Skip to main content

Traumatic Brain Injury: Laboratory Studies

  • Chapter
Therapeutic Hypothermia

Abstract

This chapter will address the use of therapeutic hypothermia in traumatic brain injury (TBI). Hypothermia has a long-standing history of clinical use in the management of patients with severe TBI, specifically as a second tier therapy in the treatment of refractory intracranial hypertension. The resurgence in the interest in the use of mild and moderate hypothermia in experimental cerebral ischemia and cardiac arrest in the late 1980s and early 1990s (culminating in its recent successful translation to clinical use for cardiac arrest) prompted parallel investigation in TBI beginning in 1991. This chapter will focus on that work—specifically, both laboratory and clinical investigation in the use of therapeutic hypothermia in TBI since 1991.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Phelps C. Principles of Treatment In: Traumatic Injuries of the Brain and Its Membranes. Critchley M, Flamm ES, Goodrich JT, et al (Eds.), D. Appleton and Company, NY, 1897; pp 223–224.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Fay T. Observations on generalized refrigeration in cases of severe cerebral trauma. Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis Proc 1943; 24:611–619.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Woringer E, Schneider J, Baumgartner J, Thomalske G. Essai critique sur l’effet de I’hibernation artificielle sur 19 cas de souffrance du tronc cerebral après traumatisme sélectionnés pour leur gravité parmi 270 comas postcommotionels. Anesth Analg (Paris) 1954; 11:34–45.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Sedzimir CB. Therapeutic hypothermia in cases of head injury. J Neurosurg 1959; 16:407–414.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Lazorthes G, Campan L. Hypothermia in the treatment of craniocerebral traumatism. J Neurosurg 1958; 15:162–167.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Hendrick EB. The use of hypothermia in severe head injuries in childhood. Ann Surg 1959; 79:362–364.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Rosomoff HL. Protective effects of hypothermia against pathological processes of the nervous system. Ann NY Acad Sci 1959; 80:475–486.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Rosomoff HL, Shulman K, Raynor R, et al. Experimental brain injury and delayed hypothermia. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1960; 110:27.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Rosomoff HL, Clasen RA, Hartstock R, Bebin J. Brain reaction to experimental injury after hypothermia. Arch Neurol 1965; 13:337–345.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Langfitt TW, Kumar VS, James HE, Miller JD. Continuous recording of intracranial pressure in patients with hypoxic brain damage. In: Brain Hypoxia. Brierley JB, Meldrum BS (eds), William Heinemann Medical Books Ltd, London, 1971; chapter 12: pp. 118–135.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Lundberg N, Troupp H, Lorin H. Continuous recording of the ventricular fluid pressure in patients with severe acute traumatic brain injury: A preliminary report. J Neurosurg 1965; 22:581–590.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Bohn DJ, Biggar WD, Smith CR, et al. Influence of hypothermia, barbiturate therapy, and intracranial pressure monitoring on morbidity and mortality after near-drowning. Crit Care Med 1986 14:529–534.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Biggart MJ and Bohn DJ. Effect of hypothermia and cardiac arrest on outcome of near-drowning accidents in children. J Pediatr 1990; 117:179–183.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. White RJ. Is hypothermia dead? Surg Neurol. 1985, 23:324–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Clifton GL, Jiang JY, Lyeth BG, et al. Marked protection by moderate hypothermia after experimental traumatic brain injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1991; 11:114–121.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Lyeth BG, Jiang JY, Robinson SE, et al. Hypothermia blunts acetylcholine increase in CSF of traumatically brain injured rats. Mol Chem Neuropathol 1993; 18:247–56.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Bramlett HM, Green EJ, Dietrich WD, et al. Posttraumatic brain hypothermia provides protection from sensorimotor and cognitive behavioral deficits. J Neurotrauma 1995; 12:289–298.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Dixon CE, Markgraf CG, Angileri F, et al. Protective effects of moderate hypothermia on behavioral deficits but not necrotic cavitation following cortical impact injury in the rat. J Neurotrauma 1998; 15:95–103.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Yan HQ, Yu J, Kline AE, et al. Evaluation of combined fibroblast growth factor-2 and moderate hypothermia therapy in traumatically brain injured rats. Brain Res 2000; 887:134–143.