Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Hemorrhagic Shock and Exsanguination Cardiac Arrest

  • Chapter
Therapeutic Hypothermia

Part of the book series: Molecular and Cellular Biology of Critical Care Medicine ((MCCM,volume 4))

  • 1017 Accesses

Abstract

The first example of hypothermia being used for therapeutic use dates back to the Edwin Smith papyrus, which described the use of cold applications to wounds of the head. Hypocrites advocated packing patients in snow and ice to reduce hemorrhage (1). Later, during the War of 1812, Napoleon’s Surgeon-General, Baron Larrey, noted that soldiers who were closest to the fire died more rapidly than those who remained more hypothermic (2). The latter observations may have been related to beneficial physiologic effects of hypothermia or the detrimental effects of superficial warming leading to afterdrop. During the French-Indochina war in the 1950s, the French attempted to use hypothermia for their soldiers unable to tolerate anesthesia and surgery at normal body temperature (3).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Adams F. The genuine works of Hippocrates. New York: William Wood; 1886, pp. 238–239.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Larrey IJ. Memoirs of military service and campaigns of the French armies (Translated by RW Hall), Baltimore, J Cushing, 1814, pp 156–164.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Chippaux C. Application of artificial hibernation to war surgery in Indochina. Internal Rec Med Gen Pract Clinics 1954; 167:328.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Gregory JS, Flancbaum L, Townsend C, et al. Incidence and timing of hypothermia in trauma patients undergoing operations. J Trauma 1991; 31:795–798.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Little RA, Stoner HB. Body temperature after accidental injury. Br J Surg 1981; 68:221–224.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Sori AJ, El-Assuooty A, Rush BF, Engler P. The effect of temperature on survival in hemorrhagic shock. Am Surg 1987; 53:706–710.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Meyer DM, Horton JW. Effect of different degrees of hypothermia on myocardium in treatment of hemorrhagic shock. Journal of surgical research 1990; 48:61–67.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Meyer DM, Horton JW. Effect of moderate hypothermia in the treatment of canine hemorrhagic shock. Annals of Surgery 1988; 207:462–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Meyer DM, Horton JW. Prolonged survival times with induction of hypothermia after severe hemorrhagic shock. Curr Surg 1988; 45:295–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Crippen D, Safar P, Porter L, et al. Improved survival of hemorrhagic shock with oxygen and hypothermia in rats. Resuscitation 1991; 21:271–281.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Leonov Y, Safar P, Sterz F, Stezoski SW. Extending the golden hour of hemorrhagic shock tolerance with oxygen plus hypothermia in awake rats. An exploratory study. Resuscitation 2002; 52:193–202.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Kim S, Stezoski W, Safar P, et al. Hypothermia and minimal fluid resuscitation increase survival after uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock in rats. J Trauma 1997; 42:213–222.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Kim S, Stezoski SW, Safar P, et al. Hypothermia, but not 100% oxygen breathing, prolongs survival during uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock in rats. J Trauma 1998; 44:485–491.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Takasu A, Carrillo P, Stezoski SW, et al. Mild or moderate hypothermia, but not increased oxygen breathing, prolongs survival during lethal uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock in rats, with measurement of visceral dysoxia. Crit Care Med 1999; 27:1557–1564.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Takasu A, Stezoski SW, Stezoski J, et al. Mild or moderate hypothermia, but not increased oxygen breathing, increases long term survival after uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock in rats. Crit Care Med 2000; 28:2465–2474.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Prueckner S, Safar P, Kentner R, et al. Mild hypothermia increases survival from severe pressure controlled hemorrhagic shock in rats. J Trauma 2001; 50:253–262.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Wu X, Stezoski J, Safar P, et al. Systemic hypothermia, but not regional gut hypothermia, improves survival from prolonged hemorrhagic shock in rats. J Trauma 2002; 53:654–662.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Wu X, Safar P, Stezoski J, et al. Delayed mild hypothermia prolongs survival following severe hemorrhagic shock (HS) in rats. Shock 2001; 15(suppl):49 (abstract).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Wu X, Stezoski J, Safar P, et al. After spontaneous hypothermia during hemorrhagic shock, continuing mild hypothermia (34°C) improves early, but not late, survival in rats. J Trauma 2003; 55:308–316.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Wu X, Safar P, Stezoski J, et al. Early or delayed mild hypothermia (34°C) during prolonged (6 h) hemorrhagic shock (HS) improves survival in rats. Shock 2003; 19:59.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Luna GK, Maier MV, Palvin EG, et al. Incidence and effect of hypothermia in seriously injured patients. J Trauma 1987; 27:1014–1018.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Jurkovich GJ, Greiser WB, Luterman A, et al. Hypothermia in trauma victims: an ominous predictor of survival. J Trauma 1987; 27:1019–1024.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Gentilello LM, Cobean RA, Offner PJ, et al. Continuous arteriovenous rewarming: rapid reversal of hypothermia in critically ill patients. J Trauma 1992; 32:316.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Gentilello LM, Jurkovich GJ, Stark MS, et al. Is hypothermia in the victim of major trauma protective or harmful? Ann Surg 1997; 226:439.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Rhee PM, Acosta J, Bridgeman A, et al. Survival after emergency department thoracotomy: review of published data from the past 25 years. J Am Coll Surg 2000; 190:288–98.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Schumer W. Moderate hypothermia in controlled hemorrhage in dogs. Physiochemical response of the microcirculation. Amer Surg 1966; 32:347–354.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Johannigman JA, Johnson DJ, Roettger R. The effect of hypothermia on liver adenosine triphosphate (ATP) recovery following combined shock and ischemia. J Trauma 1992; 32:190–195.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Hagberg S, Haljamae H, Rockert H. Shock reactions in skeletal muscle. IV. The effect of hypothermic treatment on cellular electrolyte responses to hemorrhagic shock. Acta Chir Scand 1970; 136:23–28.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Haljamae H. Effects of hemorrhagic shock and treatment with hypothermia on the potassium content and transport of single mammalian skeletal muscle cells. Acta Physiol Scand 1970; 78:189–200.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Blalock A, Alfred X, Mason MF. A comparison of the effects of heat and cold in the prevention and treatment of shock. Arch Surg 1941; 42:1054.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Tanaka J, Sato T, Berezesky IK, et al. Effect of hypothermia on survival time and ECG in rats with acute blood loss. Adv Shock Res 1983; 9:219–232.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Capone A, Safar P, Stezoski SW, et al. Uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock outcome model in rats. Resuscitation 1995; 29:143–152.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Capone AC, Safar P, Stezoski W, et al. Improved outcome with fluid restriction in treatment of uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock. J Am Coll Surg 1995; 180:49–56.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Wu X, Kochanek P, Stezoski SW, Tisherman SA. Mild hypothermia improves survival after prolonged, traumatic hemorrhagic shock in pigs. J Trauma 2004; 57:445 (abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  35. Baker SP, Oneill B. The Injury Severity Score: An update. J Trauma 1976; 16:882–885.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Steinemann S, Shackford SR, Davis JW. Implications of admission hypothermia in trauma patients. J Trauma 1990; 30:200–202.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Champion HR, Sacco WL, Copes WS. Trauma scoring. In: Feliciano D, Moore EE, Mattox KL (eds): Trauma. Norwalk, Appleton & Lange, 1996, p 53–67

    Google Scholar 

  38. Collins JA. Problems associated with the massive transfusion of stored blood. Surgery, 1974; 75: 274.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Adamicza A, Tarnoky K, Nagy A, Nagy S. The effect of anaesthesia on the haemodynamic and sympathoadrenal responses of the dog in experimental haemorrhagic shock. Ada Physiologica Hungarica 1985; 65:239–254.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Longnecker DE, Sturgill BC. Influence of anesthetic agent on survival following hemorrhage. Anesthesiology 1976; 45:516–521.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Bernabei AF, Levison MA, Bender JS. The effects of hypothermia and injury severity on blood loss during trauma laparotomy. J Trauma 1992; 33:835–839.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Patt A, McCroskey BL, Moore EE. Hypothermia-induced coagulopathies in trauma. Surg Clin NA 1988; 69:775–785.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Rohrer MJ, Natale AM. Effect of hypothermia on the coagulation cascade. Crit Care Med 1992; 20:1402–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Gubler KD, Gentilello LM, Hassantish SA, Miaer RV. The impact of hypothermia on dilutional coagulopathy. J Trauma 1994; 36:847–851.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Reed RL, Johnston TD, Hudson JD, Fischer RP. The disparity between hypothermic coagulopathy and clotting studies. J Trauma 1992; 33:465–470.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Resnick DK, Marion DW, Darby JM. The effect of hypothermia on the incidence of delayed traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 1994; 34:252–255.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Wu X, Safar P, Subramanian M, et al. Mild hypothermia (34°C) does not increase initial bleeding from the injured liver after hemorrhagic shock (HS) in pigs. Crit Care Med 2001; 29(Suppl.):A188.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Nolan JP, Morley PT, Vanden Hock TL, et al. Therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest: an advisory statement by the advanced life support task force of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. Circulation 2003; 108:118–121.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Bellamy RF. The causes of death in conventional land warfare: implications for combat casualty care research. Mil Med. 1984; 149(2):55–62.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Bellamy R, Safar P, Tisherman SA, et al. Suspend animation for delayed resuscitation. Crit Care Med 1996; 24(Suppl):S24–S47.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Tisherman SA, Safar P, Radovsky A, et al. Therapeutic deep hypothermic circulatory arrest in dogs: A resuscitation modality for hemorrhagic shock with ‘irreparable’ injury. J Trauma 1990; 30:836–847.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Tisherman SA, Safar P, Radovsky A, et al. Profound hypothermia (<10°C) compared with deep hypothermia (15°C) improves neurologic outcome in dogs after two hours’ circulatory arrest induced to enable resuscitative surgery. J Trauma 1991; 31:1051–1062.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Tisherman SA, Safar P, Radovsky A, et al. Profound hypothermia does, and an organ preservation solution does not, improve neurologic outcome after therapeutic circulatory arrest of 2 h in dogs. Crit Care Med 1991; 19:S89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Tisherman S, Safar P, Radovsky A, et al. Cardiopulmonary bypass without systemic anticoagulation for therapeutic hypothermic circulatory arrest during hemorrhagic shock in dogs. Crit Care Med 1992; 20:S41.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Tisherman S, Safar P, Radovsky A. “Suspended animation” research for otherwise infeasible resuscitative traumatologic surgery. Prehosp Disaster Med 1993; 8:S131.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Capone A, Safar P, Radovsky A, et al. Complete recovery after normothermic hemorrhagic shock and profound hypothermic circulatory arrest of 60 minutes in dogs. J Trauma 1996; 40:388–394.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Taylor MJ, Bailes JE, Elrifai AM, et al. A new solution for life without blood: asanguinous low-flow perfusion of a whole-body perfusate during 3 hours of cardiac arrest and profound hypothermia. Circulation 1995; 91:431–444.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Bailes JE, Alrifai AM, Taylor MJ, et al. Ultraprofound hypothermia combined with blood substitution: a new protocol for extending the safe limits of cardiac arrest for up to three hours. Neurologic Surg 1993; XLIV:564–567.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Rhee P, Talon E, Eifert S, et al. Induced hypothermia during emergency department thorac60otomy: an animal model. J Trauma 2000; 48:439–447.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Alam HB, Bowyer MW, Koustova E, et al. Learning and memory is preserved following induced asanguinous hyperkalemic hypothermic arrest in a swine model of traumatic exsanguination. Surgery 2002; 132:278–288.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Woods RJ, Prueckner S, Safar P, et al. Hypothermic aortic arch flush for preservation during exsanguination cardiac arrest of 15 minutes in dogs. J Trauma 1999; 47:1028–1038.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Behringer W, Prueckner S, Safar P, et al. Rapid induction of mild cerebral hypothermia by cold aortic flush achieves normal recovery in a dog outcome model with 20-minute exsanguination cardiac arrest. Acad Emerg Med 2000; 7:1341–1348.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Behringer W, Safar P, Kentner R, et al. Antioxidant Tempol enhances hypothermic cerebral preservation during prolonged cardiac arrest in dogs. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2002; 22:105–117.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Behringer W, Prueckner S, Kentner R, et al. Rapid hypothermic aortic flush can achieve survival without brain damage after 30 min cardiac arrest in dogs. Anesthesiology 2000; 93:1491–1499.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Behringer W, Safar P, Wu X, et al. Survival without brain damage after clinical death of 60–120 mins in dogs using suspended animation by profound hypothermia. Crit Care Med 2003; 31:1523–1531.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Behringer W, Safar P, Wu X, et al. Delayed intra-ischemic aortic cold flush for preservation during prolonged cardiac arrest in dogs. Crit Care Med 2001; 29(12, Suppl.): A17.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Nozari A, Safar P, Wu X, et al. Suspended animation can allow survival without brain damage after traumatic exsanguination cardiac arrest of 60 min in dogs. J Trauma, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Nozari A, Safar P, Tisherman S, et al. Suspended animation and plasma exchange (SAPEX) enables full neurologic recovery from lethal traumatic exsanguinations, even after 2 h period of no flow. Crit Care Med 2003; 31(12, suppl):A9.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Samuel A. Tisherman MD

Authors
  1. Samuel A. Tisherman MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Critical Care, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA

    Samuel A. Tisherman MD

  2. Emergency Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria

    Fritz Sterz MD

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Tisherman, S.A. (2005). Hemorrhagic Shock and Exsanguination Cardiac Arrest. In: Tisherman, S.A., Sterz, F. (eds) Therapeutic Hypothermia. Molecular and Cellular Biology of Critical Care Medicine, vol 4. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-25403-X_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-25403-X_10

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-387-25402-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-387-25403-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation