995) Of the structure and disease of articulating cartilages. 1743. Clin Orthop 317:3–6
Hynes RO (1992) Integrins: versatility, modulation, and signaling in cell adhesion. Cell 69:11–25
Ip TK, Aebischer P, Galletti PM (1988) Cellular control of membrane permeability. Implications for a bioartificial renal tubule. ASAIO Trans 34:351–355
Itskovitz-Eldor J, Schuldiner M, Karsenti D, Eden A, Yanuka O, Amit M, Soreq H, Benvenisty N (2000) Differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into embryoid bodies compromising the three embryonic germ layers. Mol Med 6:88–95
Joki T, Machluf M, Atala A, Zhu J, Seyfried NT, Dunn IF, Abe T, Carroll RS, Black PM (2001) Continuous release of endostatin from microencapsulated engineered cells for tumor therapy (comment). Nat Biotechnol 19:35–39
Kaufman DS, Hanson ET, Lewis RL, Auerbach R, Thomson JA (2001) Hematopoietic colony-forming cells derived from human embryonic stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci 98:10716–10721
Keefer CL, Keyston R, Lazaris A, Bhatia B, Begin I, Bilodeau AS, Zhou FJ, Kafidi N, Wang B, Baldassarre H, Karatzas CN (2002) Production of cloned goats after nuclear transfer using adult somatic cells. Biol Reprod 66:199–203
Kehat I, Kenyagin-Karsenti D, Snir M, Segev H, Amit M, Gepstein A, Livne E, Binah O, Itskovitz-Eldor J, Gepstein L (2001) Human embryonic stem cells can differentiate into myocytes with structural and functional properties of cardiomyocytes (comment). J Clin Invest 108:407–414
Kershen RT, Atala A (1999b) New advances in injectable therapies for the treatment of incontinence and vesicoureteral reflux. Urol Clin North Am 26:81–94, viii
Kershen RT, Yoo JJ, Moreland RB, Krane RJ, Atala A (2002) Reconstitution of human corpus cavernosum smooth muscle in vitro and in vivo. Tissue Engineering 8:515–524
Kim BS, Mooney DJ (1998) Development of biocompatible synthetic extracellular matrices for tissue engineering. Trends Biotechnol 16:224–230
Kropp BP, Ludlow JK, Spicer D, Rippy MK, Badylak SF, Adams MC, Keating MA, Rink RC, Birhle R, Thor KB (1998) Rabbit urethral regeneration using small intestinal submucosa onlay grafts. Urology 52:138–142
Kwon TG, Yoo JJ, Atala A (2002) Autologous penile corpora cavernosa replacement using tissue engineering techniques. J Urol 168:1754–1758
Lanza RP, Hayes JL, Chick WL (1996) Encapsulated cell technology. Nat Biotechnol 14:1107–1111
Lanza RP, Cibelli JB, West MD (1999) Prospects for the use of nuclear transfer in human transplantation. Nat Biotechnol 17:1171–1174
Lanza RP, Cibelli JB, West MD, Dorff E, Tauer C, Green RM (2001) The ethical reasons for stem cell research (comment). Science 292:1299
Lanza RP, Chung HY, Yoo JJ, Wettstein PJ, Blackwell C, Borson N, Hofmeister E, Schuch G, Soker S, Moraes CT, West MD, Atala A (2002) Generation of histocompatible tissues using nuclear transplantation (comment). Nat Biotechnol 20:689–696
Levenberg S, Golub JS, Amit M, Itskovitz-Eldor J, Langer R (2002) Endothelial cells derived from human embryonic stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci 99:4391–4396
Li ST (1995) Biologic biomaterials: tissue-derived biomaterials (collagen) In Brozino JD (ed) The biomedical engineering handbook. CRS Press, Boca Raton, pp 627–647
Liebert M, Wedemeyer G, Abruzzo LV, Kunkel SL, Hammerberg C, Cooper KD, Grossman HB (1991) Stimulated urothelial cells produce cytokines and express an activated cell surface antigenic phenotype. Semin Urology 9:124–130
Liebert M, Hubbel A, Chung M, Wedemeyer G, Lomax MI, Hegeman A, Yuan TY, Brozovich M, Wheelock MJ, Grossman HB (1997) Expression of mal is associated with urothelial differentiation in vitro: identification by differential display reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Differentiation 61:177–185
Lim F, Sun AM (1980) Microencapsulated islets as bioartificial endocrine pancreas. Science 210:908–910
Lobban ED, Smith BA, Hall GD, Harnden P, Roberts P, Selby PJ, Trejdosiewicz LK, Southgate J (1998) Uroplakin gene expression by normal and neoplastic human urothelium. Am J Pathol 153:1957–1967
Machluf M, Atala A (1998) Emerging concepts for tissue and organ transplantation. Graft 1:31–37
Machluf M, Orsola A, Boorjian S, Kershen RT, Atala A (2003) Microencapsulation of Ley dig cells: A system for testosterone supplementation. Endrocrinology 144:4975–4979
Mac Kay SM, Funke AJ, Buffington DA, Humes HD (1998) Tissue engineering of a bioartificial renal tubule. ASAIO J 44:179–183
Matsumura G, Miyagawa-Tomita S, Shin’oka T, Ikada Y, Kurosawa H (2003) First evidence that bone marrow cells contribute to the construction of tissue-engineered vascular autografts in vivo. Circulation 108:1729–1734
Mikos AG, Thorsen AJ, Czerwonka LA, Bao Y, Langer R, Winslow DN, Vacanti JP (1994) Preparation and characterization of poly(L-lactic acid) foams. Polymer 35:1068–1077
Murray JE, Merrill JP, Harrison JH (1955) Renal homotransplantation in identical twins. Surg Forum 6:432–436
Nguyen HT, Park JM, Peters CA, Adam RM, Orsola A, Atala A, Freeman MR (1999) Cell-specific activation of the HB-EGF and ErbBl genes by stretch in primary human bladder cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 35:371–375
Nomi M, Atala A, Coppi PD, Soker S (2002) Principals of neovascularization for tissue engineering. Mol Aspects Med 23:463–483
Oberpenning F, Meng J, Yoo JJ, Atala A (1999) De novo reconstitution of a functional mammalian urinary bladder by tissue engineering (comment). Nat Biotechnol 17:149–155
O’Driscoll SW (1998) The healing and regeneration of articular cartilage. J Bone Joint Surg Am 80:1795–1812
Olsen L, Bowald S, Busch C, Carlsten J, Eriksson I (1992) Urethral reconstruction with a new synthetic absorbable device. An experimental study. Scand J Urol Nephrol 26:323–326
Onishi A, Iwamoto M, Akita T, Mikawa S, Takeda K, Awata T, Hanada H, Perry AC (2000) Pig cloning by microinjection of fetal fibroblast nuclei (comment). Science 289:1188–1190
Pariente JL, Kim BS, Atala A (2001) In vitro biocompatibility assessment of naturally derived and synthetic biomaterials using normal human urothelial cells. J Biomed Mater Res 55:33–39
Pariente JL, Kim BS, Atala A (2002) In vitro biocompatibility evaluation of naturally derived and synthetic biomaterials using normal human bladder smooth muscle cells. J Urol 167:1867–1871
Park HJ, Yoo JJ, Kershen RT, Moreland R, Atala A (1999) Reconstitution of human corporal smooth muscle and endothelial cells in vivo. J Urol 162:1106–1109
Peppas NA, Langer R (1994) New challenges in biomaterials (comment). Science 263:1715–1720
Piechota HJ, Dahms SE, Nunes LS, Dahiya R, Lue TF, Tanagho EA (1998) In vitro functional properties of the rat bladder regenerated by the bladder acellular matrix graft. J Urol 159:1717–1724
Polejaeva IA, Chen SH, Vaught TD, Page RL, Mullins J, Ball S, Dai Y, Boone J, Walker S, Ayares DL, Colman A, Campbell KH (2000) Cloned pigs produced by nuclear transfer from adult somatic cells (comment). Nature 407:86–90
Puthenveettil JA, Burger MS, Reznikoff CA (1999) Replicative senescence in human uroepithelial cells. Adv Exp Med Biol 462:83–91
Rackley RR, Bandyopadhyay SK, Fazeli-Matin S, Shin MS, Appell R (1999) Immunoregulatory potential of urothelium: characterization of NF-kappaB signal transduction. J Urol 162:1812–1816
Reubinoff BE, Pera MF, Fong CY, Trounson A, Bongso A (2000) Embryonic stem cell lines from human blastocysts: somatic differentiation in vitro (comment), (erratum appears in Nat Biotechnol 2000 18(5):559). Nat Biotechnol 18:399–404
Reubinoff BE, Itsykson P, Turetsky T, Pera MF, Reinhartz E, Itzik A, Ben-Hur T (2001) Neural progenitors from human embryonic stem cells (comment). Nat Biotechnol 19:1134–1140
Richards M, Fong CY, Chan WK, Wong PC, Bongso A (2002) Human feeders support prolonged undifferentiated growth of human inner cell masses and embryonic stem cells (comment). Nat Biotechnol 20:933–936
Sams AE, Nixon AJ (1995) Chondrocyte-laden collagen scaffolds for resurfacing extensive articular cartilage defects. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 3:47–59
Santen RJ, Swerdloff RS (1990) Clinical aspects of androgen therapy. In: Workshop conference on androgen therapy: biologic and clinical consequences, Penn State Workshop Proceedings. Philadelphia, pp 40
Schaefer D, Martin I, Jundt G, Seidel J, Heberer M, Grodzinsky A, Bergin I, Vunjak-Novakovic G, Freed LE (2002) Tissue-engineered composites for the repair of large osteochondral defects. Arthritis Rheum 46:2524–2534
Schuldiner M, Yanuka O, Itskovitz-Eldor J, Melton DA, Benvenisty N (2000) Effects of eight growth factors on the differentiation of cells derived from human embryonic stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci 97:11307–11312
Schuldiner M, Eiges R, Eden A, Yanuka O, Itskovitz-Eldor J, Goldstein RS, Benvenisty N (2001) Induced neuronal differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. Brain Res 913:201–205
Scriven SD, Booth C, Thomas DF, Trejdosiewicz LK, Southgate J (1997) Reconstitution of human urothelium from monolayer cultures. J Urol 158:1147–1152
Shin’oka T, Imai Y, Ikada Y (2001) Transplantation of a tissue-engineered pulmonary artery. New Engl J Med 344:532–533
Shinoka T, Breuer CK, Tanel RE, Zund G, Miura T, Ma PX, Langer R, Vacanti JP, Mayer JE, Jr. (1995) Tissue engineering heart valves: valve leaflet replacement study in a lamb model. Ann Thorac Surg 60:S513–516
Shinoka T, Ma PX, Shum-Tim D, Breuer CK, Cusick RA, Zund G, Langer R, Vacanti JP, Mayer JE Jr (1996) Tissue-engineered heart valves. Autologous valve leaflet replacement study in a lamb model. Circulation 94:164–168
Shinoka T, Shum-Tim D, Ma PX, Tanel RE, Langer R, Vacanti JP, Mayer JE, Jr (1997) Tissue-engineered heart valve leaflets: does cell origin affect outcome? Circulation 96:102–107
Shinoka T, Shum-Tim D, Ma PX, Tanel RE, Isogai N, Langer R, Vacanti JP, Mayer JE, Jr (1998) Creation of viable pulmonary artery autografts through tissue engineering. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 115:536–545; discussion 545–546
Sievert KD, Bakircioglu ME, Nunes L, Tu R, Dahiya R, Tanagho EA (2000) Homologous acellular matrix graft for urethral reconstruction in the rabbit: histological and functional evaluation. J Urol 163:1958–1965
Silver FH, Pins G (1992) Cell growth on collagen: a review of tissue engineering using scaffolds containing extracellular matrix. J Long Term Eff Med Implants 2:67–80
Smidsrod O, Skjak-Braek G (1990) Alginate as immobilization matrix for cells. Trends Biotechnol 8:71–78
Solomon LZ, Jennings AM, Sharpe P, Cooper AJ, Malone PS (1998) Effects of short-chain fatty acids on primary urothelial cells in culture: implications for intravesical use in enterocystoplasties (comment). J Lab Clin Med 132:279–283
Steinborn R, Schinogl P, Zakhartchenko V, Achmann R, Schernthaner W, Stojkovic M, Wolf E, Muller M, Brem G (2000) Mitochondrial DNA heteroplasmy in cloned cattle produced by fetal and adult cell cloning. Nat Genet 25:255–257
Strasser H, Marksteiner R, Eva M, Stanislav B, Guenther K, Helga F, et al. (2003) Transurethral ultrasound guided injection of clonally cultured autologous myoblasts and fibroblasts: experimental results. In: Proceedings of the 2003 International Bladder Symposium. National Bladder Foundation, Arlington, VA
Tai IT, Sun AM (1993) Microencapsulation of recombinant cells: a new delivery system for gene therapy. FASEB J 7:1061–1069
Tai J, Johnson HW, Tze WJ (1989) Successful transplantation of Leydig cells in castrated inbred rats. Transplantation 47:1087–1089
Thomson JA, Itskovitz-Eldor J, Shapiro SS, Waknitz MA, Swiergiel JJ, Marshall VS, Jones JM (1998) Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts (comment). (erratum appears in Science 1998 Dec 4; 282(5395): 1827). Science 282:1145–1147
Tobin MS, Freeman MR, Atala A (1994) Maturational response of normal human urothelial cells in culture is dependent on extracellular matrix and serum additives. Surg Forum 45:786
van Dam JH, Teerds KJ, Rommerts FF (1989) Transplantation and subsequent recovery of small amounts of isolated Leydig cells. Arch Androl 22:123–129
Vogelstein B, Alberts B, Shine K (2002) Genetics. Please don’t call it cloning! (comment). Science 295:1237
Wakayama T, Perry AC, Zuccotti M, Johnson KR, Yanagimachi R (1998) Full-term development of mice from enucleated oocytes injected with cumulus cell nuclei (comment). Nature 394:369–374
Wang T, Koh CJ, Yoo JJ, Atala A (2003) Creation of an engineered uterus for surgical reconstruction (abstract). In: Proceedings of the American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Urology. New Orleans, LA
Watanabe M, Shin’oka T, Tohyama S, Hibino N, Konuma T, Matsumura G, Kosaka Y, Ishida T, Imai Y, Yamakawa M, Ikada Y, Morita S (2001) Tissue-engineered vascular autograft: inferior vena cava replacement in a dog model. Tissue Engineering 7:429–439
Wilmut I, Schnieke AE, Mc Whir J, Kind AJ, Campbell KH (1997) Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells (comment) (erratum appears in Nature 1997 Mar 13; 386(6621):200). Nature 385:810–813
Yard BA, Kooymans-Couthino M, Reterink T, van den Elsen P, Paape ME, Bruyn JA, van Es LA, Daha MR, van der Woude FJ (1993) Analysis of T cell lines from rejecting renal allografts. Kidney Int 39(Suppl):S133–138
Yiou R, LaFleuchuer J, Atala A (2003a) The regeneration process of the striated urethral sphincter involves the activation of intrinsic satellite cells. Anat Embryol 206:429–435
Yiou R, Yoo JJ, Atala A (2003b) Restoration of functional motor units in a rat model of sphincter injury by muscle precursor cell autografts. Transplantation 76(7):1053–1060
Yokoyama T, Chancellor MB, Watanabe T, Ozawa H, Yoshimura N, de Groat WC, Qu Z, Huard J (1999) Primary myoblasts injection into the urethra and bladder as a potential treatment of stress urinary incontinence and impaired detrusor contractility: long-term survival without significant cytotoxicity. J Urol 161:307
Yoo JJ, Atala A (1997) A novel gene delivery system using urothelial tissue engineered neo-organs. J Urol 158:1066–1070
Yoo JJ, Lee I, Atala A (1998a) Cartilage rods as a potential material for penile reconstruction. J Urol 160:1164–1168; discussion 1178
Yoo JJ, Meng J, Oberpenning F, Atala A (1998b) Bladder augmentation using allogenic bladder submucosa seeded with cells. Urology 51:221–225
Yoo JJ, Park HJ, Lee I, Atala A (1999) Autologous engineered cartilage rods for penile reconstruction. J Urol 162:1119–1121
Zhang SC, Wernig M, Duncan ID, Brustle O, Thomson JA (2001) In vitro differentiation of transplantable neural precursors from human embryonic stem cells (comment). Nat Biotechnol 19:1129–1133
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2005 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Koh, C.J., Atala, A. (2005). Tissue Engineering, Stem Cells, and Cloning: Current Concepts and Future Trends. In: Keating, A., Dicke, K., Gorin, N., Weber, R., Graf, H. (eds) Regenerative and Cell Therapy. Ernst Schering Research Foundation Workshop, vol 11. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg . https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-26843-X_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-26843-X_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-22093-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-26843-7
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)