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Kline AE, Bolinger BD, Kochanek PM, et al. Acute systemic administration of Interleukin-10 suppresses the beneficial effects of moderate hypothermia following traumatic brain injury in rats. Brain Res 2002; 937:22–31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Markgraf CG, Clifton GL, Aguirre M, et al. Injury severity and sensitivity to treatment after controlled cortical impact in rats. J Neurotrauma 2001; 18:175–86.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Mansfield RT, Schiding JK, Hamilton RL, Kochanek PM. Effects of hypothermia on traumatic brain injury in immature rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1996; 16:244–252.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Pomeranz S, Safar P, Radovsky A, et al. The effect of resuscitative moderate hypothermia following epidural brain compression on cerebral damage in a canine outcome model. J Neurosurg 1993; 79:241–251.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Robertson CL, Clark RSB, Dixon CE, et al. No long term benefit from hypothermia after severe traumatic brain injury with secondary insult in rats. Crit Care Med 2000; 28:3218–3223.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Matsushita Y, Bramlett HM, Alonso O, Dietrich WD. Posttraumatic hypothermia is neuroprotective in a model of traumatic brain injury complicated by a secondary hypoxic insult. Crit Care Med 2001; 29:2060–2066.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Ebmeyer U, Safar P, Radovsky A, et al Moderate hypothermia for 48 hours after temporary epidural brain compression injury in a canine outcome model. J Neurotrauma 1998; 15:323–336.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Dietrich WD, Alonso O, Busto R, et al. Post-traumatic brain hypothermia reduces histopathological damage following concussive brain injury in the rat. Acta Neuropathol 1994; 87:250–258.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Sullivan R, Alce G, Dixon CE, et al. Therapeutic hypothermia after experimental traumatic brain injury in mice: Effects on DNA damage, histopathology and functional outcome. Crit Care Med 2001; 29:A122.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Jiang JY, Lyeth BG, Kapasi MZ, et al. Moderate hypothermia reduces blood-brain barrier disruption following traumatic brain injury in the rat. Acta Neuropathol 1992; 84:495–500.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Smith SL, Hall ED. Mild pre-and posttraumatic hypothermia attenuates blood-brain barrier damage following controlled cortical impact injury in the rat. J Neurotrauma 1996; 13:1–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Heegaard W, Biros M, Zink J. Effect of hypothermia, dichloroacetate, and deferoxamine in the treatment for cortical edema and functional recovery after experimental cortical impact in the rat. Acad Emerg Med 1997; 4:33–39.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Markgraf CG, Clifton GL, Moody MR. Treatment window for hypothermia in brain injury. J Neurosurg 2001; 95:979–83.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Marion DW, White MJ. Treatment of experimental brain injury with moderate hypothermia and 21-aminosteroids. J Neurotrauma 1996; 13:139–147.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Buki A, Koizumi H, Povlishock JT. Moderate posttraumatic hypothermia decreases early calpain-mediated proteolysis and concomitant cytoskeletal compromise in traumatic axonal injury. Exp Neurol 1999; 159:319–328.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Suehiro E, Povlishock JT. Exacerbation of traumatically induced axonal injury by rapid posthypothermic rewarming and attenuation of axonal change by cyclosporine A. J Neurosurg 2001; 94:493–498.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Suehiro E, Singleton RH, Stone JR, Povlishock JT. The immunophilin ligand FK506 attenuates the axonal damage associated with rapid rewarming following posttraumatic hypothermia. Exp Neurol 2001; 172:199–210.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Yamamoto M, Marmarou CR, Stiefel MF,. Neuroprotective effect of hypothermia on neuronal injury in diffuse traumatic brain injury coupled with hypoxia and hypotension J Neurotrauma 1999; 16:487–500.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Marion DW, Penrod LE, Kelsey SF, et al. Treatment of traumatic brain injury with moderate hypothermia. N Engl J Med 1997; 336:540–546.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Clifton GL, Miller ER, Choi SC, et al. Lack of effect of induction of hypothermia after acute brain injury N Engl J Med 2001 344:556–63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Whalen MJ, Carlos TM, Clark RS, et al. The effect of brain temperature on acute inflammation after traumatic brain injury in rats. J Neurotrauma 1997; 14:561–572.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Chatzipanteli K, Yanagawa Y, Marcillo AE, et al. Posttraumatic hypothermia reduces polymorphonuclear leukocyte accumulation following spinal cord injury in rats. J Neurotrauma 2000; 17:321–32.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Chatzipanteli K, Alonso OF, Kraydieh S, Dietrich WD. Importance of posttraumatic hypothermia and hyperthermia on the inflammatory response after fluid percussion brain injury: biochemical and immunocytochemical studies. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2000; 20:531–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Goss JR, Styren SD, Miller PD, et al. Hypothermia attenuates the normal increase in interleukin 1 beta RNA and nerve growth factor following traumatic brain injury in the rat. J Neurotrauma 1995; 12:159–167.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Kinoshita K, Chatzipanteli K, Vitarbo E, et al. Interleukin-1 beta messenger ribonucleic acid and protein levels after fluid-percussion brain injury in rats: importance of injury severity and brain temperature. Neurosurgery 2002; 51:195–203.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Chatzipanteli K, Wada K, Busto R, Dietrich WD. Effects of moderate hypothermia on constitutive and inducible nitric oxide synthase activities after traumatic brain injury in the rat. J Neurochem 1999; 72:2047–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Globus MY, Alonso O, Dietrich WD, et al. Glutamate release and free radical production following brain injury: effects of posttraumatic hypothermia. J Neurochem 1995; 65:1704–1711.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Palmer A, Marion DW, Botscheller ML, Redd EE. Therapeutic hypothermia is cytoprotective without attenuating the traumatic brain injury-induced elevations in interstitial concentrations of aspartate and glutamate. J Neurotrauma 1993; 10:363–372.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Koizumi H, Povlishock JT. Posttraumatic hypothermia in the treatment of axonal damage in an animal model of traumatic axonal injury. J Neurosurg 1998; 89:303–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Zhao W, Alonso OF, Loor JY, et al. Influence of early posttraumatic hypothermia therapy on local cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism after fluid-percussion brain injury. J Neurosurg 1999; 90:510–519.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Statler KD, Alexander HL, Vagni V, et al. Moderate hypothermia may be detrimental after traumatic brain injury in fentanyl-anesthetized rats. Crit Care Med 2003; in press.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Taft WC, Yang K, Dixon CE, et al. Hypothermia attenuates the loss of hippocampal microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) following traumatic brain injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1993; 13:796–802.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Lyeth BG, Jiang JY, Liu S. Behavioral protection by moderate hypothermia initiated after experimental traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 1993; 10:57–64.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Fukuhara T, Nishio S, Ono Y, et al. Induction of Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase after cortical contusion injury during hypothermia. Brain Res 1994; 657:333–336.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Nakamura M, Tanno H, Fukuda K, Yamaura A. The effects of mild hypothermia on expression of stress protein (HSP72) after experimental brain injury. No To Shinkei 1995; 47:484–490.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Clark RS, Kochanek PM, Marion D, et al. Mild posttraumatic hypothermia reduces mortality after severe controlled cortical impact in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1996; 16:253–261.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Koizumi H, Povlishock JT. Posttraumatic hypothermia in the treatment of axonal damage in an animal model of traumatic axonal injury. J Neurosurg 1998; 89:303–309.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Sakamoto KI, Fujisawa H, Koizumi H, et al. Effects of mild hypothermia on nitric oxide synthesis following contusion trauma in the rat. J Neurotrauma 1997; 14:349–353.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Xu RX, Nakamura T, Nagao S, et al. Specific inhibition of apoptosis after cold-induced brain injury by moderate postinjury hypothermia. Neurosurgery 1998; 43:107–115.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Kahveci FS, Kahveci N, Alkan T, et al. Propofol versus isoflurane anesthesia under hypothermic conditions: effects on intracranial pressure and local cerebral blood flow after diffuse traumatic brain injury in the rat. Surg Neurol 2001; 56:206–214.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Lin X, Zhi D, Zhang S. Inhibiting effect of moderate hypothermia on cell apoptosis after diffuse brain injury in rats. Chin J Traumatol 2001; 4:14–19.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Kinoshita K, Chatzipanteli K, Alonso OF, et al. The effect of brain temperature on hemoglobin extravasation after traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg 2002; 97:945–53

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Marion DW, Obrist WD, Carlier PM, et al. The use of moderate therapeutic hypothermia for patients with severe head injuries: a preliminary report. J Neurosurg 1993; 79:354–362.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Shiozaki T, Sugimoto H, Taneda M, et al. Effect of mild hypothermia on uncontrollable intracranial hypertension after severe head injury. J Neurosurg 1993; 79:363–368.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Metz C, Holzschuh M, Bein T, et al. Moderate hypothermia in patients with severe head injury: cerebral and extracerebral effects. J Neurosurg 1996; 85:533–541.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Shiozaki T, Sugimoto H, Taneda M, et al. Selection of severely head injured patients for mild hypothermia therapy. J Neurosurg 1998; 89:206–211.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Tateishi A, Soejima Y, Taira Y, et al. Feasibility of the titration method of mild hypothermia in severely head-injured patients with intracranial hypertension. Neurosurgery 1998; 42:1065–1070.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Tokutomi T, Morimoto K, Miyagi T, et al. Optimal temperature for the management of severe traumatic brain injury: effect of hypothermia on intracranial pressure, systemic and intracranial hemodynamics, and metabolism. Neurosurgery 2003; 52:102–112.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Cancio LC, Wortham WG, Zimba F. Peritoneal dialysis to induce hypothermia in a head-injured patient: case report. Surg Neurol 1994; 42:303–307.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Shiozaki T, Kato A, Taneda M, et al. Little benefit from mild hypothermia therapy for severely head injured patients with low intracranial pressure. J Neurosurg 1999; 91:185–191.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Wagner AK, Bayir H, Ren D, et al. Relationships between cerebrospinal fluid markers of excitotoxicity, ischemia, and oxidative stress after severe TBI: The impact of gender, age, and hypothermia. J Neurotrauma 2004; 21:125–136.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Aibiki M, Maekawa S, Ogura S, et al. Effect of moderate hypothermia on systemic and internal jugular plasma IL-6 levels after traumatic brain injury in humans. J Neurotrauma 1999; 16:225–232.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Shore PM, Jackson EK, Clark RSB, et al. Therapeutic hypothermia does not affect markers of injury, cellular energetics, inflammation, and regeneration in cerebrospinal fluid after severe traumatic brain injury in infants and children. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2003; 4:A143 (Suppl).

    Google Scholar 

  73. Sinz EH, Kochanek PM, Heyes MP, et al. Quinolinic acid is increased in CSF and associated with mortality after traumatic brain injury in humans. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1998; 18:610–615.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Bayir H, Adelson PD, Kagan VE, et al. Therapeutic hypothermia attenuates oxidative stress after traumatic brain injury in infants and children. Crit Care Med Suppl 2002; 30:A7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Bayir H, Marion DW, Kagan VE, et al. Marked gender effect on lipid peroxidation after severe traumatic brain injury in adult patients. J Neurotrauma 2004; 21:1–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Sonna, LA, Fujita, J, Gaffin, SL and Lilly, CM. Invited review: Effects of heat and cold stress on mammalian gene expression. J Appl Physiol 2002; 92:1725–42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. D’Cruz BJ, Fertig KC, Filiano AJ, et al. Hypothermic reperfusion after cardiac arrest augments brain-derived neurotrophic factor activation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2002; 22:843–851.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Pittman T, Bucholz R, Williams D. Efficacy of barbiturates in the treatment of resistant intracranial hypertension in severely head-injured children. Pediatr Neurosci 1989; 15:13–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Hypothermia after Cardiac Arrest Study Group. Mild therapeutic hypothermia to improve the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 2002; 346:549–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Bernard SA, Gray TW, Buist MD, et al. Treatment of comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with induced hypothermia. N Engl J Med 2002; 346:557–563.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Nolan JP, Morley PT, Vanden Hoek TL, et al. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. Therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest: an advisory statement by the advanced life support task force of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. Circulation 2003; 108:118–121.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Clifton GL, Miller ER, Choi SC, Levin HS. Fluid thresholds and outcome from severe brain injury. Crit Care Med 2002; 30:739–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Clifton GL, Choi SC, Miller ER, et al. Intercenter variance in clinical trials of head trauma—experience of the National Acute Brain Injury Study: Hypothermia. J Neurosurg 2001; 95:751–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Jiang J, Yu M, Zhu C. Effect of long-term mild hypothermia therapy in patients with severe traumatic brain injury: 1-year follow-up review of 87 cases. J Neurosurg 2000 93:546–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. McIntyre LA, Fergusson DA, Hebert PC, et al. Prolonged therapeutic hypothermia after traumatic brain injury in adults: a systematic review. JAMA 2003; 289:2992–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Bernard S, Buist M, Monteiro O, Smith K. Induced hypothermia using large volume, ice-cold intravenous fluid in comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a preliminary report. Resuscitation 2003; 56:9–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Clifton GL, Allen S, Berry J, Koch SM. Systemic hypothermia in treatment of brain injury. J Neurotrauma 1992; 9:S487–495.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Clifton GL, Allen S, Barrodale P, et al. A phase II study of moderate hypothermia in severe brain injury. J Neurotrauma 1993; 10:263–273.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Resnick DK, Marion DW, Darby JM. The effect of hypothermia on the incidence of delayed traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 1994; 34:252–256.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Bernard SA, MacC Jones B, Buist M: Experience with prolonged induced hypothermia in severe head injury. Crit Care 1999; 3:167–172.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Aibiki M, Maekawa S, Yokono S: Moderate hypothermia improves imbalances of thromboxane A and prostaglandin 12 production after traumatic brain injury in humans. Crit Care Med 2000; 28:3902–3906.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Aibiki M, Kawaguchi S, Maekawa N. Reversible hypophosphatemia during moderate hypothermia therapy for brain-injured patients. Crit Care Med 2001; 29:1726–1730.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Soukup J, Zauner A, Doppenberg EM, et al. The importance of brain temperature in patients after severe head injury: relationship to intracranial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure, cerebral blood flow, and outcome. J Neurotrauma 2002; 19:559–571.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Soukup J, Zauner A, Doppenberg EM, et al. Relationship between brain temperature, brain chemistry and oxygen delivery after severe human head injury: the effect of mild hypothermia. Neurol Res 2002; 24:161–168.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Harris OA, Colford JM Jr, Good MC, Matz PG. The role of hypothermia in the management of severe brain injury: a meta-analysis. Arch Neurol 2002; 59:1077–1083.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Gal R, Cundrle I, Zimova I, Smrcka M. Mild hypothermia therapy for patients with severe brain injury. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2002; 104:318–321.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Yamamoto T, Mori K, Maeda M. Assessment of prognostic factors in severe traumatic brain injured patients treated by mild therapeutic cerebral hypothermia. Neurol Res 2002; 24:789–795.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Clifton GL, Miller ER, Choi SC, et al. Hypothermia on admission in patients with severe brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2002; 19:293–301.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Tokutomi T, Morimoto K, Miyagi T, et al. Optimal temperature for the management of severe traumatic brain injury: effect of hypothermia on intracranial pressure, systemic and intracranial hemodynamics, and metabolism. Neurosurgery 2003; 52:102–112.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kochanek, P.M., Jenkins, L.W., Clark, R.S.B. (2005). Traumatic Brain Injury: Laboratory Studies. In: Tisherman, S.A., Sterz, F. (eds) Therapeutic Hypothermia. Molecular and Cellular Biology of Critical Care Medicine, vol 4. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-25403-X_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-25403-X_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-387-25402-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-387-25403-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics