5. Summary
The Late Miocene mammalian faunas of sub-Saharan Africa, especially the Namurungule Fauna, indicate a close similarity with the Turolian faunas from sub-Paratethys and North Africa. The Miocene mammalian faunas of sub-Saharan Africa show resemblances with late Vallesian to Turolian ones of North Africa, sub-Paratethys, Southwest and Central Europe faunas.
Mammalian assemblages of sub-Saharan Africa changed drastically during the Middle Miocene (Astaracian). This faunal turnover is marked by an increase of open country taxa. It indicates the spreading of the warm and arid environment (savannitization) in the Middle to Late Miocene sub-Saharan Africa.
Furthermore, the Pleistocene and extant taxa evolved from the Late Miocene sub-Saharan African faunas. The Namurungule Fauna is the pioneer of the modern sub-Saharan mammalian fauna of savanna environments.
The Middle Miocene event of mammalian fauna and environmental change in sub-Saharan Africa played an important role in the Late Miocene evolution of hominids.
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Nakaya, H., Tsujikawa, H. (2006). Late Cenozoic Mammalian Biostratigraphy And Faunal Change. In: Ishida, H., Tuttle, R., Pickford, M., Ogihara, N., Nakatsukasa, M. (eds) Human Origins and Environmental Backgrounds. Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects. Springer, Boston, MA . https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-29798-7_5
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