Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Estrogen Therapy in Perimenopausal Affective Disorders

  • Chapter
Estrogen Effects in Psychiatric Disorders

  • 787 Accesses

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abraham S, Llewellyn-Jones D, Perz J (1994) Changes in Australian women’s perception of the menopause and menopausal symptoms before and after the climacteric. Maturitas 20: 121–128

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adam K (1987) Total and percentage REM sleep correlate with body weight in 36 middle-aged people. Sleep 10: 69–77

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th ed. (DSM-IV). American Psychiatric Association, Washington DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson E, Hamburger S, Liu JH, Rebar RW (1987) Characteristics of menopausal women seeking assistance. Am J Obstet Gynecol 156: 428–433

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Angst J, Dobler-Mikola A (1984) Do the diagnostic criteria determine the sex ratio in depression? J Affect Disord 7: 189–198

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Antonijevic IA, Stalla GK, Steiger A (2000) Modulation of the sleep electroencephalogram by estrogen replacement in postmenopausal women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 182: 277–282

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Archer JSM (1999) Relationship between estrogen, serotonin, and depression. Menopause 6: 71–78

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aro H (1994) Risk and protective factors in depression: a developmental perspective. Acta Psychiatr Scand (Suppl 377): 59–64

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arpels JC (1996) The female brain hypoestrogenic continuum from the premenstrual syndrome to menopause. A hypothesis and review of supporting data. J Reprod Med 41: 633–639

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asplund R, Ã…berg HE (1995) Body mass index and sleep in women aged 40 to 64 years. Maturitas 22: 1–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Avis NE, Brambilla D, McKinlay SM, Vass K (1994) A longitudinal analysis if the association between menopause and depression: results from the Massachusetts Women’s Health Study. Annu Epidemiol 4: 214–220

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Avis NE, McKinlay SM (1991) A longitudinal analysis of women’s attitudes toward the menopause: results from the Massachusetts Women’s Health Study. Maturitas 13: 65–79

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ballinger CB (1975) Psychiatric morbidity and the menopause: screening of a general population sample. BMJ 3: 344–346

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ballinger CB, Browning MCK, Smith AHW (1987) Hormone profiles and psychological symptoms in perimenopausal women. Maturitas 9: 235–251

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barnhart KT, Freeman E, Grisso JA, Rader DJ, Sammel M, Kapoor S, Nestler JE (1999) The effect of dehydroepiandrosterone supplementation to symptomatic perime-nopausal women on serum endocrine profiles, lipid parameters, and health-related quality of life. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84: 3896–3902

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barrett-Connor E, Von Muhlen D, Laughlin GA, Kripke A (1999) Endogenous levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, but not other sex hormones, are associated with depressed mood in older women: The Rancho Bernardo Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 47: 685–691

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Born L, Steiner M (1999) Irritability: the forgotten dimension of female-specific mood disorders. Arch Women Ment Health 2: 153–167

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Breslau N, Schultz L, Peterson E (1995) Sex differences in depression: a role for preexisting anxiety. Psychiatry Res 58: 1–12

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bungay GT, Vessey MP, McPherson MK (1980) Study of symptoms in middle-life with special reference to the menopause. BMJ 2: 181–183

    Google Scholar 

  • Busch CM, Zonderman AB, Costa PT Jr (1994) Menopausal transition and psychological distress in a nationally representative sample: is menopause associated with psychological distress ? J Aging Health 6: 209–228

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell S, Whitehead M (1977) Estrogen therapy and the menopausal syndrome. Clin Obstet Gynecol 4: 31–47

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cawood EHH, Bancroft J (1996) Steroid hormones, the menopause, sexuality and well-being of women. Psychol Med 26: 925–936

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collins A, Landgren BM (1997) Psychosocial factors associated with the use of hormonal replacement therapy in a longitudinal follow-up of Swedish women. Maturitas 28: 1–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coope J (1981) Is oestrogen therapy effective in the treatment of menopausal depression? J R Coll Gen Pract 31: 134–140

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dennerstein L (1996) Well-being, symptoms and the menopausal transition. Maturitas 23: 147–157

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dennerstein L, Smith AM, Morse C, Burger H, Green A, Hopper J, Ryan M (1993) Menopausal symptoms in Australian women. BMJ 159: 232–236

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dennerstein L, Smith AMA, Morse C (1994) Psychological well-being, mid-life and the menopause. Maturitas 20: 1–11

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dören M (1999) Effects of SERMs on the uterus and menopausal symptoms. J Endocrinol Invest 22: 625–635

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gater RA, Dean C, Morris J (1989) The contribution of childbearing to the sex difference in first admission rates for affective psychosis. Psychol Med 19: 719–24

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greendale GA, Lee NP, Arriola ER (1999) The menopause. Lancet 353: 571–580

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halbreich U (1997) The role of estrogen in postmenopausal depression. Neurology 48(Suppl 7): S16–S20

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hallström T, Samuelsson S (1985) Mental health in the climacteric: the longitudinal study of women in Gothenburg. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 130: 13–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton J, Halbreich U (1993) Special aspects of neuropsychiatric illness in women: Focus on depression. Ann Rev Med 44: 355–364

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harlow BL, Signorello LB (2000) Factors associated with early menopause. Maturitas 35: 3–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harris T, Surtees P, Bancroft J (1991) Is sex necessarily a risk factor for depression? Br J Psychiatry 158: 708–712

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hay AG, Bancroft J, Johnstone EC (1994) Affective symptoms on women attending a menopause clinic. Br J Psychiatr 164: 513–516

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hays J, Ockene JK, Brunner RL, Kotchen JM, Manson JE, Patterson RE, Aragaki AK, Shumaker SA, Brzyski RG, La Croix AZ, Granek IA, Valanis BG, for the Women’s Health Initiative Investigators (2003) Effects of estrogen plus progestin on health-related quality of life. N Engl J Med 348: 1839–1854

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heinemann LAJ, Zimmermann T, Vermeulen A, Thiel C, Hummel W (1999) A new ‘Aging Males’ Symptom Rating Scale. The Aging Male 2: 105–114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holte A (1992) Influences of natural menopause on health complaints: a prospective study of healthy Norwegian women. Maturitas 14: 127–141

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holte A, Mikkelsen A (1982) Menstrual coping style, social background and climacteric symptoms. Psychiatr Soc Sci 2: 41–45

    Google Scholar 

  • Huerta R, Mena A, Malacara JM, Diaz de Leon J (1995) Symptoms at perimenopausal period: its association with attitudes toward sexuality, life-style, family function, and FSH levels. Psychoneuroendocrinol 20: 135–148

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hunter M (1990) Somatic experience of the menopause: a prospective study. Psychosom Med 52: 357–367

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hunter M (1992) The South-East England longitudinal study of the climacteric and postmenopause. Maturitas 14: 117–126

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huppert FA, van Niekerk JK, Herbert J (2000) Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) supplementation for cognition and well-being (cochrane review). In: The Cochrane Library, issue 1, Oxford: update software CD 000304

    Google Scholar 

  • Jorm AF (1987) Sex and age differences in depression: a quantitative synthesis of published research. Austral N Zeal J Psychiatry 21: 46–53

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufert P, Boggs PP, Ettinger B, Fugate Woods N, Utian WH (1998) Women and menopause: beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors. The North American Menopause Society 1997 Menopause Survey. Menopause 5: 197–202

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufert PA, Gilbert P, Tate R (1992) The Manitoba project: a reexamination of the link between menopause and depression. Maturitas 14: 143–155

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler R, McGonagle R, Swartz M, Blazer DG, Nelson CB (1993) Sex and depression in the National Comorbidity Survey: lifetime prevalence, chronicity, and recurrence. J Affect Disord 29: 85–96

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khastgir G, Studd J (1998) Hysterectomy, ovarian failure, and depression. Menopause 5: 113–122

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klaiber EL, Broverman DM, Vogel W, Peterson LG, Snyder MB (1997) Relationships of serum estradiol levels, menopausal duration, and mood during hormonal replacement therapy. Psychneuroendocrinol 22: 549–558

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuh DL, Wadsworth M, Hardy R (1997) Women’s health in midlife: the influence of the menopause, social factors and health in earlier life. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 104: 923–933

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lacroix C, Fiet J, Benais JP, Gueux B, Bonete R, Villette JM, Gourmel B, Dreux C (1987) Simultaneous radioimmunoassays of progesterone, androst-4-enedione, pregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone and 17-hydroxyprogesterone in specific regions of human brain. J Steroid Biochem 28: 317–325

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lalive d'Epinay CJ (1985) Depressed elderly women in Switzerland: an example of testing and of generating theories. Gerontologist 25: 597–604

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ledésert B, Ringa V, Bréat G (1995) Menopause and perceived health status among the women of the French GAZEL cohort. Maturitas 20: 113–120

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leon AC, Klerman GL, Wickramaratne P (1993) Continuing female predominance in depressive illness. Am J Public Health 83: 754–757

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li C, Samsioe G, Lidfeldt J, Nerbrand C, Agardh CD (2000) Important factors for use of hormone replacement therapy. A population-based study of Swedish women. The Women’s Health in Lund Area (WHILA) Study. Menopause 7: 273–281

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Makhlouf Obermeyer C (2000) Menopause across cultures: a review of the evidence. Menopause 7: 184–192

    Google Scholar 

  • Manber R, Armitage R (1999) Sex, steroids, and sleep: a review. Sleep 22: 540–555

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matthews KA (1992) Myths and realities of the menopause. Psychosom Med 54: 1–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matthews KA, Kuller LH, Wing RR, Meilahn EN (1994) Biobehavioral aspects of menopause: lessons from the healthy women study. Exp Gerontol 29: 337–342

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McKinlay JB, McKinlay SM, Brambilla D (1987) The relative contributions of endocrine changes and social circumstances to depression in mid-aged women. J Health Soc Behav 28: 345–363

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Montgomery JC, Appleby L, Brincat M, Versi E, Tapp A, Fenwick PB, Studd JW (1987) Effect of oestrogen and testosterone implants on psychological disorders on the climacteric. Lancet: 297–299

    Google Scholar 

  • Morales A, Nolan J, Nelson J, Yen S (1994) Effects of replacement dose of dehydroepiandrosterone in men and women of advancing age. J Clin Endcorinol Metab 78: 1360–1367

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morse CA, Smith A, Dennerstein L, Green A, Hopper J, Burger H (1994) The treatment-seeking woman at menopause. Maturitas 18: 161–173

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neri I, Demyttenaere K, Facchinetti F (1997) Coping style and climacteric symptoms in a clinical sample of postmenopausal women. J Psychosom Obstet Gynecol 18: 229–233

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neugarten BL, Kraines RJ (1965) Menopausal symptoms of women of various ages. Psychosom Med 27: 266–273

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nicol-Smith L (1996) Causality, menopause, and depression: a critical review of the literature. Br Med J 313: 1229–1232

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Notelovitz M (1999) Discovery and identification of estrogen. Menopause 6: 2–3

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Owens JF, Matthews KA (1998) Sleep disturbances in healthy middle-aged women. Maturitas 30: 41–50

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parry B (1989) Reproductive factors affecting the course of affective illness in women. Psychiatr Clin North Am 12: 207–220

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pearce J, Hawton K, Blake F (1995) Psychological and sexual symptoms associated with the menopause and the effects of hormone replacement therapy. Br J Psychiatry 167: 163–173

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pearlstein T, Rosen K, Stone AB (1997) Mood disorders and menopause. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 26: 279–294

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Polit DF, LaRocco SA (1982) Social and psychological correlates of menopausal symptoms. Psychosom Med 42: 335–345

    Google Scholar 

  • Polo-Kantola P, Erkkola R, Helenius H, Irjala K, Polo O (1998) When does estrogen replacement therapy improve sleep quality? Am J Obstet Gynecol 178: 1002–1009

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Polo-Kantola P, Erkkola R, Irjala K, Pillinen S, Virtanen I, Polo O (1999) Effect of short-term transdermal estrogen replacement therapy on sleep: a randomised, double-blind crossover trial in postmenopausal women. Fertil Steril 71: 873–880

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Porter M, Penney GC, Russell D, Russell E, Templeton A (1996) A population based survey of women’s experience of menopause. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 103: 1025–1028

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Purdie DW, Empson JA, Crichton C, Macdonald L (1995) Hormone replacement therapy, sleep quality and psychological wellbeing. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 102: 735–739

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rubinow DR, Schmidt PJ (1995) The neuroendocrinology of menstrual cycle mood disorders. Ann N Y Acad Sci 771: 648–659

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saletu B, Brandstaetter N, Metka M, Stamenkovic M, Anderer P, Semlitsch HV, Heytmanek G, Huber J, Grunberger J, Linzmayer L (1995) Double-blind, placebo-controlled, hormonal, syndromal and EEG mapping studies with transdermal oestradiol therapy in menopausal depression. Psychopharmacol 122: 321–329

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schiff I, Regestein Q, Tuchinsky D, Ryan KJ (1979) Effects of estrogens on sleep and psychological state of hypogonadal women. J Am Med Assoc 245: 1741–1744

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider L, Small G, Hamilton S, Bystritsky A, Nemeroff C, Myers B (1997) Estrogen replacement and response to fluoxetine in a multicenter geriatric depression trial: fluoxetine collaborative study group. Am J Psychiatry 5: 97–106

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schultz-Zehden B (1998) Frauengesundheit in und nach den Wechseljahren. Die 1000-Frauen-Studie. Kempkes, Gladenbach

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherwin B (1991) Estrogen and refractory depression. In: Amsterdam JD (ed) Advances in neuropsychiatry and psychopharmacology, vol 2: Refractory depression. Raven Press, New York, 209–218

    Google Scholar 

  • Silverstein B, Perlick G (1991) Gender differences in depression: historical changes. Acta Psychiatr Scand 84: 327–331

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simon G, Ormel J, von Korff M, Barlow M (1995) Health Care costs associated with depressive and anxiety disorders in primary care. Am J Psychiatry 152: 352–357

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Snow V, Lascher S, Mottur-Pilson C (2000) Pharmacologic treatment of acute major depression and dysthymia. American College of Physicians — American Society of Internal Medicine. Ann Intern Med 132: 738–742

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stahl SM (1998) Basic neuropharmacology of antidepressants, part 2: estrogen as an adjunct to antidepressant treatment. J Clin Psychiatry 59(Suppl 4): 15–24

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stearns V, Beebe KL, Iyenger M, Dube E (2003) Paroxetine controlled release in the treatment of menopausal lot flush. A randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc 289: 2827–2834

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart DE, Boydell K (1993) Psychologic distress during menopause. Associations across the reproductive life cycle. Int J Psychiatr Med 23: 157–162

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart DE, Boydell K, Derzko C, Marshall V (1992) Psychologic distress during the menopausal years in women attending a menopause clinic. Int J Psychiatr Med 22: 213–220

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stomati M, Rubino S, Spinetti A, Parrini D, Luisi S, Casarosa E, Petraglia F, Genazzani AR (1999) Endocrine, neuroendocrine and behavioral effects of oral dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate supplementation in postmenopausal women. Gynecol Endocrinol 13: 15–25

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stommel M, Given BA, Given CW, Kalaian HA, Schulz R, McCorkle R(1993) Gender bias in the measurement properties of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Psychiatry Res 49: 239–250

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stoppe G, Sandholzer H, Huppertz C, Duwe H, Staedt J (1999) Gender differences in the recognition of depression in old age. Maturitas 32: 205–212

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stoppe G, von Sydow K, Krasney N (2000) Die Psyche in der Peri-und Postmenopause. Reproduktionsmedizin 16: 253–260

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomson J, Oswald I (1977) Effect of estrogen on sleep, mood and anxiety of menopausal women. Br Med J 2: 1317–1319

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Topo P, Koster A., Holte A, Collins A, Landgren BM, Hemminmi E et al. (1995) Trends in the use of climacteric and postclimacteric hormones in nordic countries. Maturitas 22: 89–95

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Utian WH (1972) The mental tonic effect of oestrogens administered to oophorectomized females. S Afr Med J 46: 1979–1082

    Google Scholar 

  • van Duijn CM (1997) Menopause and the brain. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 18: 121–125

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Hall EV, Verdel M, van der Velden J (1994) "Perimenopausal" complaints in women and men: a comparative study. J Women’s Health 3: 45–55

    Google Scholar 

  • von Sydow K, Reimer C (1995) Psychosomatik der Menopause: Literaturübersicht 19882–19992. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol 45: 225–236

    Google Scholar 

  • Weissman M, Leaf PJ, Tischler GL, Blazer DG, Kerno M, Bruce ML, Florio LP (1988) Affective disorders in five United States communities. Psychol Med 18:141–153

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wells JE, Bushnell JA, Hornblow AR, Joyce PR, Oakley-Browne MA (1989) Christchurch psychiatric epidemiology study. Part I. Methodology and lifetime prevalence for specific psychiatric disorders. Austral N Zeal J Psychiatry 23: 315–326

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • WHO — World Health Organization (1991) Mental and behavioral disorders (including disorders of psychological development). Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. 10th revision of the International Classification of diseases, Chap V (F), Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiklund I, Berg G, Hammar M, Karlberg-J, Lindgren R, Sandin K (1992) Long-term effect of transdermal hormonal therapy on aspects of quality of life in postmenopausal women. Maturitas 14: 225–236

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilbur JE, Dan A, Hedricks C, Holm K (1990) The relationship among menopausal status, menopausal symptoms, and physical activity in midlife women. Fam Community Health 13: 67–78

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilhelm K, Parker G (1989) Is sex necessarily a risk factor for depression? Psychol Med 19: 401–413

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilhelm K, Parker G (1994) Sex differences in lifetime depression rates: fact or artefact? Psychol Med 24: 97–111

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams JB, Spitzer RL, Linzer M et al. (1995) Gender differences in depression in primary care. Am J Obstet Gynecol 173: 654–659

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolf OT, Kirschbaum C (1999) Actions of dehydroepiandrosterone and its sulfate in the central nervous system: effects on cognition and emotion in animals and humans. Brain Res Rev 30: 264–288

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolf OT, Neumann O, Hellhammer DH, Geiben AC, Strasburger CJ, Dressendörfer RA, Pirke K-M, Kirschbaum C (1997) Effects of a two-week physiological dehydroepiandrosterone substitution on cognitive performance and well-being in healthy elderly man and women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82: 2363–2367

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young MA, Fogg LF, Scheftner WA, Keller MB, Fawcett JA (1990) Sex differences in the lifetime prevalence of depression: does varying the diagnostic criteria reduce the female/male ratio? J Affect Disord 18: 187–192

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zweifel JE, O'Brien WH (1997) A meta-analysis of the effect of hormone replacement therapy upon depressed mood. Psychoneuroendocrinology 22: 189–212 (see also: The Cochrane Library 2000; 1: 1–5)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Gabriela Stoppe
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Martina Dören
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, University of Heidelberg, Germany

    Niels Bergemann

  2. Psychiatric Outpatient Department, University of Basel, Switzerland

    Anita Riecher-Rössler

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2005 Springer-Verlag/Wien

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Stoppe, G., Dören, M. (2005). Estrogen Therapy in Perimenopausal Affective Disorders. In: Bergemann, N., Riecher-Rössler, A. (eds) Estrogen Effects in Psychiatric Disorders. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-211-27063-9_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-211-27063-9_10

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Vienna

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-211-40485-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-211-27063-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation